TOBRINER, J.
In People v. Aranda (1965) 63 Cal.2d 518 [47 Cal.Rptr. 353, 407 P.2d 265], we established rules governing the conduct of joint trials in which one defendant’s extrajudicial statement implicates a codefendant. We hold in the instant case that those rules are available to defendants whose judgments of conviction are still on appeal even though they were tried before the date of the Aranda decision, November 12,1965.
The trial in this ease began on May 28, 1964. .On June 26, 1964, after finding both defendants guilty of ármed robbery (Pen. Code, §§ 211, 211a), the trial court entered the judgments of conviction which defendants challenge in this appeal. These judgments were pending on direct review when we filed our decision in Aranda, and were not yet final on June 13, 1966, when the United States Supreme Court decided Miranda v. Arizona (1966) 384 U.S. 436 [16 L.Ed.2d 694, 86 S.Ct. 1602, 10 A.L.R.3d 974].
Under People v. Rollins (1967) 65 Cal.2d 681 [56 Cal.Rptr. 293, 423 P.2d 221], the present ease is governed by the principles set forth in Escobedo v. Illinois (1964) 378 U.S. 478 [12 L.Ed.2d 977, 84 S.Ct. 1758], and People v. Dorado (1965) 62 Cal.2d 338 [42 Cal.Rptr. 169, 398 P.2d 361], but not by the additional rules enunciated in Miranda; under the holding we announce here, the ease before us is also governed by the guidelines elaborated in Aranda. Applying Escobedo, Dorado, and Aranda, but not Miranda, we have concluded that the conviction of defendant Charles was proper but that the conviction of defendant Boddie cannot stand.1
I
An information charged the defendants jointly with the robbery of a liquor store in the south end of Los Angeles on January 19, 1964, and with three additional counts of armed robbery, subsequently dismissed in the interest of justice. The information further alleged that defendant Charles had sus[333]*333tained three, and defendant Boddic two, prior felony convictions. Defendants waived trial by jury and submitted the case to the court upon the transcript of the preliminary examination. The court found that both defendants were guilty as charged, that only defendant Charles was armed, and that each defendant had suffered two prior felony convictions.
The transcript contained the testimony of the proprietor of the liquor store, identifying the defendants as the men who had robbed him, and the testimony of Officer Deiro of the Los Angeles Police Department, stating that both defendants had confessed during questioning at the police administration building in Los Angeles. According to Officer Deiro, each defendant supplied a detailed account of what he and bis codefendant had done on all four of the robberies charged.
On its face, the record before us discloses a violation of the joint trial rules set forth in People v. Aranda, supra, 63 Cal.2d at pages 530-531. Bach confession implicated both defendants; accordingly, if Aranda applies, the trial judge should have determined whether all parts of each confession implicating the nondeclarant could be effectively deleted without prejudice to the declarant; if such deletions proved infeasible, he should have severed the trials or excluded the confessions. Initially, therefore, we must decide whether the Aranda rules govern appeals in cases which, like the one before us, reached trial before the date of Aranda.
II
The rules outlined in Aranda were designed to alter a practice which we deemed unfair to defendants who were implicated by the out-of-court declarations of their codefendanls. We recognized that the prevailing practice rested upon the unrealistic hypothesis that the finder of fact could consider such declarations in determining the guilt or innocence of the declarant but ignore them in deciding the guilt or innocence of a codefendant. Our ruling, however, did not stem from a belief that the former procedure created a grave risk of convicting innocent defendants, and we were careful to point out that the rules announced were at least not yet constitutionAly compelled. (People v. Aranda, supra, 63 Cal.2d at p. 530.) The purposes of Aranda thus do not require its application to convictions long since final. (Cf. People v. Rollins, supra, 65 Cal.2d 681, 685; In re Lopez (1965) 62 Cal.2d 368, 376-378 [42 Cal.Rptr. 188, 398 P.2d 380].)
Moreover, as we said in rejecting retroactivity for Esco[334]*334bedo, “Unlimited retroactive application . . . would result in the reconsideration of countless cases that were correctly decided under the law [then] in force ... ; in many cases witnesses and evidence would no longer be available .... To require a general release of prisoners of undoubted guilt would be to cripple the orderly administration of the criminal laws.” (In re Lopez, supra, 62 Cal.2d at p. 381; see also In re Gaines (1965) 63 Cal.2d 234, 237-240 [45 Cal.Rptr. 865, 404 P.2d 473].)
Although we therefore conclude that violations of the procedural requirements set forth in Aranda may not be challenged on collateral attack, we nonetheless hold that eases still pending on direct review should be adjudicated in accord with the principles which Aranda established. In reaching this conclusion, we adhere to the settled practice both of this court and of the United States Supreme Court.
The historic pattern of applying the court’s current expression of a basic principle to cases pending on appeal finds numerous classic illustrations. Thus, for example, we applied the exclusionary rule of People v. Cahan, (1955) 44 Cal.2d 434 [282 P.2d 905, 50 A.L.R.2d 513], to a case “tried before the decision in People v. Cahan ... at a time when the trial court was bound by the earlier decisions of this court that illegally obtained evidence was admissible” (People v. Kitchens (1956) 46 Cal.2d 260, 262 [294 P.2d 17]) ; yet we have held that a defendant may not collaterally attack a final judgment upon Cahan grounds.2 Similarly, having held in People v. Riser (1956) 47 Cal.2d 566, 586 [305 P.2d 1], that the defendant in a criminal case can compel production of material evidence in the possession of the prosecution, we applied the rule of discovery thus established to a case pending on appeal on the date Riser was decided. (People v. Carter (1957) 48 Cal.2d 737, 752-753, 759 [312 P.2d 665].)
The United States Supreme Court adopted a similar approach in Linkletter v. Walker (1965) 381 U.S. 618 [14 L.Ed.2d 601, 85 S.Ct. 1731], when it decided that Mapp v. Ohio (1961) 367 U.S. 643 [6 L.Ed.2d 1081, 81 S.Ct. 1684, 84 A.L.R.2d 933], should be denied general retroactive operation but held Mapp nonetheless applicable to all cases which had not reached final judgment prior to the date of the Mapp [335]*335decision. Again, in
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TOBRINER, J.
In People v. Aranda (1965) 63 Cal.2d 518 [47 Cal.Rptr. 353, 407 P.2d 265], we established rules governing the conduct of joint trials in which one defendant’s extrajudicial statement implicates a codefendant. We hold in the instant case that those rules are available to defendants whose judgments of conviction are still on appeal even though they were tried before the date of the Aranda decision, November 12,1965.
The trial in this ease began on May 28, 1964. .On June 26, 1964, after finding both defendants guilty of ármed robbery (Pen. Code, §§ 211, 211a), the trial court entered the judgments of conviction which defendants challenge in this appeal. These judgments were pending on direct review when we filed our decision in Aranda, and were not yet final on June 13, 1966, when the United States Supreme Court decided Miranda v. Arizona (1966) 384 U.S. 436 [16 L.Ed.2d 694, 86 S.Ct. 1602, 10 A.L.R.3d 974].
Under People v. Rollins (1967) 65 Cal.2d 681 [56 Cal.Rptr. 293, 423 P.2d 221], the present ease is governed by the principles set forth in Escobedo v. Illinois (1964) 378 U.S. 478 [12 L.Ed.2d 977, 84 S.Ct. 1758], and People v. Dorado (1965) 62 Cal.2d 338 [42 Cal.Rptr. 169, 398 P.2d 361], but not by the additional rules enunciated in Miranda; under the holding we announce here, the ease before us is also governed by the guidelines elaborated in Aranda. Applying Escobedo, Dorado, and Aranda, but not Miranda, we have concluded that the conviction of defendant Charles was proper but that the conviction of defendant Boddie cannot stand.1
I
An information charged the defendants jointly with the robbery of a liquor store in the south end of Los Angeles on January 19, 1964, and with three additional counts of armed robbery, subsequently dismissed in the interest of justice. The information further alleged that defendant Charles had sus[333]*333tained three, and defendant Boddic two, prior felony convictions. Defendants waived trial by jury and submitted the case to the court upon the transcript of the preliminary examination. The court found that both defendants were guilty as charged, that only defendant Charles was armed, and that each defendant had suffered two prior felony convictions.
The transcript contained the testimony of the proprietor of the liquor store, identifying the defendants as the men who had robbed him, and the testimony of Officer Deiro of the Los Angeles Police Department, stating that both defendants had confessed during questioning at the police administration building in Los Angeles. According to Officer Deiro, each defendant supplied a detailed account of what he and bis codefendant had done on all four of the robberies charged.
On its face, the record before us discloses a violation of the joint trial rules set forth in People v. Aranda, supra, 63 Cal.2d at pages 530-531. Bach confession implicated both defendants; accordingly, if Aranda applies, the trial judge should have determined whether all parts of each confession implicating the nondeclarant could be effectively deleted without prejudice to the declarant; if such deletions proved infeasible, he should have severed the trials or excluded the confessions. Initially, therefore, we must decide whether the Aranda rules govern appeals in cases which, like the one before us, reached trial before the date of Aranda.
II
The rules outlined in Aranda were designed to alter a practice which we deemed unfair to defendants who were implicated by the out-of-court declarations of their codefendanls. We recognized that the prevailing practice rested upon the unrealistic hypothesis that the finder of fact could consider such declarations in determining the guilt or innocence of the declarant but ignore them in deciding the guilt or innocence of a codefendant. Our ruling, however, did not stem from a belief that the former procedure created a grave risk of convicting innocent defendants, and we were careful to point out that the rules announced were at least not yet constitutionAly compelled. (People v. Aranda, supra, 63 Cal.2d at p. 530.) The purposes of Aranda thus do not require its application to convictions long since final. (Cf. People v. Rollins, supra, 65 Cal.2d 681, 685; In re Lopez (1965) 62 Cal.2d 368, 376-378 [42 Cal.Rptr. 188, 398 P.2d 380].)
Moreover, as we said in rejecting retroactivity for Esco[334]*334bedo, “Unlimited retroactive application . . . would result in the reconsideration of countless cases that were correctly decided under the law [then] in force ... ; in many cases witnesses and evidence would no longer be available .... To require a general release of prisoners of undoubted guilt would be to cripple the orderly administration of the criminal laws.” (In re Lopez, supra, 62 Cal.2d at p. 381; see also In re Gaines (1965) 63 Cal.2d 234, 237-240 [45 Cal.Rptr. 865, 404 P.2d 473].)
Although we therefore conclude that violations of the procedural requirements set forth in Aranda may not be challenged on collateral attack, we nonetheless hold that eases still pending on direct review should be adjudicated in accord with the principles which Aranda established. In reaching this conclusion, we adhere to the settled practice both of this court and of the United States Supreme Court.
The historic pattern of applying the court’s current expression of a basic principle to cases pending on appeal finds numerous classic illustrations. Thus, for example, we applied the exclusionary rule of People v. Cahan, (1955) 44 Cal.2d 434 [282 P.2d 905, 50 A.L.R.2d 513], to a case “tried before the decision in People v. Cahan ... at a time when the trial court was bound by the earlier decisions of this court that illegally obtained evidence was admissible” (People v. Kitchens (1956) 46 Cal.2d 260, 262 [294 P.2d 17]) ; yet we have held that a defendant may not collaterally attack a final judgment upon Cahan grounds.2 Similarly, having held in People v. Riser (1956) 47 Cal.2d 566, 586 [305 P.2d 1], that the defendant in a criminal case can compel production of material evidence in the possession of the prosecution, we applied the rule of discovery thus established to a case pending on appeal on the date Riser was decided. (People v. Carter (1957) 48 Cal.2d 737, 752-753, 759 [312 P.2d 665].)
The United States Supreme Court adopted a similar approach in Linkletter v. Walker (1965) 381 U.S. 618 [14 L.Ed.2d 601, 85 S.Ct. 1731], when it decided that Mapp v. Ohio (1961) 367 U.S. 643 [6 L.Ed.2d 1081, 81 S.Ct. 1684, 84 A.L.R.2d 933], should be denied general retroactive operation but held Mapp nonetheless applicable to all cases which had not reached final judgment prior to the date of the Mapp [335]*335decision. Again, in Tehan v. Shott (1966) 382 U.S. 406 [15 L.Ed.2d 453, 86 S.Ct. 459], the United States Supreme Court held that Griffin v. California (1965) 380 U.S. 609 [14 L.Ed.2d 106, 85 S.Ct. 1229], although unavailable to challenge previously final judgments, should nonetheless govern all eases pending on appeal when Griffin was decided. In the same vein, the court applied its ruling in Massiah v. United States (1964) 377 U.S. 201 [12 L.Ed.2d 246, 84 S.Ct. 1199], to eases pending on appeal on the date of the Massiah decision. (See, e.g., McLeod v. Ohio (1965) 381 U.S. 356 [14 L.E.d.2d 682, 85 S.Ct. 1556] (per curiam).)
Earlier this year, we reaffirmed the principle implicit in all of these decisions and concluded that convictions should ordinarily be tested on appeal under the law then applicable, not the law prevailing at the time of trial. (People v. Rollins, supra, 65 Cal.2d 681, 685 fn. 3, 688 & fn. 7, 691.) We see no reason to depart today from this basic postulate of appellate review.3
Those Courts of Appeal which have decided to limit the application of Aranda to post-Aranda trials have done so partly because we described the principles there elaborated “not as constitutionally compelled, but as judicially declared rules of practice to implement [Pen. Code] section 1098“ (People v. Aranda, supra, 63 Cal.2d at p. 530),4 and partly because the United States Supreme Court employed a trial-date limitation for Escobedo and Miranda in Johnson v. New Jersey (1966) 384 U.S. 719 [16 L.Ed.2d 882, 86 S.Ct. 1772],5 We find neither reason persuasive.
Our statement that the Aranda rules were not constitutionally compelled does not bear upon the applicability of [336]*336those rules on appeal but only upon their automatic availability for collateral attack. Moreover, the fact that Aranda worked a change which might be characterized as “procedural” furnishes no reason to limit that change to purely prospective operation. In this area of the law, as in others,6 substance and procedure are so interwoven that their attempted segregation into clean-cut categories becomes meaningless ; here, as elsewhere, the hoary dichotomy between the substantive and the procedural cannot serve as a talismanic solution to the retroactivity problem. We have previously decided pending cases under newly announced rules no less “procedural” than those elaborated in Aranda ;7 we see no reason to treat the Aranda rules differently, whatever labels might be used to describe them.
Nor does the decision in Johnson v. New Jersey, supra, 384 U.S. 719, support a departure in this ease from the principles which ordinarily govern the effect of a basic change in the law pending appeal from a criminal conviction. Although the United States Supreme Court declined in Johnson to compel the application of Escobedo and Miranda to trials which began before those decisions were rendered, the Johnson opinion cannot be analyzed in a legal vacuum. In rejecting the more traditional approach which it had followed in Tehan v. Shott, supra, 382 U.S. 406, Idnkletter v. Walker, supra, 381 U.S. 618, and McLeod v. Ohio, supra, 381 U.S. 356, the court adopted a technique it deemed appropriate in view of the specific rules newly announced in Miranda and the fundamental “disagreements among other courts concerning the implications of Escobedo.” (Johnson v. New Jersey, supra, 384 U.S. 719, 734 [16 L.Ed.2d 882, 893].) Given the special [337]*337problems which required resolution in Johnson,8 we doubt that the court’s holding in that ease should be extended beyond the unique context in which it arose.9
Although we adhered to the specific conclusion of Johnson that the rules set forth in Miranda should be limited to post-Miranda trials (People v. Rollins, supra, 65 Cal.2d 681, 686-687), we did so largely because we believed that Escobedo and Dorado had encouraged law enforcement authorities to adopt “ 'devices which, although below the constitutional minimum [as defined by Miranda], were not intentional evasions of the requirements of the privilege [against self-incrimination].’ ” (People v. Rollins, supra, 65 Cal.2d 681, 686, quoting Johnson v. New Jersey, supra, 384 U.S. 719, 733 [16 L.Ed.2d 882, 892].) We were reluctant to require “retrials of pre-Miranda cases in which prosecutors and trial courts carefully heeded the teachings of Escobedo and of Dorado but failed to anticipate the additional requirements set forth in Miranda.” (People v. Rollins, supra, 65 Cal.2d 681, 687.) No such considerations are controlling here. Accordingly, we hold that failure to follow the procedure we set forth in Aranda may be raised on appeal even by defendants whose trials took place before Aranda was decided.
Ill
As we have previously indicated, however, failure to adhere to the Aranda procedure constitutes reversible error only if it causes prejudice.10 Although we find no such prejudice here as to either defendant, the record fails to dispel Boddie’s contention that his confession, unlike that of Charles, was obtained in violation of Escobedo and Dorado. As we later explain, the introduction of Boddie’s inadmissible confession constituted error as to both defendants; that error [338]*338was automatically prejudicial as to Boddie but not as to Charles. We have therefore concluded that the conviction of Boddie, but not that of Charles, must be reversed.
Turning first to the basic Aranda violation, we consider crucial the fact that each defendant’s case was completely shattered by his own detailed confession,11 corroborated by the eyewitness testimony of the robbery victim. In this setting, the fact that each defendant was also implicated by his codefendant’s confession cannot realistically have contributed to either conviction. Although the present case was tried by a judge sitting without a jury, we need not decide whether that fact alone would here preclude the requisite showing of prejudice,12 since we find no reasonable probability in this case that even a jury would have returned a more favorable verdict for either defendant if, as required by Aranda, the defendants had been tried separately or each confession had been “edited” to include no references damaging to the nondeelarant. (People v. Watson, supra, 46 Cal.2d 818, 836.)
[339]*339IV
Upon this record, however, we cannot hold that Bod-die’s confession was obtained in compliance with Escobedo and Dorado. Because Boddie had been arrested prior to questioning at the police administration building, “the investigation [was] no longer a general inquiry into an unsolved crime but [had] begun to focus on a particular suspect”; moreover, Boddie had clearly “been taken into police custody. . . .” (Escobedo v. Illinois, supra, 378 U.S. 478, 490-491 [12 L.Ed.2d 977, 985-986]; People v. Stewart (1965) 62 Cal.2d 571, 577-578 [43 Cal.Rptr. 201, 400 P.2d 97], affd. sub nom. Miranda v. Arizona, supra, 384 U.S. 436, 497-499 [16 L.Ed.2d 694, 736-737, 86 S.Ct. 1602, 1639-1640, 10 A.L.R.3d 974]; People v. Dorado, supra, 62 Cal.2d 338, 353.) Since “the authorities had not effectively informed defendant of his right to counsel or of his absolute right to remain silent, and [since] no evidence establishes that he had waived these rights” (People v. Dorado, supra, 62 Cal.2d 338, 353-354), “no knowing and intelligent waiver of any constitutional right can be said to have occurred under the circumstances of this case.” (Escobedo v. Illinois, supra, 378 U.S. 478, 490 fn. 14 [12 L.Ed.2d 977, 986]; People v. Stewart, supra, 62 Cal.2d 571, 581, affd. sub nom. Miranda v. Arizona, supra, 384 U.S. 436, 497-499 [16 L.Ed.2d 694, 736-737, 86 S.Ct. 1602, 1639-1640, 10 A.L.R.3d 974]; People v. Dorado, supra, 62 Cal.2d 338, 353.)
The record fails to show that Boddie’s confession did not result from “a process of interrogations that lends itself to eliciting incriminating statements” (Escobedo v. Illinois, [340]*340supra, 378 U.S. 478, 491 [12 L.Ed.2d 977, 986]; People v. Dorado, supra, 62 Cal.2d 338, 353). In this connection, the record discloses that the police arrested Boddie for robbery; that officers spoke with him at the police administration building at 3 a.m. and tape-recorded the ensuing conversation; that he initially denied committing any robberies; that, “after a short conversation, ’ ’ he finally became more cooperative; and that, during a series of highly specific questions, he “indicated that he and [Charles] had committed [the] robbery” in question.
The record affords no account of the content of the “short conversation” which overcame Boddie’s initial reluctance to incriminate himself, and it furnishes only a partial and fragmentary account of the nature and extent of the questioning which immediately preceded Boddie’s ultimate decision to confess.13
In this situation, People v. Luker (1965) 63 Cal.2d 464 [47 Cal.Rptr. 209, 407 P.2d 9], and People v. Stockman (1965) 63 Cal.2d 494, [47 Cal.Rptr. 365, 407 P.2d 277], hold that the [341]*341prosecution bears the burden of proving that the statement in question was not the fruit of a forbidden interrogation.14 The prosecution has not discharged that burden here. Surely we cannot dissect the interrogation of defendant Boddie in order to declare that it began with a series of purely investigatory questions by the police and ended with a sequence of entirely spontaneous statements by the accused. We face a hiatus in the record; our decisions forbid us to fill it with our purely speculative surmises. Nor can we properly engage in legal surgery to select from this incomplete account excerpts which might be viewed in isolation as fragments of a “spontaneous confession ’ ’ of Boddie’s guilt.
We therefore conclude that, so far as the record shows, Boddie’s conviction rested upon a confession obtained in violation of Escobedo and Dorado, since the erroneous admission of a confession is necessarily prejudicial (People v. Schader, supra, 62 Cal.2d 716, 728-731; People v. Dorado, supra, 62 Cal.2d 338, 356; People v. Parham, supra, 60 Cal.2d 378, 385; see Chapman v. California, supra, 386 U.S. 18, 23 & fn. 8 [342]*342[17 L.Ed.2d 705, 710, 87 S.Ct. 824, 827-828] (dictum)), 15 Boddie’s conviction must be reversed.
V
Turning next to the case of defendant Charles, we set forth here our reasons for finding that his confession was lawfully obtained and properly introduced against him. We then explain why we have concluded that the use of Boddie’s inadmissible confession nonetheless infected Charles' trial with error, but that such error was harmless.
With respect to Charles’ own statement, we have decided that the prosecution successfully established its admissibility by demonstrating that it was an “unsolicited, spontaneous confession. ...” (People v. Dorado, supra, 62 Cal.2d 338, 354; cf. Miranda v. Arizona, supra, 384 U.S. 436, 478 [16 L.Ed.2d 694, 726].)
Defendant Charles was apprehended in Phoenix, Arizona. On the plane from Phoenix, Charles offered to "talk about the case,” but the officer who was returning with him to Los Angeles suggested that he wait until the plane landed in California. At the police administration building in Los Angeles, Charles again offered to tell “about all the robberies that he was on.” Even then, the officer conducted no interrogation; he simply said, “Go ahead,” whereupon Charles proceeded to narrate the elements of the four robberies, volunteering a full confession of his participation in the crime of which he now stands convicted.16 Escobedo and Dorado “were never intended to discourage a defendant from volunteering to the police his complicity in the perpetration of a crime nor to prohibit the police from receiving and acting upon such confessions.” (People v. Cotter, supra, 63 Cal.2d 386, 393 [46 Cal.Rptr. 622, 405 P.2d 862], vacated on other grounds [343]*343(1967) 386 U.S. 274 [18 L.Ed.2d 43, 87 S.Ct. 824].) The police did no more than accept and act upon such an unsolicited confession in the ease of defendant Charles; his conviction thus accords fully with Escobedo and Dorado.
VI
We note, however, that Charles ’ trial contained a clear violation of Aranda. We explain here the nature of that violation and the reasons for our conclusion that it constituted harmless error. Charles was of course implicated by Boddie’s confession; since that confession should not have been admitted against Boddie, its use at the joint trial of both defendants gives rise to an Aranda infirmity in Charles’ conviction entirely apart from the trial court’s failure to employ the specific procedure required by our Aranda decision. The trial court was careful to state in this case that Boddie’s confession would not be considered against Charles, but in Aranda we emphatically rejected "any assumption that error in admitting a confession that implicates both defendants is rendered harmless to the nonconfessing defendant by an instruction that it should not be considered against him.” (People v. Aranda, supra, 63 Cal.2d at p. 526.) We reasoned that the “rule permitting joint trials in such eases [reflected] a compromise between the policies in favor of joint trials and the policies underlying the exclusion of hearsay declarations against one who did not make them.” (Ibid.) When the confession implicating both defendants was not even admissible against the defendant from whom it had been elicited, however, we could see no further room for compromise: ‘ ‘ The risk of prejudicing the nonconfessing defendant [could] no longer be justified by the need for introducing the confession against the one who made it.” (Ibid.) Accordingly, we held that the introduction of a confession violative of Escobedo and Dorado and implicating a codefendant is not rendered harmless as to the latter by the trial court’s admonition that the confession may be considered only against the declarant.
The use of Boddie’s inadmissible confession thus infected Charles ’ trial with an Aranda error. As we have already explained, however, in light of the fact that the evidence properly admitted against Charles included his own amply corroborated confession, we find no reasonable probability that Charles would have received a more favorable verdict had Boddie’s statement been excluded. Accordingly, we conclude [344]*344that this violation of Aranda, like that previously discussed, proved nonprejudicial in the present case.
In summary, we hold that all cases still pending on direct review are governed by the rules established in Aranda for the conduct of joint trials. Although we conclude that these rules were twice violated here, we find neither violation prejudicial since each defendant rendered a detailed and fully corroborated confession of his own guilt. Because the record fails to show that Boddie’s confession was not elicited by methods held unconstitutional in the Escobedo and Dorado decisions, his conviction cannot stand. The prosecution has, however, sustained its burden of demonstrating that Charles’ confession was obtained in full compliance with the standards established by those decisions; his conviction, therefore, need not be disturbed.
The judgment of conviction of defendant Charles is affirmed; that of defendant Boddie is reversed.
Traynor, C. J., and Sullivan, J., concurred.