OPINION
Justice INDEGLIA,
for the Court.1
The defendants, Daniel Stack (hereinafter Stack) and the Disabled American Vet[849]*849erans Department of Massachusetts, Inc. (collectively referred to as the defendants), seek review of three Superior Court discovery rulings related to the litigation in this negligence action. The defendants request that this Court reverse the rulings of the Superior Court justice: (1) denying the defendants’ motion to compel additional testimony from material fact witnesses; (2) granting the plaintiffs’ motion for a protective order limiting the defendants’ planned neuropsychological examination of the plaintiff; and (3) revoking the pro hac vice admission of defense counsel. We granted the defendants’ petition for the issuance of a writ of certiorari and heard oral arguments on October 2, 2014. For the reasons set forth herein, we deny the petition for certiorari in part and grant it in part.
I
Facts and Travel
In March 2008, plaintiff, Kristopher Plante2 (plaintiff or Kristopher) was injured in a head-on collision with Stack on Route 102 in Burrillville, Rhode Island. It is undisputed that Stack operated his vehicle while he was intoxicated, failed to activate his headlights, and crossed the center line in the road, crashing into plaintiffs vehicle. On July 29, 2010, plaintiffs filed a complaint sounding in negligence against Stack and the Disabled American Veterans Department of Massachusetts, Inc., the owner of the vehicle driven by Stack. The defendants do not dispute liability insofar as it relates to the accident, but they do dispute Kristopher’s claim for damages.
In the complaint, plaintiffs alleged that Stack’s negligence has left Kristopher with' “severe and permanent injuries to his mind and body” and that the injuries were of such a significant nature that Kristopher could no longer perform his usual activities. In addition, plaintiffs alleged that Kristopher had suffered a loss of earnings and a permanent loss of earning capacity. Specifically, plaintiffs allege that Kristopher suffered cognitive difficulties as a result of the accident, including concentration issues during his first year as an undergraduate student at the University of Rhode Island. The defendants concede that Kristopher suffered orthopedic and head injuries, but they contend thát Kristopher has made a nearly complete physical and cognitive recovery.
The defendants responded with an answer to the complaint and a third-party complaint for contribution and indemnity against Bella Restaurant. The third-party complaint alleged that Bella Restaurant violated the Dram Shop Act, G.L. 1956 chapter 14 of title 3, when it negligently and/or recklessly served Stack while he was in a state of intoxication as defined by § 3-14-3(c). The defendants further alleged that Bella Restaurant knew, or reasonably should have known, that Stack was visibly intoxicated when it served alcohol to him. On October 11, 2011, defendants petitioned for the admission of Attorney Darrell Mook (Attorney Mook) pro hac vice as associate trial counsel on the grounds that Attorney Mook specialized in dram shop cases and had a long-standing relationship with defendants’ insurer. This petition was granted by a Superior Court justice on October 21, 2011.
Kristopher Plante’s deposition was taken at the offices of plaintiffs’ counsel on April 9, 2012, at about 10 a.m., concluding [850]*850at about 3 p.m. that same day.3 At the deposition, Kristopher revealed that his parents divorced in 2009, one year after the accident. Upon learning of the divorce, Attorney Mook asked a series of follow-up questions about the Plantes’ living arrangements, to which plaintiffs’ counsel objected. The plaintiffs’ counsel indicated that the question dealt with an improper subject matter and was an attempt to embarrass the deponent. Over counsel’s objection, Kristopher answered that his parents were living together prior to 2009. At other points in the deposition, Attorney Mook asked questions about various matters pertaining to Kristopher’s bicycle use, romantic relationships, sexual activity, and religious beliefs.
The depositions of Kristopher’s parents, Teresa (Mrs. Plante) and Timothy (Mr. Plante), took place on May 2, 2012, at the offices of plaintiffs’ counsel. Mrs. Plante’s deposition lasted about one hour and forty-five minutes, and Mr. Plante’s deposition lasted about two hours. Toward the end of Mrs. Plante’s deposition, Attorney Mook began to question her about the divorce to ascertain the effect it might have had on Kristopher. The plaintiffs’ counsel objected to this line of questioning and expressed concern over its personal nature. Attorney Mook asked if Mrs. Plante could give the reason for the divorce, to which plaintiffs’ counsel objected and instructed Mrs. Plante not to answer on the ground that it was not relevant to the case. Asserting that the Plantes’ divorce was highly relevant, Attorney Mook asked if she had had a discussion with Kristopher regarding the divorce, to which she gave an affirmative response. When Attorney Mook asked for specifics relating to that conversation, plaintiffs’ counsel again objected and instructed Mrs. Plante not to answer. Attorney Mook then reiterated that the divorce was relevant since it could have been a “stressor” in Kristopher’s life and could have affected his overall development. Notwithstanding that explanation, plaintiffs’ counsel instructed Mrs. Plante not to answer the questions.
Attorney Mook then shifted the questioning toward the potential impact of the divorce on Kristopher, but Mrs. Plante testified that Kristopher was “fine with it.” After Mrs. Plante stated that her son seemed “a little slow,” based on comments made to her by a friend who was a special needs teacher, Farzana Jalalkhan, Attorney Mook suspended the deposition subject to a reservation of rights on the questions that were not answered upon the instruction of plaintiffs’ counsel.
At Mr. Plante’s deposition, defense counsel announced that he was going to ask divorce-related questions, to which plaintiffs counsel objected and again instructed the deponent not to answer. Once more, defense counsel explained that he was not trying to embarrass plaintiffs, but that he sought to understand the effect the divorce might have had on Kristopher. Later in the deposition, Attorney Mook asked Mr. Plante about Mrs. Plante’s current living arrangements, specifically about whether she was living with somebody at that time. The plaintiffs’ counsel objected and instructed Mr. Plante not to answer on the ground that it had nothing to do with this case “in any conceivable realm.” Attorney Mook then asked if Mr. Plante knew Mrs. Plante’s friend Farzana, to which Mr. Plante replied that he did. Attorney Mook continued, asking what the relationship was between Mrs. Plante and Farzana and, specifically, whether they [851]*851were involved in a romantic relationship. The plaintiffs’ counsel objected to each question and instructed Mr. Plante not to answer. Subsequent questions regarding Kristopher’s feelings about Mrs. Plante’s relationship with Farzana were objected to in the same fashion. Attorney Mook concluded that line of questioning by reserving the right to ask those questions if a judge should order Mr. Plante to respond.
On August 2, 2012, following a failed attempt at mediation, defense counsel informed plaintiffs’ counsel of his intent to reconvene Mr. and Mrs. Plante’s depositions on the issues surrounding the divorce. Defense counsel also notified plaintiffs’ counsel that he intended to have Kristopher examined by a neuropsychologist and that he intended to depose two or more of Kristopher’s treating physicians. In their August 3, 2012 response, plaintiffs’ counsel reasserted that any divorce discussion was irrelevant and put defendants on notice that any further depositions would have to be completed by August 30, 2012, the time set for close of discovery. On August 7, 2012, defendants identified their examining neuropsychologist as Nancy Hebben, Ph.D., and asked that Kristopher attend an examination on September 21, 2012. The plaintiffs agreed to the examination request, but required that it be performed before the close of discovery on August 30th.
On August 9, 2012, defendants filed a motion to compel further deposition testimony of Mr. and Mrs. Plante regarding the reasons for the divorce. On August 20, 2012, plaintiffs filed a motion to appoint a single justice to preside over all future discovery and trial on the ground that discovery had not been properly conducted. The Presiding Justice thereinafter assigned the case to a single justice.
Between August 24 and August 29, 2012, defense counsel deposed three of Kristopher’s treating physicians. Sherri Provencal, Ph.D., the doctor who had performed neuropsychological examinations on Kristopher shortly after the accident in May 2008, was deposed on August 24, 2012. Over plaintiffs’ counsel’s objection, Dr. Provencal testified that a divorce or parenting issue could be a “stressor” for a young person entering high school or college. Further questioning was also objected to by plaintiffs’ counsel on the ground that Dr. Provencal was not testifying as an expert witness, but as a fact witness. Similar objections were made at the depositions of Richard M. Terek, M.D., Kristopher’s original orthopedic surgeon, and Danny E. Humbyrd, M.D., who had been retained by Kristopher’s parents to give a second opinion regarding Kristopher’s femur fracture.
On September 12, 2012, plaintiffs filed four pleadings with the court: (1) objections to defendants’ motion to extend the depositions of Mr. and Mrs. Plante, and to compel Kristopher’s attendance at the neu-ropsychological examination; (2) a motion for a protective order regarding the neu-ropsychological examination, asking that it be limited in time and scope such that plaintiffs’ counsel be allowed to be present; (3) a motion to amend the complaint to add a claim for punitive damages based on the use of alcohol; and (4) a motion to revoke Attorney Mook’s pro hae vice admission on the grounds that he had not provided the dram shop assistance which was the alleged reason for his admission; that his questioning of plaintiffs had been personally invasive and harassing; and that he had sought opinions from plaintiffs’ fact witness experts.
The matters were heard by the assigned hearing justice on September 18, 2012. The hearing justice began by deferring to rule on Attorney Mook’s pro hac vice status, allowing him two weeks to respond [852]*852and to obtain counsel. The hearing justice then permitted defendants’ neuropsycho-logical examination of Kristopher by Dr. Hebben on the condition that no history be taken and that plaintiff be allowed to have up to two representatives at the examination, including an attorney and/or a nurse paralegal. Finally, the hearing justice summarily denied defendants’ motion to compel further deposition testimony from the Plantes.4
At the hearing on the motion to revoke Attorney Mook’s pro hac vice admission, which was conducted on October 2, 2012, plaintiffs contended that Attorney Mook questioned Drs. Provencal and Humbyrd as if they were expert witnesses when they were clearly designated as fact witnesses. In his defense, Attorney Mook asserted that his questioning was merely an attempt to test the foundation for the medical interpretations and opinions of the deponents. Attorney Mook also reiterated his position that the divorce was relevant to assessing Kristopher’s mental and cognitive state in the time period that formed the basis for calculating plaintiffs’ damages.
Upon conclusion of the parties’ arguments, the hearing justice found that Attorney Mook had violated Rules 11 and 26(f) of the Superior Court Rules of Civil Procedure, and as a result she revoked his pro hac vice admission. She concluded that questions regarding Kristopher’s sexual activity, his romantic life, the Plantes’ divorce, and Mrs. Plante’s sexual orientation were too personal in nature and that the questions in these areas were designed to humiliate and embarrass the deponents. Citing Ondis v. Pion, 497 A.2d 13 (R.I.1985), she concluded that Attorney Mook had crossed the line with plaintiffs’ treating physicians by asking them to explain the basis for their opinions and medical interpretations. In addition to revoking Attorney Mook’s pro hac vice admission, the hearing justice ordered that Attorney Mook present a copy of her decision to opposing counsel in any case where he had already been granted pro hac vice admission in Rhode Island as well as in any future cases in Rhode Island where he sought appointment.
One week later, on October 9,-2012, the hearing justice heard further arguments on the conditions sought to be placed on the neuropsychological examination to be conducted by Dr. Hebben. The defendants contended that the presence of a third party in the interview portion would not be an issue, but that the presence of a third party during the testing portion of the examination would “disrupt the testing protocols.”5 Highlighting the length of Kristopher’s deposition, as well as the questioning that she perceived was designed to embarrass and humiliate the witness, the hearing justice upheld the conditions already placed on the neuropsy-chological examination. The hearing justice found that the conditions would serve to protect plaintiff from “further humiliation, embarrassment and exhaustion.”
The defendants filed their petition for a writ of certiorari on October 26, 2012, which this Court granted on June 3, 2013. Before this Court, defendants ask that each of the hearing justice’s three rulings — the denial of the motion to compel further testimony from the Plantes regarding the divorce, the granting of plaintiffs’ motion for a protective order regarding the neuropsychological examination, and [853]*853the revocation of Attorney Mook’s pro hoc vice admission — be reversed.
II
Standard of Review
“Our review of a case on certiorari is limited to an examination of ‘the record to determine if an error of law has been' committed.’ ” State v. Poulin, 66 A.3d 419, 423 (R.I.2013) (quoting State v. Greenberg, 951 A.2d 481, 489 (R.I.2008)). “In addition to examining the record for judicial error, ‘we inspect the record to discern if there is any legally competent evidence to support the findings of the hearing justice below.’ ” Id. (quoting Brown v. State, 841 A.2d 1116, 1121 (R.I.2004)).
“When we evaluate questions of law, our review is de novo.” Pierce v. Providence Retirement Board, 15 A.3d 957, 961 (R.I.2011). “Like questions of statutory construction, the interpretation of court rules of procedure is a legal question for the court.” McDonough v. McDonough, 962 A.2d 47, 54 (R.I.2009) (citing Crowe Countryside Realty Associates, Co., LLC v. Novare Engineers, Inc., 891 A.2d 838, 840 (R.I.2006) (applying de novo review to interpretation of Rule 26)).
“Under Rule 11, a trial justice has discretionary authority to formulate what he or she considers to be an appropriate sanction, but must do so in accordance with the articulated purpose of the rule: ‘to deter repetition of the harm, and to remedy the harm caused.’ * * * As such, this Court will not reverse a trial justice’s imposition of sanctions for a litigant’s misconduct unless ‘the trial court based its ruling on an erroneous view of the law or on a clearly erroneous assessment of the evidence.’ * * * Therefore, we will reverse an imposed sanction only if the trial justice has abused his discretion in imposing that sanction.” Pleasant Management, LLC v. Carrasco, 918 A.2d 213, 217 (R.I.2007) (quoting Michalopoulos v. C & D Restaurant, Inc., 847 A.2d 294, 300 (R.I.2004)).
Ill
Discussion
Professor Robert B. Kent has spent the better part of his distinguished career studying and commenting on this state’s Superior Court Rules of Civil Procedure. Professor Kent recognizes that “the discovery machinery is designed to operate largely without judicial intervention. Professional cooperation on the part of counsel is essential to an effective working of the system.” Robert B. Kent et al., Rhode Island Civil Procedure § 26:1, V-11 (West 2006). Quoting a former Superior Court justice, Kent declares: “The discovery provisions of the new [sic] rules require liberal interpretation if they are to serve the intended purpose. The so-called ambush theory of trial is laid to rest. Both sides are now able, if they know the rules and use them skillfully, to come to trial better prepared to meet contentions, arguments and evidence of the other side.” Id. (quoting Licht, Observations on Some Aspects of the Discovery Provision of the New Rules, 1966 Rhode Island Bar Annual 1, 7). “The scope of discovery is exceedingly broad,” and its principal limitations are that the information sought must be relevant to the pending matter and not privileged. Id., § 26:3 at V-12.
Professor Kent’s teachings on depositions are especially helpful to this Court. He instructs that, in the event of an objection to “the competency of a witness or the competency, relevancy, or materiality of testimony,” opposing counsel should not advise the deponent not to answer the question. Robert B. Kent et al., § 30:8 at V-47. Instead, “[w]hatever the objection [854]*854may be, Rule 30(d)(1) [of the Superior Court Rules of Civil Procedure] requires counsel to make it in a nonargumentative and nonsuggestive way.” Robert B. Kent et al., § 30:8 at V-47. Professor Kent opines, “[i]f the objection cannot be cured, the record should reflect that fact as well as the ground on which it is based. The witness should answer and the deposition should continue.” Id.
Professor Kent acknowledges that there are still very limited circumstances in which it is appropriate for counsel to instruct a deponent not to answer a question. He notes that this rule “is designed to protect both the witness and the adverse party from bad faith or unprofessional conduct of the deposition by examining counsel.” Robert B. Kent et al., § 30:8 at V-48. He laments, however, that “[a]ll too often some counsel have instructed the deponent not to answer the posed question for a variety of insubstantial reasons, such as to thwart the discovery of unfavorable facts or to distract the examining attorney from a particular line of questions.” Id.
In Kelvey v. Coughlin, 625 A.2d 775 (R.I.1993), we addressed the problem that arises when counsel instructs a deponent not to answer certain questions that have been put to him. There, we assessed the merits of the appeal under an abuse of discretion standard and found that the hearing justice was within her discretion when she ordered the defendant to resubmit to deposition. Id. at 776. Examining Rules 26(b)(1) and 30(c), we held that “[t]he only instance, we repeat, the only instance in which an attorney is justified in instructing a deponent not to answer is when the question calls for information that is privileged.” Kelvey, 625 A.2d at 776. When an attorney instructs a deponent not to answer certain questions, that 'attorney becomes an arbiter, a situation we have consistently sought to avoid. See id. (“It is not the prerogative of counsel, but of the court to rule on objections.” quoting Shapiro v. Freeman, 38 F.R.D. 308, 311 (S.D.N.Y.1965)).
A
Motion to Compel Additional Testimony from the Plantes
The defendants contend that the hearing justice abused her discretion when she denied their motion to compel additional testimony of the Plantes regarding their separation and divorce. They argue that plaintiffs’ counsel violated the holding in Kelvey when he instructed the Plantes not to answer certain questions about their divorce and its effect on Kristopher. The defendants claim that the information they were seeking was relevant because the divorce could have had an impact on Kristopher’s cognitive condition. In response, plaintiffs contend that questions about the divorce could not have been calculated to lead to the discovery of admissible evidence, but were instead meant to embarrass, confuse, and humiliate the Plantes.
The questions plaintiffs’ counsel instructed the Plantes not to answer centered on the reason for the divorce, Mrs. Plante’s current living arrangement and romantic life, and, significantly, the Plantes’ communications with Kristopher on those issues. As defendants point out, none of this is privileged information. Although plaintiffs’ counsel did not comply with our holding in Kelvey, we nevertheless conclude that the hearing justice did not err in denying defendants’ motion to reopen discovery. The few questions that plaintiffs’ counsel instructed the Plantes not to answer came toward the end of depositions cumulatively totaling nearly four hours and 200 transcript pages. Although not explicitly stated, the hearing justice’s reasoning for denying the motion [855]*855to compel can be gleaned from the September 18, 2012 hearing, when she expressed her concern about the intrusive nature of this questioning and its potential to chill plaintiffs’ resolve.
Although we do not retreat from our holding in Kelvey, we are not convinced that the hearing justice erred in her denial of the motion to compel, especially in light of the length of both depositions, and the point at which they concluded. We find the grounds for the hearing justice’s denial of the motion to compel to be reasonable given the extent of the deposition, and we affirm that portion of the ruling.
B
Limits on the Neuropsychological Examination
The defendants next contend that the protective order prohibiting their neurop-sychologist from taking a history from plaintiff and allowing plaintiff up to two representatives in the examination room during testing impeded their expert from performing a meaningful examination. The plaintiffs assert that Dr. Hebben does not need to take a history from Kristopher because one could be gleaned from his deposition and treating physicians’ reports. The plaintiffs also claim that there is no substantial proof that representatives at the examination would affect testing. We will address these issues in turn.
History Taking
We have not previously determined whether a hearing justice is within his or her discretion to preclude a history taking during a court-ordered examination. Rule 35(a) of the Superior Court Rules of Civil Procedure provides that the hearing justice has control over “the time, place, manner, conditions, and scope of the [mental or physical] examination and the person or persons by whom it is to be made.” We gain guidance from treatises that have shed light on the issue of history taking. “The doctor must be permitted to take the party’s history and to ask such other questions that will enable him or her to formulate an intelligent opinion concerning the nature and extent of the party’s injuries.” 8B Charles Alan Wright et al., Federal Practice & Procedure § 2236 at 297 (2010).6
In our opinion, without the ability to take a history, Dr. Hebben would be unable to delve into areas tailored to her own examination; inquire into Kristopher’s cur[856]*856rent neuropsychological status; and, perhaps most importantly, ask pointed followup questions that might assist her in reaching an informed medical conclusion. Additionally, without a history, her examination will not mirror the examination of plaintiffs’ expert, where a history was taken. See Henderson v. Newport County Regional Young Men’s Christian Association, 966 A.2d 1242, 1246 (R.I.2009) (noting that this state’s liberal discovery rules “generally favor[ ] the reciprocal disclosure of relevant information”).
While we acknowledge the length of time that Kristopher has already been questioned, we also recognize that the examination is a significant event in this litigation, and, in our opinion, it was error to so severely limit one party from having access to material information. On balance, we are satisfied that, barring extreme circumstances that we do not see here, the better practice is to allow a history to be taken by defendants’ expert. The limitation on the taking of a history would be an impediment to the formulation of knowledgeable medical opinions and conclusions. We thus quash that portion of the hearing justice’s protective order precluding Dr. Hebben from taking a history at her examination of Kristopher.
Presence .of Representatives
Again, we have not previously addressed the issue of whether an examinee should be permitted to have representatives, including an attorney, in the room during the testing phase of a Rule 35 examination.7 The defendants have submitted numerous scientific and medical studies that decry the presence of any third parties, especially attorneys, in the room during the entirety of a psychological examination. They have also provided an affidavit from Dr. Hebben in which she avers that the presence of third parties would violate standard procedure and render her “unable to conduct a fair and accurate neuropsychological examination of [Kristopher].” The plaintiffs, on the other hand, contend that there is no objective harm caused by third-party observers and that the hearing justice was well within her discretion to allow for the presence of third-party observers at the testing phase of the examination.
As Wright and Miller recognize, a Rule 35 examination is “an important, perhaps crucial, event in the development of the case.” 8B Charles Alan Wright et al., § 2236 at 291. Despite the examination being taken by one party’s expert, the examiner is supposed to act independently and objectively, rather than favoring the party who has hired him or her. Id. at 292. Courts have responded to this issue in a variety of ways, based on the particular circumstances of each case. Id. at 294. Wright and Miller acknowledge the concern many courts share that the examination is meant to be scientific rather than adversarial and that the presence of an attorney or other representative of the examinee has the potential to “disrupt, or defeat the purpose of, the examination.” Id. at 292. The norm in federal courts is to bar counsel unless good cause is shown. Id. at 298.8
[857]*857We certainly agree that Kristopher was subjected to a searching and exhaustive deposition in which he was asked to answer invasive questions of a personal nature, to the extent that some type of protection might arguably have been reasonable. We also recognize, however, that the presence of plaintiffs’ counsel during the testing phase of the examination has the potential to generate an adversarial environment and prejudice the results. We agree with those federal authorities who assert that this condition is reserved for rare occasions where good cause is shown, and we are not persuaded that this is that case. Further, plaintiffs’ neuropsychologist was not encumbered by this condition, and the creation of an uneven playing field violates this state’s broad and balanced discovery rules. See Henderson, 966 A.2d at 1246. As a result, we conclude that the order allowing plaintiffs’ attorney to be present during the testing phase of the examination was improper, and we quash that portion of the ruling.
Because, however, persuasive authority is mainly concerned with attorney■ presence except in rare situations, we see no abuse in the hearing justice allowing a third-party representative, such as a nurse paralegal, to be present and provide protection. We thus modify the protective order to reflect this conclusion.
c
Revocation of Attorney Mook’s Pro Hac Vice Admission
Finally, defendants ask that we overturn the hearing justice’s revocation of Attorney Mook’s pro hac vice admission. The defendants point out that Attorney Mook’s questioning of the Plantes during their depositions adhered to the directives espoused in Kelvey and that his questioning of plaintiffs’ physician fact witnesses was merely an attempt to elicit straightforward medical treatment and prognosis testimony. The defendants rightfully express their concern that this order will always be a “scarlet letter”9 for Attorney Mook, in that it will impede his ability to successfully apply for future pro hac vice admission, at least in Rhode Island, or may affect his malpractice insurance coverage. In response, plaintiffs contend that defense counsel’s behavior was outrageous and thus constituted sufficient evidence for the hearing justice to have imposed this severe punishment. In addition, plaintiffs argue that Attorney Mook’s involvement in the case for his purported dram shop expertise is no longer necessary because he has yet to actually conduct any dram shop-related discovery.10
General Laws 1956 § 11-27-5 provides: “No person, except a duly admitted mem[858]*858ber of the bar of this state, whose authority as a member to practice law is in full force and effect, shall practice law in this state.” We have previously recognized, however, that “circumstances might arise when a particular client might on ‘special and infrequent occasion and for good cause shown’ require the assistance of an out-of-state attorney in a particular court proceeding in this state * * In re Ferrey, 774 A.2d 62, 63-64 (R.I.2001). This holding has been adopted in Article II, Rule 9 of the Supreme Court Rules, Admission of Attorneys and Others to Practice Law, which concerns an out-of-state attorney’s admission to practice law in Rhode Island. See In re Ferrey, 774 A.2d at 64.
Rule 9 provides, in pertinent part:
“(a) * * * Any attorney who is a member of good standing of the bar of any other state * * * may, upon special and infrequent occasion * * * be permitted in the discretion of this Court * * * to participate to such an extent as the court may prescribe in the presentation of a cause or appeal in this or any court * * * provided, however, that * * * a member of the bar of this state * * * shall assume full responsibility for them and for the conduct of the cause and of the attorney to whom such privilege is accorded * * *.
“ * * * Unless the Supreme Court [or] the court granting pro hac vice admission * * * permits otherwise, any attorney who is granted such leave * * * shall not engage in any proceeding * * * unless there is present * * * a member of the bar of Rhode Island who shall be prepared to continue with the proceeding * * * in the absence of counsel who has been so granted leave.
“Good cause for according such privilege shall be limited to facts or circumstances * * * including] * * * a showing that the cause involves a complex field of law in which the nonresident attorney is a specialist [or] a long-standing attorney-client relationship * *
Rule 11 provides that “a trial justice has discretionary authority to formulate what he or she considers to be an appropriate sanction, but must do so in accordance with the articulated purpose of the rule: ‘to deter repetition of the harm, and to remedy the harm caused.’” Pleasant Management, LLC, 918 A.2d at 217 (quoting Michalopoulos, 847 A.2d at 300). Barring an erroneous understanding of the law or a clearly erroneous evaluation of the evidence, we “will not reverse a trial justice’s imposition of sanctions for a litigant’s misconduct.” Id. “[W]e will reverse an imposed sanction only if the trial justice has abused his [or her] discretion in imposing that sanction.” Id.
The hearing justice explained that her decision to revoke Attorney Mook’s pro hac vice admission was based on his behavior at the depositions of both the Plantes and the physicians who had been designated as fact witnesses. She believed that the questioning of the Plantes was an attempt to embarrass, humiliate, and chill their resolve, in violation of Rules 11 and 26(f). Although Attorney Mook attempted to explain the relevance of his questioning, the hearing justice characterized his style as a “fishing expedition,” and concluded that his actions rose “to the level of outrageous and egregious conduct.”
Although we acknowledge that Attorney Mook’s questioning of the Plantes was somewhat unorthodox, sometimes tedious, and arguably offensive, we do not agree that the severity of this punishment was appropriate in light of the fact that plaintiffs’ counsel was not blameless in allowing the litigation to reach this point. Although the questions were of a personal nature, plaintiffs’ counsel cited to no privilege, as required by the strong and unequivocal [859]*859language in Kelvey, when instructing deponents not to answer. See Kelvey, 625 A.2d at 776. Pursuant to Rule 30(d)(3), counsel’s remedy was to cease the deposition and bring the matter to the immediate attention of a Superior Court justice. See Kelvey, 625 A.2d at 777 (“The harm caused by being required to take additional depositions of a witness who fails to answer a question based on an improperly asserted objection far exceeds the mere inconvenience of a witness having to answer a question which may not be admissible at the trial of the action.” quoting W.R. Grace & Co. v. Pullman Inc., 74 F.R.D. 80, 84 (W.D.Okla.1977)).
The hearing justice also found that Attorney Mook’s questioning at the depositions of Drs. Humbyrd and Provencal “crossed the line” to the point of warranting the imposition of sanctions. Citing Ondis as well as L’Etoile v. Director of Public Works of Rhode Island, 89 R.I. 394, 153 A.2d 173 (1959), and Sousa v. Chaset, 519 A.2d 1132 (R.I.1987), the hearing justice noted that counsel for one party may not compel a nonparty witness to give an expert opinion when that witness has not been engaged as an expert. The hearing justice did not misstate our holding that “an expert witness who ha[s] not been engaged but merely subpoenaed [cannot] be compelled to give opinion testimony against his will.” Ondis, 497 A.2d at 18. Nevertheless, especially in light of the fact that no guidance was sought from a Superior Court justice, we are troubled by the severity of this punishment.
As we have noted, plaintiffs’ counsel was not free of culpability in allowing the depositions of the physician fact witnesses to spiral out of control. Clearly bothered by Attorney Mook’s allegedly impermissible questioning, plaintiffs’ counsel lodged myriad objections and, at the deposition of Dr. Humbyrd, repeatedly informed the deponent that he was not required to answer defense counsel’s questions. While not as clear a violation of Kelvey, this tactic was comparable to the actions taken by plaintiffs’ counsel at the Plantes’ depositions, and it similarly violated the spirit of Kel-vey that prevents counsel from acting as the judge. See Kelvey, 625 A.2d at 776 (“It is not the prerogative of counsel, but of the court to rule on objections.” quoting Shapiro, 38 F.R.D. at 311).
Additionally, it is essential to bear in mind that plaintiffs alleged that Kristopher suffered cognitive difficulties and “severe and permanent injuries to his mind and body” as a result of the March 2008 accident. In view of that allegation, it is understandable that defense counsel made an effort to delve into what circumstances, other than the accident, might have caused Kristopher to suffer these difficulties.
It may be fairly said that the impropriety of Attorney Mook’s questioning of the fact witnesses was debatable. He asked the fact witnesses to elaborate on the grounds for their diagnoses, treatment, and prognoses, and for the basis of their findings. These were not hypothetical questions asked in an effort to extract expert opinions. Rather, Attorney Mook arguably was seeking to elaborate on the reports that were in his possession. While Attorney Mook’s questions may have treaded into inadmissible inquiry, they could have been resolved at the time of trial and without his removal from the case. See State v. Silvia, 898 A.2d 707, 716 (R.I.2006) (“The determination of whether evidence is relevant is confided to the sound discretion of the trial justice * * *.”). Given that there was no clear violation of Ondis, there were no grounds for such a severe sanction in this case.
Moreover, although they were clearly aware of the proper remedy pursuant to Rule 30(d)(3), plaintiffs’ counsel chose not [860]*860to exercise it. At the deposition of Dr. Provencal, plaintiffs’ counsel declared, “I’m going to, if you persist in this line of questioning, get a [S]uperior [C]ourt judge on the phone to deal with this issue * * A similar exchange transpired at Dr. Humbyrd’s deposition,. where plaintiffs’ counsel asked defense counsel: “Do you want to adjourn the deposition right now and walk across the street to [Superi- or [Cjourt?” We cannot agree that Attorney Mook deserved this sanction when counsel for both sides were partially to blame for allowing the situation to become problematic. As a result, we conclude that the revocation of Attorney Mook’s pro hac vice admission for his conduct at the fact witness depositions was an abuse of discretion.
We take this opportunity to note that “sanctions are a badge of reprobation that can haunt an attorney throughout his or her career * * * [And that the] ramifications * * * go far beyond the particular case.” In re Plaza-Martinez, 747 F.3d 10, 14 (1st Cir.2014). Thus, trial courts “must take care in balancing these competing concerns” with the facts in the record, and when those facts do not support the stated grounds for punishment, the sanction should be vacated. Id. In the present case, it is our opinion that the facts in the record do not support the hearing justice’s grounds for revoking Attorney Mook’s pro hac vice admission. Because this sanction was not “to deter repetition of the harm [or] to remedy the harm caused,” we conclude that it was an abuse of discretion for the hearing justice to have imposed it. Pleasant Management, LLC, 918 A.2d at 217 (quoting Michalopoulos, 847 A.2d at 300).
IV
Conclusion
For the foregoing reasons, we deny the petition for certiorari in part and grant it in part. We affirm the hearing justice’s ruling denying the defendants’ motion to compel additional testimony from Mr. and Mrs. Plante and therefore quash the writ of certiorari with respect to this issue. We grant certiorari on the issue of the history-taking and quash that portion of the ruling barring a history from being obtained at Kristopher’s examination. We affirm in part, however, the hearing justice’s ruling granting the plaintiffs’ motion for a protective order, allowing one non-attorney representative to join Kristopher for the testing phase of the examination, and we quash the writ of certiorari on this issue. Finally, we grant certiorari on the pro hac vice issue and quash that portion of the ruling revoking Attorney Mook’s pro hac vice admission. We remand this case to the Superior Court with our decision endorsed thereon.