In re: William Michael Watson

• Court: United States Bankruptcy Appellate Panel for the Ninth Circuit
• Decided: June 25, 2015
• Docket: CC-14-1351-DTaKu
• Status: Unpublished

Opinion

FILED JUN 25 2015 1 NOT FOR PUBLICATION 2 SUSAN M. SPRAUL, CLERK U.S. BKCY. APP. PANEL OF THE NINTH CIRCUIT 3 UNITED STATES BANKRUPTCY APPELLATE PANEL 4 OF THE NINTH CIRCUIT 5 In re: ) BAP No. CC-14-1351-DTaKu ) 6 WILLIAM MICHAEL WATSON, ) Bk. No. 2:12-bk-34557 ) 7 Debtor. ) ______________________________) 8 ) WILLIAM MICHAEL WATSON ) 9 ) Appellant, ) 10 ) v. ) MEMORANDUM1 11 ) DAVID ALAN GILL, Chapter 7 ) 12 Trustee, ) ) 13 Appellee. ) ______________________________) 14 Argued and Submitted on June 18, 2015 15 at Pasadena, California 16 Filed - June 25, 2015 17 Appeal from the United States Bankruptcy Court for the Central District of California 18 Honorable Thomas B. Donovan, Bankruptcy Judge, Presiding 19 20 Appearances: Michael Gordon York argued for Appellant; Kevin D. Meek of Danning, Gill, Diamond & Kollitz, LLP 21 argued for Appellee. 22 Before: DUNN, TAYLOR AND KURTZ, Bankruptcy Judges. 23 24 25 26 1 This disposition is not appropriate for publication. 27 Although it may be cited for whatever persuasive value it may have (see Fed. R. App. P. 32.1), it has no precedential value. 28 See 9th Cir. BAP Rule 8024-1. 1 Chapter 72 debtor William Michael Watson (“Debtor”) appeals 2 from the bankruptcy court’s Order Allowing Administrative Claims, 3 Professional Fees and Expenses, [and] Trustee’s Fees and 4 Expenses. We AFFIRM. 5 I. FACTS 6 The Debtor filed his chapter 7 petition on July 17, 2012. 7 Appellee David A. Gill (“Trustee”) was appointed the chapter 7 8 trustee. On the Debtor’s Schedule A, he listed a one-half 9 interest in “21 undeveloped acres in Louisiana” (the 10 “Properties”) which the Debtor valued at $10,000.00. The Debtor 11 claimed an exemption in the Properties in the amount of 12 $10,000.00, pursuant to California Code of Civil Procedure 13 § 703.140(b)(1). 14 The Properties, which comprised two parcels, were co-owned 15 with the Debtor’s brother, Gary Sherman. The Debtor told the 16 Trustee that, pursuant to an oral agreement between Mr. Sherman 17 and the Debtor, Mr. Sherman was to receive one parcel, and the 18 Debtor was to retain the other. However, the title had not been 19 changed to reflect such an agreement. When the Trustee expressed 20 his belief that the Properties might be worth more than their 21 scheduled value, the Debtor obtained an appraisal, which valued 22 the Properties at $59,000.00. The Trustee concluded that the 23 value of the Debtor’s pre-petition interest in the Properties, 24 25 2 Unless specified otherwise, all chapter, section and rule 26 references are to the federal Bankruptcy Code, 11 U.S.C. §§ 101- 27 1532, and to the Federal Rules of Bankruptcy Procedure, Rules 1001-9037. The Federal Rules of Civil Procedure are referred to 28 as “Civil Rules.”

2 1 net of his exemption, was $24,500.00. 2 The Trustee decided to pursue the estate’s interest in the 3 Properties. To facilitate this, the Trustee hired Danning, Gill, 4 Diamond & Kollitz, LLP (“Danning Gill”) as his general counsel. 5 Danning Gill began its work for the Trustee on January 23, 2013, 6 but did not file an employment application at that time. 7 At some point, the Debtor offered to buy the estate’s 8 interest in the Properties. Negotiations followed between the 9 Debtor’s counsel and Danning Gill. On June 27, 2013, 10 approximately five months after Danning Gill’s employment began, 11 the Trustee filed a motion for authority to settle the matter. 12 Under the settlement, the Debtor was to pay $16,550.00 to the 13 Trustee in exchange for the estate’s interest in the Properties. 14 The bankruptcy court approved the settlement on July 24, 2013. 15 Seven days later, the Debtor paid the Trustee as agreed. That 16 $16,550.00 payment constituted the entirety of the estate’s 17 receipts. 18 In November 2013, Danning Gill discovered during the 19 preparation of its final fee application that it never had 20 requested bankruptcy court approval of its employment. To remedy 21 this oversight, on November 27, 2013, the Trustee filed an 22 application to employ Danning Gill nunc pro tunc as of 23 January 23, 2013 (“Nunc Pro Tunc Application”). In an attached 24 declaration, Danning Gill attorney Eric P. Israel attributed the 25 failure to make a timely application to “inadvertence or 26 oversight.” Mr. Israel further explained that, due to the 27 protracted nature of the settlement negotiations, he had not 28 followed his usual procedure for filing employment applications.

3 1 The Debtor opposed the Nunc Pro Tunc Application. In his 2 accompanying Memorandum of Points and Authorities, the Debtor did 3 not challenge Danning Gill’s disinterestedness or any other 4 criterion for eligibility to serve as general counsel for the 5 estate. Rather, the Debtor argued that inadvertence or oversight 6 was insufficient to establish extraordinary circumstances 7 justifying nunc pro tunc approval of employment. 8 The Trustee filed a reply memorandum, arguing that the 9 application should be approved, because Danning Gill had offered 10 a satisfactory explanation for its delay in submitting an 11 application, and because Danning Gill’s work had provided a 12 significant benefit to the estate. 13 The bankruptcy court set the matter for hearing and entered 14 a tentative ruling (“Tentative Ruling”). In the Tentative 15 Ruling, the bankruptcy court proposed to grant the Nunc Pro Tunc 16 Application over the Debtor’s opposition and stated as follows: 17 [The Nunc Pro Tunc Application] should be granted because: 18 (1) The delay was adequately explained, 19 (2) The delay was inadvertent, 20 (3) The delay amounts to harmless error, 21 (4) The services performed resulted in a significant 22 benefit to the estate, 23 (5) Indeed, the services resulted in the only recovery to the estate, 24 (6) The fees requested are very reasonable in relation 25 to the $16,550.00 cash recovery to the estate, 26 (7) All requirements of 11 U.S.C. § 327 are met by attorneys, and 27 (8) But for these services performed at risk to the 28 attorneys, the estate would have recovered nothing.

4 1 In its Tentative Ruling, the bankruptcy court waived appearances 2 at the January 9 hearing. 3 On January 23, 2014, the bankruptcy court entered an order 4 approving the Nunc Pro Tunc Application (“Nunc Pro Tunc Order”). 5 The bankruptcy court noted in the Nunc Pro Tunc Order that it 6 appeared: 7 that it is necessary that the Trustee employ Danning, Gill, Diamond & Kollitz, LLP, and [that] its partners 8 and employees do not hold or represent any interest adverse to the Debtor, the creditors, or the estate, 9 and are disinterested persons as that term is defined in 11 U.S.C. § 101(14) and used in 11 U.S.C. § 327(a), 10 and that Danning, Gill, Diamond & Kollitz, LLP’s employment nunc pro tunc is justified in this case[.] 11 12 On March 5, 2014, Danning Gill submitted its first and final 13 fee application (“Fee Application”). Attached to the Fee 14 Application, Danning Gill provided a narrative of its services, 15 along with detailed billing records beginning on January 23, 16 2013. Danning Gill requested total fees of $9,157.00 and expense 17 reimbursement in the amount of $1,053.47.3 18 The Trustee submitted his final report and applications for 19 compensation (“Final Report”) on May 15, 2014. The Final Report 20 revealed that the balance of funds on hand in the estate amounted 21 to $15,616.27, all of which were derived from the settlement 22 between the Debtor and the Trustee.4 The Final Report proposed 23 24 3 Danning Gill did not charge any fees for the time it spent 25 responding to the Debtor’s opposition to the Nunc Pro Tunc Application. 26 4 27 This figure represents the balance after payment of bank service fees and fees of Swicker & Associates Accountancy Corp., 28 whose compensation had been approved in a prior order.

5 1 payment to the Trustee in the total amount of $2,683.55 for fees 2 and expenses, and to Danning Gill in the amount requested in the 3 Fee Application. The remaining $2,722.25 was to be paid to 4 priority creditors with claims totaling $28,169.41. 5 The Debtor filed an opposition to the Final Report on 6 June 17, 2014. In an accompanying memorandum, the Debtor made 7 two arguments. First, the Debtor argued in general terms that 8 the fees were unreasonably high in proportion to the estate’s 9 assets, but the Debtor did not specify any particular charges 10 that he deemed unreasonable. However, the Debtor’s main reason 11 for opposing the Final Report was his continuing displeasure with 12 the bankruptcy court’s Nunc Pro Tunc Order. The Debtor argued 13 that Danning Gill’s compensation should be limited to the fees it 14 charged for work done after the entry of the Nunc Pro Tunc Order. 15 In response to the Debtor’s opposition, the Trustee noted 16 that the bankruptcy court had already overruled the Debtor’s 17 objection to the Nunc Pro Tunc Application. 18 The bankruptcy court scheduled a hearing on the Final Report 19 for July 2, 2014, and again waived appearances. On July 3, 2014, 20 the bankruptcy court entered an order allowing the requested fees 21 (“Compensation Order”). In its Compensation Order, the 22 bankruptcy court made the following statement regarding the 23 Debtor’s opposition to the Final Report: 24 Debtor’s opposition, filed June 17, 2014, to the Trustee’s Final Report and Applications for 25 Compensation is overruled, for all the reasons set forth in the Trustee’s application and in the Trustee’s 26 reply, filed June 24, 2014, to the Debtor’s opposition. The court issued a tentative ruling to grant the 27 Trustee’s application and excused appearances at the hearing scheduled on July 2, 2014 at 11:00 a.m. Nobody 28 appeared at the hearing.

6 1 The Debtor filed a timely Notice of Appeal from the 2 Compensation Order on July 14, 2014. The Trustee filed a motion 3 with the BAP to dismiss the Debtor’s appeal for lack of standing. 4 The Debtor argued in response that his nondischargeable priority 5 tax debts constituted a sufficient pecuniary interest to 6 establish standing. Specifically, the Debtor argued that 7 reversal of the Compensation Order and reduction of Danning 8 Gill’s approved fees would increase payments to priority 9 creditors and lessen his post-bankruptcy obligations. Our 10 motions panel agreed with the Debtor and denied the motion to 11 dismiss. 12 II. JURISDICTION 13 The bankruptcy court had jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. 14 §§ 1334 and 157(b)(2)(A). We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. 15 § 158. 16 III. ISSUES 17 1. Whether the Debtor has standing to appeal. 18 2. Whether the bankruptcy court abused its discretion in 19 granting the Nunc Pro Tunc Order and the Compensation Order. 20 IV. STANDARD OF REVIEW 21 We review the bankruptcy court’s award of attorney fees for 22 an abuse of discretion. Smith v. Edwards & Hale (In re Smith), 23 317 F.3d 918, 923 (9th Cir. 2002). A bankruptcy court’s order 24 approving the employment of professionals nunc pro tunc is 25 likewise reviewed for abuse of discretion. Atkins v. Wain 26 (In re Atkins), 69 F.3d 970, 973 (9th Cir. 1995). 27 A bankruptcy court abuses its discretion if it applies an 28 incorrect legal standard or misapplies the correct legal

7 1 standard, or if its factual findings are illogical, implausible 2 or unsupported by evidence in the record. TrafficSchool.com, 3 Inc. v. Edriver Inc., 653 F.3d 820, 832 (9th Cir. 2011). Only if 4 the bankruptcy court did not apply the correct legal standard or 5 improperly applied it, or if its fact findings were illogical, 6 implausible, or without support in inferences that can be drawn 7 from facts in the record, is it proper to conclude that the 8 bankruptcy court abused its discretion. United States v. 9 Hinkson, 585 F.3d 1247, 1262 (9th Cir. 2009) (en banc). 10 We may affirm the decision of the bankruptcy court on any 11 basis supported by the record. See ASARCO, LLC v. Union Pac. R. 12 Co., 765 F.3d 999, 1004 (9th Cir. 2014); Shanks v. Dressel, 13 540 F.3d 1082, 1086 (9th Cir. 2008). 14 V. DISCUSSION 15 A. Standing 16 As a threshold matter, the Trustee renews his argument that 17 the Debtor lacks standing to bring this appeal. Standing is “a 18 jurisdictional requirement which remains open to review at all 19 stages of the litigation.” Nat’l Org. for Women, Inc. v. 20 Scheidler, 510 U.S. 249, 255 (1994). Therefore, we consider the 21 Trustee’s standing argument here. 22 Standing in bankruptcy appeals exists only for those parties 23 who are “directly and adversely affected pecuniarily” by the 24 bankruptcy court’s order. Fondiller v. Robertson 25 (In re Fondiller), 707 F.2d 441, 442 (9th Cir. 1983); Paine v. 26 Dickey (In re Paine), 250 B.R. 99, 104 (9th Cir. BAP 2000). A 27 debtor has standing if the order would “diminish the debtor’s 28 property, increase his burdens, or detrimentally affect his

8 1 rights.” Paine, 250 B.R. at 99, citing Fondiller, 707 F.2d at 2 442. 3 The Trustee argues that the Debtor’s only interest in the 4 appeal is “speculative” and “tangential.” Appellee Brief at 19. 5 The Trustee asserts that reversal by this Panel cannot provide 6 any possible financial benefit to the Debtor. 7 We agree with the motions panel’s decision to deny the 8 motion to dismiss for the reason that the existence of 9 nondischargeable claims can suffice to confer standing on a 10 debtor to appeal from orders affecting the size of the estate. 11 Cukierman v. Uecker (In re Cukierman), 242 B.R. 486, 488 n.2 (9th 12 Cir. BAP 1999), aff’d in part, rev’d in part, on other grounds, 13 265 F.3d 846 (9th Cir. 2001). As the Trustee points out, the 14 primary issue in Cukierman was a landlord’s entitlement to an 15 administrative claim against the estate. In that case, as in 16 this one, the debtor’s interest in the controversy was the amount 17 of money that would remain in the estate to pay his priority 18 creditors. Id. at 488. The Panel held that this was a 19 sufficient pecuniary interest to confer standing to appeal. It 20 suffices here as well. 21 B. The Orders on Appeal 22 Section 330 provides for compensation of attorneys out of 23 funds of the bankruptcy estate. Bankruptcy courts may award 24 “reasonable compensation for actual, necessary services” rendered 25 by the attorney and “reimbursement for actual, necessary 26 expenses.” In his opposition to the Final Report, the Debtor 27 argued that Danning Gill’s fees were unreasonably high in light 28 of the amount of benefit to the estate and in proportion to the

9 1 estate’s total assets. However, the Debtor makes no such 2 argument on appeal, and we do not consider the issue, as it is 3 waived. See Greenwood v. F.A.A., 28 F.3d 971, 977 (9th Cir. 4 1994); Miller v. Fairchild Indus., Inc., 797 F.2d 727, 738 (9th 5 Cir. 1986). Instead, the Debtor argues that the bankruptcy court 6 never should have granted the Nunc Pro Tunc Application and that 7 Danning Gill therefore was not entitled to any compensation for 8 the services it provided before its employment was approved. 9 “Failure to receive court approval for the employment of a 10 professional in accordance with § 327 and Rule 2014 precludes the 11 payment of fees.” Shirley v. DeRonde (In re Shirley), 134 B.R. 12 940, 943 (9th Cir. BAP 1992). Therefore, if the bankruptcy court 13 abused its discretion in granting the Nunc Pro Tunc Order 14 authorizing Danning Gill’s employment as of January 23, 2013, it 15 follows that Danning Gill was not entitled to payment for legal 16 services prior to entry of the Nunc Pro Tunc Order. 17 Nunc pro tunc employment is available in “exceptional 18 circumstances.” Atkins, 69 F.3d at 974. To establish such 19 circumstances, the applicant must (1) give a satisfactory 20 explanation for the failure to obtain pre-employment approval; 21 and (2) show that its services conferred a significant benefit on 22 the bankruptcy estate. Id.; Law Offices of Ivan W. Halperin v. 23 Occidental Fin. Group, Inc. (In re Occidental Fin. Group, Inc.), 24 40 F.3d 1059, 1062 (9th Cir. 1994); Okamoto v. THC Fin. Corp. 25 (In re THC Fin. Corp.), 837 F.2d 389, 392 (9th Cir. 1988). The 26 bankruptcy court considering such an application may also, in its 27 discretion, rely on other factors, such as those set forth in 28 In re Twinton Props. P’ship, 27 B.R. 817, 819-20 (Bankr. M.D.

10 1 Tenn. 1983) (see infra at pp. 15-16). Atkins, 69 F.3d at 976. 2 Of course, the applicant also must meet the criteria for 3 employment under § 327. Id.; Mehdipour v. Marcus & Millichap 4 (In re Mehdipour), 202 B.R. 474, 479 (9th Cir. BAP 1996). 5 1. Satisfactory Explanation 6 In its Tentative Ruling on the Nunc Pro Tunc Application, 7 the bankruptcy court announced its tentative conclusion that the 8 “delay [in applying for employment] was adequately explained.” 9 The Debtor takes issue with this conclusion, arguing that Danning 10 Gill’s delay was the result of mere negligence, which the Debtor 11 asserts cannot be a satisfactory explanation. Although 12 statements in certain decisions of the Panel appear at first 13 glance to support this contention, a closer examination of these 14 decisions reveals flaws in the argument. 15 a. In re Downtown Inv. Club III 16 In Andrew v. Coopersmith (In re Downtown Inv. Club III), 17 89 B.R. 59 (9th Cir. BAP 1988), in reversing the bankruptcy 18 court, the panel commented that “a nunc pro tunc order is 19 improperly sought” when the delay is due to “mere negligence or 20 inadvertence,” and that retroactive employment is inappropriate 21 “where the lateness in seeking court approval . . . is 22 accompanied by inexcusable or unexplained negligence.” Id. at 23 63. The panel went on to emphasize that the applicant firm in 24 that case had not applied for employment under § 327 at all. Id. 25 In other words, the firm’s “lateness” was a total failure to seek 26 authorization of its employment prior to requesting fees. In 27 addition, a conflict of interest precluded approval of its 28 application in any event, even if the firm had filed one

11 1 properly. Id. at 64. On the nature of the conflict, the panel 2 noted, “[a] clearer conflict, representation of both the lender 3 and the borrower, can hardly be imagined.” Id. 4 The panel in Downtown Investment did not cite the Ninth 5 Circuit’s then-recent decision in THC Fin. Corp., which 6 established the two-part test for exceptional circumstances. The 7 panel did not specifically address whether the firm’s explanation 8 for its delay was satisfactory. It did, however, indirectly 9 address the second THC Fin. Corp. standard, whether the firm’s 10 services benefitted the estate. The bankruptcy court had 11 required the party opposing the application to show that the 12 firm’s services had not provided a benefit, which the panel noted 13 was an erroneous allocation of the burden of proof. Downtown 14 Investment, 89 B.R. at 64. In short, the panel predicated its 15 finding of an abuse of discretion on far more than the “mere 16 negligence or inadvertence” of the applicant firm in failing to 17 seek timely approval of its employment.5 18 b. In re Shirley 19 The Shirley panel stated in a footnote: “Mere negligence 20 does not constitute an exceptional circumstance justifying the 21 entry of a retroactive order [of employment].” Shirley, 134 B.R. 22 at 943 n.4, citing Credit Alliance Corp. v. Boies (In re Crook), 23 79 B.R. 475 (9th Cir. BAP 1987). The cited decision, Crook, was 24 decided before THC Fin. Corp. and Atkins, and did not apply the 25 26 5 The panel also discussed other problems with the bankruptcy 27 court’s orders, including lack of notice of the underlying motions. See also In re Gutterman, 239 B.R. 828 (N.D. Cal. 1999) 28 (describing the facts of Downtown Investment as “egregious”).

12 1 two-part exceptional circumstances test. Thus, it is of limited 2 application in analyzing the “satisfactory explanation” element 3 of that test. 4 As in Downtown Investment, the Shirley panel does not appear 5 to have based its decision to any significant extent on the “mere 6 negligence” issue. Shirley was an appeal in a chapter 11 case in 7 which the attorney for the debtor in possession made no 8 application for employment under § 327. Shirley, 134 B.R. at 9 940. Instead, he filed a “Substitution of Attorney” in the 10 bankruptcy court, signed by the attorney and the debtor, for 11 which he neither sought nor received court approval.6 Id. The 12 primary issue in Shirley was not whether the bankruptcy court 13 permissibly could have approved the attorney’s employment nunc 14 pro tunc, which it did not do in any event. Rather, the appeal 15 concerned the question whether relief from stay was available to 16 the attorney to pursue his fees in state court. This appears to 17 have been the panel’s reason for confining the “mere negligence” 18 discussion, arguably as dicta, in a three-sentence footnote. 19 c. The current appeal 20 In his declaration filed in support of the Nunc Pro Tunc 21 Application, Danning Gill attorney Eric Israel explained that the 22 firm failed to make a timely application due to “inadvertence or 23 oversight.” Mr. Israel went on to state that the peculiarities 24 of the case, and in particular the negotiations over a period of 25 26 6 The Panel noted that the attorney had prepared an ex parte 27 application for nunc pro tunc employment, but that application had not been signed by the debtor or approved by the bankruptcy 28 court.

13 1 months between Danning Gill and the Debtor’s attorney, had 2 prevented him from following Danning Gill’s usual procedures to 3 ensure timely filing. Finally, Mr. Israel declared that the 4 firm’s mistake was “an isolated incident.” This statement stands 5 unchallenged in the record on which the bankruptcy court based 6 its decision. 7 The bankruptcy court, in its Tentative Ruling, deemed 8 Danning Gill’s delay in applying for approval of its employment 9 “inadvertent” and “harmless.” These characterizations find 10 support in the record, as does the bankruptcy court’s statement 11 that “the delay was adequately explained.” The above-discussed 12 cases, which involved much more serious lapses on the part of the 13 applicants, do not preclude such a conclusion. 14 This is not to say that the bankruptcy court was required to 15 find this explanation satisfactory. If, in the exercise of its 16 discretion, the bankruptcy court had arrived at an opposite 17 conclusion, we would be disinclined to reverse. However, the 18 bankruptcy court, by virtue of its proximity to the circumstances 19 of the litigation and its acquaintance with the quality of 20 Danning Gill’s practice in general, was in the best position to 21 evaluate Danning Gill’s explanation. See Pincay v. Andrews, 22 389 F.3d 858, 859 (9th Cir. 2004) (en banc) (trial court is in 23 best position to evaluate law firm’s explanation of its mistake). 24 In these circumstances, the bankruptcy court did not abuse its 25 discretion when it determined that Danning Gill satisfactorily 26 explained its failure to make a timely application. 27 2. Significant benefit to the estate 28 There appears to be no dispute that Danning Gill’s services

14 1 to the Trustee resulted in a significant benefit to the 2 bankruptcy estate. Indeed, the settlement Danning Gill 3 negotiated with the Debtor was the sole source of funds for the 4 estate. As the bankruptcy court noted in its Tentative Ruling, 5 “the services [provided by Danning Gill] resulted in the only 6 recovery to the estate[.]” 7 3. Other factors 8 The Ninth Circuit has held that a bankruptcy court, in the 9 exercise of its discretion in deciding whether to grant a nunc 10 pro tunc employment application, may, but need not, consider 11 additional factors, including those enumerated in Twinton 12 Properties. Atkins, 69 F.3d at 976. The Twinton Properties 13 factors are: 14 1. The debtor, trustee or committee [to whom or to which the services were rendered] expressly contracted 15 with the professional person to perform the services which were thereafter rendered; 16 2. The party for whom the work was performed approves 17 the entry of the nunc pro tunc order; 18 3. The applicant has provided notice of the application to creditors and parties in interest and 19 has provided an opportunity for filing objections; 20 4. No creditor or party in interest offers reasonable objection to the entry of the nunc pro tunc order; 21 5. The professional satisfied all the criteria for 22 employment pursuant to 11 U.S.C. § 327 and [Rule 2014] of the Federal Rules of Bankruptcy Procedure at or 23 before the time services were actually commenced and remained qualified during the period for which services 24 were provided; 25 6. The work was performed properly, efficiently, and to a high standard of quality; 26 7. No actual or potential prejudice will inure to the 27 estate or other parties in interest; 28 8. The applicant’s failure to seek pre-employment

15 1 approval is satisfactorily explained; and 2 9. The applicant exhibits no pattern of inattention or negligence in soliciting judicial approval for the 3 employment of professionals. 4 Twinton Properties, 69 B.R. at 819-20, quoted in Atkins, 69 F.3d 5 at 974.7 6 Although the bankruptcy court’s Tentative Ruling did not 7 make explicit reference to Twinton Properties, a number of the 8 court’s observations correspond to Twinton Properties factors. 9 The bankruptcy court’s remark that “the delay amounts to 10 harmless error” is consistent with the seventh Twinton Properties 11 factor, regarding lack of prejudice to the estate or other 12 parties in interest. The Debtor does not argue that he suffered 13 any prejudice from Danning Gill’s delay in submitting its 14 application. Although the estate would be left with more money 15 in the absence of Danning Gill’s fees, it does not follow that 16 the delay in the application prejudiced the estate or the Debtor. 17 If Danning Gill had applied timely, the situation would have been 18 no different for the Debtor or for the estate. Indeed, Danning 19 Gill did not charge any fees for its work in responding to the 20 Debtor’s opposition to the Nunc Pro Tunc Application. Thus, even 21 though the episode resulted in more work for Danning Gill, it did 22 not diminish the estate’s assets. 23 The bankruptcy court also found that Danning Gill’s fees 24 7 25 The Twinton Properties court presented these nine items as required criteria that must be satisfied before nunc pro tunc 26 approval can be granted. However, under Atkins, they are simply 27 factors that the bankruptcy court may consider in its discretion, although some of the factors overlap with the required elements 28 of the two-part THC Financial Corp. test.

16 1 were “very reasonable in relation to the $16,550.00 cash recovery 2 to the estate[.]” This corresponds to the sixth Twinton 3 Properties factor, which concerns the quality and efficiency of 4 the professional’s work. Similarly, the observation that “but 5 for [the] services performed at risk to the attorneys, the estate 6 would have recovered nothing” speaks to the quality and 7 efficiency of Danning Gill’s performance. 8 The ninth Twinton Properties factor, lack of a pattern of 9 inattention or negligence on the part of the professional, was 10 not discussed in the bankruptcy court’s Tentative Ruling, but it 11 was mentioned in Mr. Israel’s declaration. Mr. Israel referred 12 to his firm’s mistake as “an isolated incident.” The need to 13 deter attorneys from neglecting the requirements of § 327 is less 14 pressing when there is no reason to fear that the firm will 15 repeat its mistake in the future. See In re Gutterman, 239 B.R. 16 at 831. 17 The bankruptcy court was not required to consider any of 18 these factors in reaching its decision. However, it properly 19 exercised its discretion by doing so. 20 4. Requirements of § 327 21 “Applying for nunc pro tunc approval does not alleviate the 22 professional from meeting the requirements of § 327; the 23 professional still must show that it was disinterested.” 24 Mehdipour, 202 B.R. at 479. After stating in its Tentative 25 Ruling that Danning Gill met all requirements of § 327, the 26 bankruptcy court found in its Nunc Pro Tunc Order that Danning 27 Gill and its partners and employees did “not hold or represent 28 any interest adverse to the Debtor, the creditors, or the estate,

17 1 and [were] disinterested persons as that term is defined in 2 11 U.S.C. § 101(14) and used in 11 U.S.C. § 327(a)[.]” The 3 Debtor does not dispute this conclusion, and the record supports 4 it. 5 VI. CONCLUSION 6 Based on the foregoing, we conclude that the Nunc Pro Tunc 7 Order was not an abuse of the bankruptcy court’s discretion. 8 Consequently, we conclude that the Compensation Order also was 9 not an abuse of discretion. We AFFIRM. 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28