Mr. Chief Justice Wilkin
delivered the opinion of the court:
Appellees sued appellant to recover a balance which they claimed he owed them for constructing a certain dock. The declaration is in assumpsit, setting up a contract between the parties, whereby plaintiffs agreed to build 1650 feet of dock on the Calumet river for defendant, according to plans and specifications named in the contract, the defendant to pay them therefor $7.25 per lineal foot, — $2500 to be paid when 500 feet of the work was completed, $3000 on the completion of 1000 feet, $3000 on the completion of 1500 feet and the balance when the whole was finished. Performance of the contract on the part of plaintiffs and a refusal by the defendant to pay were properly averred. Issue being joined on pleas of non-assumpsit and non-performance of the contract, a trial by jury resulted in a verdict and judgment for the plaintiffs for $10,835.20. On defendant’s appeal the Appellate Court affirmed that judgment, and he now brings the record to this court.
There was no controversy between the parties, on the trial, except as to whether the dock had been constructed in conformity with the contract Plaintiffs offered evidence to the effect that they completed the work according to the agreement on the 21st of November, 1890, and that there was then due them in payment for the same a balance of $9962.50, the sum of $2000 having been paid during the progress of the work. The amount claimed to be due was denied by the defendant on the sole ground that the material used and manner of constructing the dock did not conform to the terms of the contract.
No error is assigned upon the admission or exclusion of testimony. A reversal is urged upon no other ground than that the jury were erroneously instructed at the instance of the plaintiffs, to the prejudice of the defendant. These instructions, in effect, directed the jury, that if the evidence showed that the plaintiffs constructed the dock “in substantial conformity to their contract,” then they were entitled to recover the contract price, leaving the jury to determine whether there had been such a substantial performance. We think the instructions are erroneous, both because they allow plaintiffs to recover the full contract .price upon proof of a “substantial performance” of their contract, and because they submit to the jury the question of performance, without any construction of the contract by the court. Taylor v. Beck, 13 Ill. 376 ; Estep v. Fenton, 66 id. 467.
That some of those- instructions are justly subject to the last of these objections is not denied by counsel for appellees, but it is insisted that appellant’s instructions are subject to the same objection, and that he cannot, therefore, take advantage of the error, citing Calumet Iron and Steel Co. v. Martin, 115 Ill. 358, and Northern Line Packet Co. v. Binninger, 70 id. 571. There is force in this position, but we think the judgment of the circuit court should be affirmed on the more substantial and meritorious ground that it clearly appears that the error complained of worked no injury to appellant. All the instructions given on behalf of the plaintiffs went upon the theory that they were entitled to recover the entire contract price. Those given for the defendant, except the fourth, are to the effect that they could only so recover upon proof that they had fully performed the contract. But the defendant’s fourth instruction is in the following language:
“The jury are instructed, that under the written contract in evidence the defendant was entitled to have erected such a dock as was called for by the terms of the contract, and even though the jury may believe that there has been a substantial pérformance of the terms of the contract by the plaintiffs, yet, nevertheless, if the jury believe that the terms have not been fully complied with, the jury should allow to the defendant such sum or sums as, from the evidence, they may believe are reasonable and proper to enable tbe defendant to complete tbe dock in tbe manner stipulated for in tbe contract.”
This instruction correctly states tbe law applicable to tbe facts of tbe case, and we tbink it clearly appears tbat tbe jury followed it in making tbe verdict. In contracts like tbe one in suit, sometimes called “building contracts,” a literal compliance witb the specifications is not necessary to a recovery by tbe contractor. A substantial performance, in good faith, is sufficient. As was said in Sinclair v. Talmadge, 35 Barb. 602: “If there has been no willful departure from tbe terms of tbe contract, or omission in essential points, and tbe laborer has honestly and faithfully performed tbe contract in all its material and substantial particulars, be will not be held to have forfeited bis right to remuneration by reason of mere technical, inadvertent or unimportant omissions or defects. The law imposes no such liability and enforces no such penalty.” Glacius v. Black, 50 N. Y. 145, is to the same effect, and in Crouch v. Gutman, 134 id. 45, it is said: “Then slight defects, caused by inadvertence or unintentional omissions, are not necessarily in tbe way of recovery of the contract price, less tbe amount, by way of damages, requisite to indemnify tbe owner for tbe expense of conforming tbe work to tbat for which be contracted.” See, also, Linch v. Paris Lumber Co. 80 Tex. 23 ; Flaherty v. Minor, 123 N. Y. 382; Gallaher v. Sharpless, 134 Pa. St. 134; Moore v. Carter, 146 id. 492; Leeds v. Little, 42 Minn. 414; Ætna Iron Works v. Kossuth Co. 79 Iowa, 40.
But counsel for appellant insist tbat tbe jury did not obey tbat instruction, but followed those given on behalf of plaintiffs. As above stated, plaintiffs claimed there was due them on tbe completion of tbe work, November 21,1890, $9962.50, and it is not denied by defendant tbat if tbe work and material bad been as good as contracted for, plaintiffs would, by tbe terms of tbe agreement, have been entitled to recover tbat amount as of tbat date. By tbe statute in .force when tbe contract was entered into and when payment should have been made, plaintiffs were entitled to interest on the amount due, at the rate of six per cent per annum to the date of the recovery, and they made that claim on the trial. Herr testified the balance due, including interest at six per cent, was §11,504.76. It was admitted that defendant was entitled to a credit of §150 for posts not put in, by agreement of parties, so that the actual amount claimed by plaintiffs at the trial was §11,354.76. The verdict (§10,835.20) was therefore §519.56 less'than the amount which plaintiffs insisted was due them, and this difference can, in our view of the evidence, be accounted for only upon the theory that the jury allowed interest on the claim of plaintiffs, and allowed the defendant damages for defective material and construction. It is true the jury were not specifically instructed on the subject of interest, but that the third instruction, given at the request of plaintiffs, to the effect that if they had substantially performed the contract on their part they were entitled to recover the contract price, less a reasonable allowance for “snubbing posts,” amounted to a disclaimer to interest on the amount due, as contended by counsel for appellant, cannot be maintained. That instruction, as well as others given at plaintiffs’ request, was, as already said, intended to direct the jury to allow them the full contract price, on proof of substantial performance.
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Mr. Chief Justice Wilkin
delivered the opinion of the court:
Appellees sued appellant to recover a balance which they claimed he owed them for constructing a certain dock. The declaration is in assumpsit, setting up a contract between the parties, whereby plaintiffs agreed to build 1650 feet of dock on the Calumet river for defendant, according to plans and specifications named in the contract, the defendant to pay them therefor $7.25 per lineal foot, — $2500 to be paid when 500 feet of the work was completed, $3000 on the completion of 1000 feet, $3000 on the completion of 1500 feet and the balance when the whole was finished. Performance of the contract on the part of plaintiffs and a refusal by the defendant to pay were properly averred. Issue being joined on pleas of non-assumpsit and non-performance of the contract, a trial by jury resulted in a verdict and judgment for the plaintiffs for $10,835.20. On defendant’s appeal the Appellate Court affirmed that judgment, and he now brings the record to this court.
There was no controversy between the parties, on the trial, except as to whether the dock had been constructed in conformity with the contract Plaintiffs offered evidence to the effect that they completed the work according to the agreement on the 21st of November, 1890, and that there was then due them in payment for the same a balance of $9962.50, the sum of $2000 having been paid during the progress of the work. The amount claimed to be due was denied by the defendant on the sole ground that the material used and manner of constructing the dock did not conform to the terms of the contract.
No error is assigned upon the admission or exclusion of testimony. A reversal is urged upon no other ground than that the jury were erroneously instructed at the instance of the plaintiffs, to the prejudice of the defendant. These instructions, in effect, directed the jury, that if the evidence showed that the plaintiffs constructed the dock “in substantial conformity to their contract,” then they were entitled to recover the contract price, leaving the jury to determine whether there had been such a substantial performance. We think the instructions are erroneous, both because they allow plaintiffs to recover the full contract .price upon proof of a “substantial performance” of their contract, and because they submit to the jury the question of performance, without any construction of the contract by the court. Taylor v. Beck, 13 Ill. 376 ; Estep v. Fenton, 66 id. 467.
That some of those- instructions are justly subject to the last of these objections is not denied by counsel for appellees, but it is insisted that appellant’s instructions are subject to the same objection, and that he cannot, therefore, take advantage of the error, citing Calumet Iron and Steel Co. v. Martin, 115 Ill. 358, and Northern Line Packet Co. v. Binninger, 70 id. 571. There is force in this position, but we think the judgment of the circuit court should be affirmed on the more substantial and meritorious ground that it clearly appears that the error complained of worked no injury to appellant. All the instructions given on behalf of the plaintiffs went upon the theory that they were entitled to recover the entire contract price. Those given for the defendant, except the fourth, are to the effect that they could only so recover upon proof that they had fully performed the contract. But the defendant’s fourth instruction is in the following language:
“The jury are instructed, that under the written contract in evidence the defendant was entitled to have erected such a dock as was called for by the terms of the contract, and even though the jury may believe that there has been a substantial pérformance of the terms of the contract by the plaintiffs, yet, nevertheless, if the jury believe that the terms have not been fully complied with, the jury should allow to the defendant such sum or sums as, from the evidence, they may believe are reasonable and proper to enable tbe defendant to complete tbe dock in tbe manner stipulated for in tbe contract.”
This instruction correctly states tbe law applicable to tbe facts of tbe case, and we tbink it clearly appears tbat tbe jury followed it in making tbe verdict. In contracts like tbe one in suit, sometimes called “building contracts,” a literal compliance witb the specifications is not necessary to a recovery by tbe contractor. A substantial performance, in good faith, is sufficient. As was said in Sinclair v. Talmadge, 35 Barb. 602: “If there has been no willful departure from tbe terms of tbe contract, or omission in essential points, and tbe laborer has honestly and faithfully performed tbe contract in all its material and substantial particulars, be will not be held to have forfeited bis right to remuneration by reason of mere technical, inadvertent or unimportant omissions or defects. The law imposes no such liability and enforces no such penalty.” Glacius v. Black, 50 N. Y. 145, is to the same effect, and in Crouch v. Gutman, 134 id. 45, it is said: “Then slight defects, caused by inadvertence or unintentional omissions, are not necessarily in tbe way of recovery of the contract price, less tbe amount, by way of damages, requisite to indemnify tbe owner for tbe expense of conforming tbe work to tbat for which be contracted.” See, also, Linch v. Paris Lumber Co. 80 Tex. 23 ; Flaherty v. Minor, 123 N. Y. 382; Gallaher v. Sharpless, 134 Pa. St. 134; Moore v. Carter, 146 id. 492; Leeds v. Little, 42 Minn. 414; Ætna Iron Works v. Kossuth Co. 79 Iowa, 40.
But counsel for appellant insist tbat tbe jury did not obey tbat instruction, but followed those given on behalf of plaintiffs. As above stated, plaintiffs claimed there was due them on tbe completion of tbe work, November 21,1890, $9962.50, and it is not denied by defendant tbat if tbe work and material bad been as good as contracted for, plaintiffs would, by tbe terms of tbe agreement, have been entitled to recover tbat amount as of tbat date. By tbe statute in .force when tbe contract was entered into and when payment should have been made, plaintiffs were entitled to interest on the amount due, at the rate of six per cent per annum to the date of the recovery, and they made that claim on the trial. Herr testified the balance due, including interest at six per cent, was §11,504.76. It was admitted that defendant was entitled to a credit of §150 for posts not put in, by agreement of parties, so that the actual amount claimed by plaintiffs at the trial was §11,354.76. The verdict (§10,835.20) was therefore §519.56 less'than the amount which plaintiffs insisted was due them, and this difference can, in our view of the evidence, be accounted for only upon the theory that the jury allowed interest on the claim of plaintiffs, and allowed the defendant damages for defective material and construction. It is true the jury were not specifically instructed on the subject of interest, but that the third instruction, given at the request of plaintiffs, to the effect that if they had substantially performed the contract on their part they were entitled to recover the contract price, less a reasonable allowance for “snubbing posts,” amounted to a disclaimer to interest on the amount due, as contended by counsel for appellant, cannot be maintained. That instruction, as well as others given at plaintiffs’ request, was, as already said, intended to direct the jury to allow them the full contract price, on proof of substantial performance. If they were entitled to that price under the contract, the statute gave them the right to interest from the time the money became due, by the terms of the written agreement. The third instruction in no proper sense waived that right. It seems clear that the jury did allow interest, because in no other way, consistent with the evidence, could the amount of the verdict have been reached. This, counsel for appellant concede, but they attempt to account for the reduction of plaintiffs’ claim upon the supposition that but five per cent interest was allowed, and that only from the commencement of the suit to the date of the verdict. The exact amount of the verdict cannot be reached even in that way, but no-evidence was offered by either party upon which interest could have been so computed, neither did the law authorize it.
On the whole case we think the conclusion is irresistible that the verdict of the jury was reached by following the directions of the court as given in defendant’s fourth instruction. That being so, an affirmance of the judgment below must follow, notwithstanding the errors in other instructions, because they were harmless. We are also of the opinion that, from all the evidence in this record, substantial justice is done the defendant by the verdict of the jury and judgment Of the circuit court, and that he could not reasonably expect a more favorable result if allowed another trial.
The judgment of the Appellate Court will be affirmed.
Judgment affirmed.