[488]*488Opinion
MOSK, J.
This is a petition for habeas corpus by Tony Montoya Lara, confined under judgment of death after conviction of first degree murder, affirmed by this court. (People v. Lara (1967) 67 Cal.2d 365 [62 Cal. Rptr. 586, 432 P.2d 202].)
The petition presents three principal contentions. Two are directed to the guilt phase, and are without merit; the third, which invokes the rule of Witherspoon v. Illinois (1968) 391 U.S. 510 [20 L.Ed.2d 776, 88 S.Ct. 1770], requires a new trial on the issue of penalty.
The facts are stated in detail in our prior opinion (67 Cal.2d at pp. 369-373), and may be briefly summarized here. Petitioner and his friend Alvarez, both in their late teens, inveigled Raymond Mitchell into giving them a ride in his car, then kidnaped him to obtain the vehicle for the purpose of committing armed robbery. After retrieving a shotgun that petitioner had secreted in a lumberyard, they forced Mitchell to drive the car to a deserted dump. There they beat him, removed his coat and shirt, tied his hands behind him, and threw him .over the edge of the excavation. Petitioner and Alvarez each fired the shotgun into Mitchell’s back, killing him. Failing to find a satisfactory place to rob, they abandoned Mitchell’s car in a field.
Later that night petitioner called his girl friend and confessed that he and some others had forced a youth to take off his coat and shirt, had tied his hands behind his back, and had shot him and left him in the dump. On the following afternoon Alvarez confessed the shooting to one Meza, who had seen him and petitioner in the company of Mitchell shortly before the kidnaping. Petitioner also confessed to his sister that he was “in trouble” because he and others had tied up and shot the boy whose body had been found in the dump.
Petitioner and Alvarez were arrested two days after the murder, and were repeatedly advised of their constitutional rights. After failing to make a “deal” with the police, petitioner gave a full confession. When Alvarez was brought into the police station he was granted permission to confer privately with petitioner, and petitioner advised him to “tell them the truth.” Alvarez then confessed, naming petitioner as his partner in crime. Both confessions were tape-recorded, reduced to writing, and introduced at the trial.
I
In our opinion (67 Cal.2d at pp. 392-393) we recognized that the admission of those portions of Alvarez’ confession which implicated pe[489]*489titioner constituted error under the then-controlling case of People v. Aranda (1965) 63 Cal.2d 518, 528-531 [47 Cal.Rptr. 353, 407 P.2d 265]. Again following Aranda (id. at p. 527), we judged the effect of this error by the California harmless-error standard. (Cal. Const., art. VI, § 13; People v. Watson (1956) 46 Cal.2d 818, 836 [299 P.2d 243].) Observing that “each defendant’s case was shattered in any event by the impact of his own detailed confession, and the fact that each was also implicated by his codefendant’s confession cannot realistically have contributed to either conviction,” we held the error nonprejudicial. (Accord, People v. Charles (1967) 66 Cal.2d 330, 337, fn. 10 [57 Cal.Rptr. 745, 425 P.2d 545].)
Subsequent to the filing of our opinion in this case, the United States Supreme Court adopted the Aranda rule as constitutionally compelled by the confrontation clause of the Sixth Amendment (Bruton v. United States (1968) 391 U.S. 123 [20 L.Ed.2d 476, 88 S.Ct. 1620]), and declared its decision to be fully retroactive (Roberts v. Russell (1968) 392 U.S. 293 [20 L.Ed. 2d 1100, 88 S.Ct. 1921]); by the same token, of course, the effect of such an error must now be judged by the federal harmless-error standard (Chapman v. California (1967) 386 U.S. 18 [17 L.Ed.2d 705, 87 S.Ct. 824]).
Petitioner first contends that when we reweigh under Chapman the error in admitting the implicating portions of Alvarez’ confession, we must find prejudice. The point is not well taken, as appears from a consideration of In re Sears (1969) 71 Cal.2d 379 [78 Cal.Rptr. 180, 455 P.2d 116], and Harrington v. California (1969) 395 U.S. 250 [23 L.Ed.2d 284, 89 S.Ct. 1726]. In Sears we held a Bruton error to be prejudicial under Chapman, emphasizing that no evidence other than the codefendant’s confession placed Sears at the scene of the crime. In Harrington, by contrast, the petitioner “made statements which fell short of a confession but which placed him at the scene of the crime. He admitted that Bosby was the trigger man, that he fled with the other three, and that after the murder he dyed his hair black and shaved off a mustache.” (Id. at pp. 252-253.) The high court observed that while the codefendants’ confessions placed Harrington at the scene of the crime, “others, including Harrington himself, did the same. Their evidence, supplied through their confessions, was of course cumulative. But apart from them the case against Harrington was so overwhelming that we conclude that this violation of Bruton was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt. . . .” (Id. at p. 254.) It was on this very ground that we distinguished Harrington in Sears, explaining that “In the instant case the only evidence placing defendant at the scene of the crime [490]*490was the two extrajudicial confessions of the codefendants. Neither co-defendant took the stand so that defendant could .cross-examine. At all times defendant denied his presence at the scene and his participation in the crime. Harrington does not apply here.” (71 Cal.2d at p. 387, fn. 1.)
In the case at bar, as in Harrington, the codefendant’s confession was not the only evidence placing petitioner at the scene of the crime; rather, his own confession supplied that fact very convincingly. Petitioner seeks to distinguish Harrington on the ground that no issue was there raised as to the voluntariness of Harrington’s confession, while here petitioner resisted the admission of his confession on the ground of alleged physical and psychological coercion. Petitioner argues that although the trial court found against him on this issue after a lengthy hearing, the jury might not have done so in the jury room and hence “might have totally (or even partially) ignored” his confession in deliberating on his guilt.
This is, of course, mere speculation, going far beyond the hypothetical case of prejudice we envisaged in our opinion.1
Free access — add to your briefcase to read the full text and ask questions with AI
[488]*488Opinion
MOSK, J.
This is a petition for habeas corpus by Tony Montoya Lara, confined under judgment of death after conviction of first degree murder, affirmed by this court. (People v. Lara (1967) 67 Cal.2d 365 [62 Cal. Rptr. 586, 432 P.2d 202].)
The petition presents three principal contentions. Two are directed to the guilt phase, and are without merit; the third, which invokes the rule of Witherspoon v. Illinois (1968) 391 U.S. 510 [20 L.Ed.2d 776, 88 S.Ct. 1770], requires a new trial on the issue of penalty.
The facts are stated in detail in our prior opinion (67 Cal.2d at pp. 369-373), and may be briefly summarized here. Petitioner and his friend Alvarez, both in their late teens, inveigled Raymond Mitchell into giving them a ride in his car, then kidnaped him to obtain the vehicle for the purpose of committing armed robbery. After retrieving a shotgun that petitioner had secreted in a lumberyard, they forced Mitchell to drive the car to a deserted dump. There they beat him, removed his coat and shirt, tied his hands behind him, and threw him .over the edge of the excavation. Petitioner and Alvarez each fired the shotgun into Mitchell’s back, killing him. Failing to find a satisfactory place to rob, they abandoned Mitchell’s car in a field.
Later that night petitioner called his girl friend and confessed that he and some others had forced a youth to take off his coat and shirt, had tied his hands behind his back, and had shot him and left him in the dump. On the following afternoon Alvarez confessed the shooting to one Meza, who had seen him and petitioner in the company of Mitchell shortly before the kidnaping. Petitioner also confessed to his sister that he was “in trouble” because he and others had tied up and shot the boy whose body had been found in the dump.
Petitioner and Alvarez were arrested two days after the murder, and were repeatedly advised of their constitutional rights. After failing to make a “deal” with the police, petitioner gave a full confession. When Alvarez was brought into the police station he was granted permission to confer privately with petitioner, and petitioner advised him to “tell them the truth.” Alvarez then confessed, naming petitioner as his partner in crime. Both confessions were tape-recorded, reduced to writing, and introduced at the trial.
I
In our opinion (67 Cal.2d at pp. 392-393) we recognized that the admission of those portions of Alvarez’ confession which implicated pe[489]*489titioner constituted error under the then-controlling case of People v. Aranda (1965) 63 Cal.2d 518, 528-531 [47 Cal.Rptr. 353, 407 P.2d 265]. Again following Aranda (id. at p. 527), we judged the effect of this error by the California harmless-error standard. (Cal. Const., art. VI, § 13; People v. Watson (1956) 46 Cal.2d 818, 836 [299 P.2d 243].) Observing that “each defendant’s case was shattered in any event by the impact of his own detailed confession, and the fact that each was also implicated by his codefendant’s confession cannot realistically have contributed to either conviction,” we held the error nonprejudicial. (Accord, People v. Charles (1967) 66 Cal.2d 330, 337, fn. 10 [57 Cal.Rptr. 745, 425 P.2d 545].)
Subsequent to the filing of our opinion in this case, the United States Supreme Court adopted the Aranda rule as constitutionally compelled by the confrontation clause of the Sixth Amendment (Bruton v. United States (1968) 391 U.S. 123 [20 L.Ed.2d 476, 88 S.Ct. 1620]), and declared its decision to be fully retroactive (Roberts v. Russell (1968) 392 U.S. 293 [20 L.Ed. 2d 1100, 88 S.Ct. 1921]); by the same token, of course, the effect of such an error must now be judged by the federal harmless-error standard (Chapman v. California (1967) 386 U.S. 18 [17 L.Ed.2d 705, 87 S.Ct. 824]).
Petitioner first contends that when we reweigh under Chapman the error in admitting the implicating portions of Alvarez’ confession, we must find prejudice. The point is not well taken, as appears from a consideration of In re Sears (1969) 71 Cal.2d 379 [78 Cal.Rptr. 180, 455 P.2d 116], and Harrington v. California (1969) 395 U.S. 250 [23 L.Ed.2d 284, 89 S.Ct. 1726]. In Sears we held a Bruton error to be prejudicial under Chapman, emphasizing that no evidence other than the codefendant’s confession placed Sears at the scene of the crime. In Harrington, by contrast, the petitioner “made statements which fell short of a confession but which placed him at the scene of the crime. He admitted that Bosby was the trigger man, that he fled with the other three, and that after the murder he dyed his hair black and shaved off a mustache.” (Id. at pp. 252-253.) The high court observed that while the codefendants’ confessions placed Harrington at the scene of the crime, “others, including Harrington himself, did the same. Their evidence, supplied through their confessions, was of course cumulative. But apart from them the case against Harrington was so overwhelming that we conclude that this violation of Bruton was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt. . . .” (Id. at p. 254.) It was on this very ground that we distinguished Harrington in Sears, explaining that “In the instant case the only evidence placing defendant at the scene of the crime [490]*490was the two extrajudicial confessions of the codefendants. Neither co-defendant took the stand so that defendant could .cross-examine. At all times defendant denied his presence at the scene and his participation in the crime. Harrington does not apply here.” (71 Cal.2d at p. 387, fn. 1.)
In the case at bar, as in Harrington, the codefendant’s confession was not the only evidence placing petitioner at the scene of the crime; rather, his own confession supplied that fact very convincingly. Petitioner seeks to distinguish Harrington on the ground that no issue was there raised as to the voluntariness of Harrington’s confession, while here petitioner resisted the admission of his confession on the ground of alleged physical and psychological coercion. Petitioner argues that although the trial court found against him on this issue after a lengthy hearing, the jury might not have done so in the jury room and hence “might have totally (or even partially) ignored” his confession in deliberating on his guilt.
This is, of course, mere speculation, going far beyond the hypothetical case of prejudice we envisaged in our opinion.1 In any event, the fact remains that petitioner’s confession to the police was not the only confession of his admitted at trial: both his- girl friend and his sister also testified to spontaneous, unsolicited confessions he made to them shortly after the crimes, and there can be no possible claim of coercion as to those statements. It follows that the case is controlled by Harrington, and that no perjudice is shown under the Chapman rule as it is there applied.
II
The leads developed in the police investigation of these crimes took the arresting officers to the house of petitioner’s sister. As we recited in our opinion (67 Cal.2d at p. 371), “She answered the door, identified herself as Lara’s sister, and let the officer into the living room. He asked if Lara was there, and requested permission to search the premises. Permission was denied, but the officer heard a thumping noise from an adjacent bathroom. Lara then appeared from the hallway and said, ‘Are you looking for me?’ After Lara identified himself he was placed under arrest on the [491]*491charge of murder. The officer then looked in the bathroom and found a 12-gauge shotgun.” Ballistics tests established it was the murder weapon.
In rejecting a contention that the gun was obtained by illegal search and seizure, we held the arrest was lawful and “The search was clearly incident to the arrest of Lara, and hence was not ‘unreasonable’ within the meaning of the Fourth Amendment” (67 Cal.2d at p. 373).
Subsequent to our decision the United States Supreme Court decided Chimel v. California (1969) 395 U.S. 752, 763 [23 L.Ed.2d 685, 694, 89 S.Ct. 2034], restricting warrantless searches incident to an arrest to “the area into which an arrestee might reach in order to grab a weapon or evidentiary items. . . .” In People v. Edwards (1969) 71 Cal.2d 1096, 1106-1110 [80 Cal.Rptr. 633, 458 P.2d 713], however, we declared the Chimel rule to be prospective in operation, applying only to cases in which the search took place after the date of Chimel (June 23, 1969). In the case at bar, the search now challenged occurred more than four years prior to Chimel.
Nevertheless petitioner urges that a special exception should be carved out in capital cases, i.e., that Chimel should be applied retroactively whenever the judgment decrees the death penalty. In support, petitioner stresses the limited number of defendants who could take advantage of such a ruling, and the gravity and finality of the penalty. But the number of defendants involved is relevant only to the effect on the administration of justice; other criteria bearing on the question of retroactivity—i.e., the integrity of the fact-finding process, the purpose of the new rule, and the reliance by law-enforcement authorities on the old rule—are unaffected by either the number of the defendants or the nature of their punishment. Nor does the Supreme Court appear to believe such an exception is constitutionally compelled: both Johnson v. New Jersey (1966) 384 U.S. 719 [16 L.Ed.2d 882, 86 S.Ct. 772], and Stovall v. Denno (1967) 388 U.S. 293 [18 L.Ed.2d 1199, 87 S.Ct. 1967], for example, were capital cases in which a new constitutional doctrine was denied retroactive effect. Finally, there is no merit to petitioner’s argument that refusal to apply the Chimel rule to him and other condemned men will result in “cruel and unusual punishment” in violation of the Eighth Amendment.
Ill
During the voir dire of prospective jurors 11 veniremen were excused for cause by reason of their views on the subject of capital punishment. Of these, at least seven were stricken in violation of the rule of Witherspoon [492]*492v. Illinois (1968) supra, 391 U.S. 510. The trial, we recognize, was held more than two years before Witherspoon.
Upon being examined by defense counsel, veniremen Remy, Shirley M. Brown,2 Cruz, Burgess, Majors, Maxwell, and Morrison each expressed general opposition to capital punishment. When the prosecuting attorney took over the questioning, he announced somewhat briskly that “We will take each one [i.e., each venireman] and go down the line and clear the air so we don’t have to waste time.”3 As good as his word, he briefly inquired of each venireman whether- he or she could impose the death penalty “in a proper case.” A typical question was, “Mrs. Remy, in a proper case, where all the essential elements are present and where the facts do justify it, could you bring in a death penalty, or would your feelings against the death penalty prohibit you from doing so?” Mrs. Remy replied that she “believed” she could not return such a verdict “in a proper case.” The prosecutor moved on to her fellow veniremen, and quickly dispatched five more with the same question.4 At the conclusion of this “examination,” the prosecutor successfully challenged each of the above named veniremen “because the juror expressed an inability to bring in a penalty of death in [493]*493a proper case, should the occasion arise that she has to make such a consideration.”
The foregoing record brings this case clearly within the ambit of such recent decisions as People v. Williams (1969) 71 Cal.2d 614 [79 Cal.Rptr. 65, 456 P.2d 633], People v. Ketchel (1969) 71 Cal.2d 635 [79 Cal.Rptr. 92, 456 P.2d 660], and In re Hillery (1969) 71 Cal.2d 857 [79 Cal.Rptr. 733, 457 P.2d 565], in which the use of the “proper case” question, without more, was held to violate Witherspoon. As required by People v. Varnum (1969) 70 Cal.2d 480, 492-493 [75 Cal.Rptr. 161, 450 P.2d 553], we have considered the offending words in the context of the entire voir dire; but in distinction to Varnum, the record shows that the “proper case” questions here were neither (1) preceded by an explanation that the issue was to be determined by the subjective judgment of each individual juror, nor (2) qualified by such language as “under no circumstances” or “in no event,” etc. Accordingly, a new penalty trial is required pursuant to the mandate of Witherspoon and the above cited cases. (See also People v. Teale (1969) 70 Cal.2d 497, 512-519 [75 Cal.Rptr. 172, 450 P.2d 564].
Other contentions advanced by petitioner have been rejected by us in In re Anderson (1968) 69 Cal.2d 613 [73 Cal.Rptr. 21, 447 P.2d 117], and In re Arguello (1969) 71 Cal.2d 13 [76 Cal.Rptr. 633, 452 P.2d 921].
The writ is granted as to the penalty trial. The remittitur issued in People v. Lara, Crim. 10061, is recalled and the judgment imposing the death penalty is reversed insofar as it relates to penalty. In all other respects the judgment is affirmed.
Traynor, C. J., Peters, J., Tobriner, J., and Sullivan, J., concurred.