Guarantee Company of North v. Ikhana, LLC

941 F.3d 1140

• Court: Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit
• Decided: October 29, 2019
• Docket: 18-1394
• Status: Published

Opinion

United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit ______________________

GUARANTEE COMPANY OF NORTH AMERICA, USA, Appellant

v.

IKHANA, LLC, Appellee ______________________

2018-1394 ______________________

Appeal from the Armed Services Board of Contract Ap- peals in Nos. 60462, 60463, 60464, 60465, 60466, 61102, Administrative Judge James R. Sweet. ______________________

Decided: October 29, 2019 ______________________

PATRICK MICHAEL PIKE, Pike & Gilliss LLC, Towson, MD, argued for appellant.

WILLIAM ATKINS SCOTT, Pederson & Scott, P.C., Charleston, SC, argued for appellee. ______________________

Before DYK, WALLACH, and HUGHES, Circuit Judges. Opinion for the court filed by Circuit Judge HUGHES. 2 GUARANTEE COMPANY OF NORTH AMERICA v. IKHANA, LLC

Concurring opinion filed by Circuit Judge WALLACH, in which Circuit Judge DYK joins. HUGHES, Circuit Judge. This case involves a government contract dispute. Af- ter a contracting officer determined that Ikhana, LLC de- faulted on a construction contract with the Army Corps of Engineers, Ikhana filed an appeal to the Armed Services Board of Contract Appeals. Guarantee Company of North America (GCNA), a surety that indemnified Ikhana, moved to intervene because the indemnity agreement authorized it to assume all contractual rights in the event of default. The Board denied GCNA’s motion, finding that GCNA lacked standing. Appeals of Ikhana, LLC, ASBCA No. 60462, 17-1 BCA ¶ 36,871 (Oct. 18, 2017). Because GCNA executed its settlement agreement with the Corps after the claims at issue arose, we affirm. I In September 2013, the United States Army Corps of Engineers awarded Ikhana a construction contract to build a secured access lane and remote screening facility at the Pentagon by October 12, 2015. The contract required Ikhana to furnish performance and payment bonds. Ikhana procured these bonds from GCNA. As a condition for issuing the bonds, GCNA required Ikhana to execute a general indemnity agreement. The in- demnity agreement included a provision that assigned GCNA all rights under the contract if Ikhana defaulted or if GCNA made payment on any bond. Construction did not go as planned. As Ikhana began working on the project, it encountered multiple problems with the work site that were not in the contract’s specifica- tion. Each time Ikhana discovered a new problem, it had to halt work until the Corps issued a unilateral change to the contract. These stoppages and contract modifications caused significant delays and cost overruns. One GUARANTEE COMPANY OF NORTH AMERICA v. IKHANA, LLC 3

modification required the Corps to schedule a power outage at the Pentagon for the project to continue, but the Corps never scheduled the outage, and by mid-October 2015, con- struction had stopped. Between October 13–27, 2015, Ikhana submitted four claims to the contracting officer seeking additional com- pensation and an extension of the project deadline. Ikhana argued that the unforeseen site conditions and unilateral changes to the contract significantly altered the scope of the contract. The Corps never issued a final decision on Ikhana’s claims. Between November 2015 and June 2016, seven of Ikhana’s sub-contractors filed claims against GCNA’s pay- ment bond. Corps terminated Ikhana for defaulting on the contract and made a claim on the performance bond. On February 25, 2016, Ikhana appealed the termination deci- sion and its four claims for additional compensation to the Armed Services Board of Contract Appeals. GCNA sent Ikhana a letter demanding collateral under the indemnity agreement. The letter stated that if Ikhana did not deliver over four million dollars in collateral, “GCNA [would] take all appropriate steps to protect its rights” under the indemnity agreement. J.A. 292. Ikhana responded that the demand for collateral was premature and unreasonably high. GCNA and the Corps began to negotiate for GCNA to tender a completion contractor. During the negotiations, Ikhana informed GCNA that it would “not [forgo] its claim against the Corps under any circumstances.” J.A. 444. GCNA invoked its powers under the indemnity agreement and entered into a settlement agreement with the Corps on September 30, 2016. As part of the settlement agreement, GCNA agreed to “cause the dismissal, with prejudice, of the current pending appeals before the [Board].” J.A. 365. 4 GUARANTEE COMPANY OF NORTH AMERICA v. IKHANA, LLC

GCNA sued Ikhana for declaratory judgment in the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Vir- ginia. GCNA sought a declaration that the indemnity agreement authorized it to “settle [Ikhana’s] dispute with the [Corps] and dismiss the [Board] appeal.” Guarantee Co. of N. Am. USA v. Ikhana, LLC, No. 1:16-CV-1484, 2017 WL 1821106, at *2 (E.D. Va. May 4, 2017). The district court stayed GCNA’s action pending resolution of Ikhana’s Board appeal. Id. at *4. GCNA moved to intervene and withdraw Ikhana’s ap- peal before the Board on the grounds that Ikhana had as- signed all contractual claims to GCNA. Ikhana opposed the motion. The Board denied the motion because GCNA lacked standing. GCNA now appeals from the order denying interven- tion. We have jurisdiction over the Board’s final decision under 28 U.S.C. § 1295(a)(10) and 41 U.S.C. § 7107(a)(1). II We review the Board’s conclusions of law de novo. Win- ter v. Bath Iron Works Corp., 503 F.3d 1346, 1350 (Fed Cir. 2007). The Board’s jurisdictional determinations are con- clusions of law. England v. Swanson Grp., Inc., 353 F.3d 1375, 1378 (Fed. Cir. 2004). “The Board’s jurisdiction is defined by the Contract Disputes Act [(CDA)]. Parties can- not, by agreement, confer upon a tribunal jurisdiction that it otherwise would not have.” United Pac. Ins. Co. v. Roche, 380 F.3d 1352, 1356 (Fed. Cir. 2004). The issue here is whether the Board correctly denied GCNA’s attempt to intervene and replace Ikhana as the appellant. The Board’s rules of procedure do not include instructions for third-party practice. See In Re S. Powell Constr. Co., AGBCA No. 2004-122-1, 04-2 BCA ¶ 32,725 (Aug. 26, 2004). The limited Board decisions on the subject do not provide any clear guidance over what standards the Board uses for determining the propriety of intervention or GUARANTEE COMPANY OF NORTH AMERICA v. IKHANA, LLC 5

whether intervention is even permitted. See id. (collecting cases and discussing intervention under the CDA). But while the scope of third-party practice rules is murky, the outer bounds are limited by the Federal Rules of Civil Pro- cedure, which the Board may adopt at its discretion. Id. A party seeking to supplant the plaintiff must be able to show that it could have initiated the complaint on its own. Cf. United States v. 936.71 Acres of Land, More or Less, in Bre- vard Cty., State of Fla., 418 F.2d 551, 556 (5th Cir. 1969) (noting that the real-party-in-interest requirement applies equally to intervenors as it does to plaintiffs). Thus, GCNA cannot commandeer Ikhana’s appeal if it could not directly appeal the contracting officer’s decisions to the Board un- der the CDA. As explained below, we find that GCNA fails to meet this threshold requirement. Congress designed the CDA “to prevent duplicative claims [being brought] before the boards and the courts.” Admiralty Constr., Inc. v. Dalton, 156 F.3d 1217, 1221 (Fed. Cir. 1998). The CDA prevents duplicative adjudica- tion “by supplying a single point of contact for contract claims.” Id. (internal quotation marks omitted). Under the CDA, only contractors can appeal a contracting officer’s de- cision to the Board. 41 U.S.C. § 7104; Winter v. FloorPro, Inc., 570 F.3d 1367, 1370–71 (Fed. Cir. 2009). The CDA defines “contractor” as “a party to a Federal Government contract other than the Federal Government.” 41 U.S.C. § 7101(7). This rule is strictly enforced as a jurisdictional prerequisite to any appeal before the Board. Fireman’s Fund Ins. Co. v. England, 313 F.3d 1344, 1350 (Fed. Cir. 2002). Generally, a surety that enters into an indemnity agreement with a contractor is not in privity with the gov- ernment or considered the contractor in the context of the CDA. See id. at 1351–52. But there is an exception to this rule. Under Fireman’s Fund and its progeny, when a 6 GUARANTEE COMPANY OF NORTH AMERICA v. IKHANA, LLC

surety executes a takeover agreement with the government to complete a contract, it is treated as a contractor under the CDA and can assert claims to the Board. Lumbermens Mut. Cas. Co. v. United States, 654 F.3d 1305, 1320 (Fed. Cir. 2011). However, the only contract between the surety and the government is the takeover agreement. Id. (citing Fireman’s Fund, 313 F.3d at 1346). “For a claim to ‘arise under’ such a contract, the operative facts upon which the claim is based must have occurred after the pre-takeover contract was executed.” United Pac. Ins. Co. v. Roche, 380 F.3d 1352, 1355–56 (Fed. Cir. 2004). “Stated differently, the Board ha[s] no jurisdiction over . . . claims . . . based upon events that occurred prior to the takeover agree- ment.” Id. at 1356. Here, GCNA entered into a settlement agreement with the Corps on September 30, 2016. Under Fireman’s Fund, even if this agreement constitutes a takeover agreement, it would not entitle GCNA to assert claims that arose prior to this date. Because Ikhana lodged its appeal with the Board on February 25, 2016, all the claims at issue in this case necessarily arose before GCNA contracted with the Corps. As a result, GCNA cannot commandeer this appeal because it could not assert these claims in the first instance. GCNA raises several other arguments concerning the effect of the settlement agreement. The Corps advanced similar theories before the Board, and the Board rejected them. Because these issues are part of an ongoing adjudi- cation, we decline to address them until the Board issues a final decision. III Because all claims at issue here arose before GCNA en- tered into its settlement agreement with the Corps, GCNA could not assert them before the Board. As a result, we affirm the Board’s dismissal of GCNA’s motion to inter- vene. GUARANTEE COMPANY OF NORTH AMERICA v. IKHANA, LLC 7

AFFIRMED United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit ______________________

Appeal from the Armed Services Board of Contract Ap- peals in Nos. 60462, 60463, 60464, 60465, 60466, 61102, Administrative Judge James R. Sweet. ______________________

WALLACH, Circuit Judge, concurring, in which DYK, Cir- cuit Judge, joins. I write not to contest the outcome of the above decision; it rests squarely on this court’s precedent. Instead, I raise a concern regarding the rationale underlying that prece- dent. I. THE CONTRACT DISPUTES ACT AND SURETIES My concern arises from this court’s precedent regard- ing two fields of public contract law. First is the Contract Disputes Act (“CDA”), which regulates how U.S. executive agencies (“the Government”) may contract with non-gov- ernmental entities. See 41 U.S.C. §§ 7101–7109 (2012). 2 GUARANTEE COMPANY OF NORTH AMERICA v. IKHANA, LLC

Relevant here, the CDA provides the statutory framework for contract dispute resolution. See id. § 7104(a). Under the CDA, “[a] contractor[1] . . . may appeal the decision [by a Government contracting officer] to an agency board[,]” id. § 7104(a)—here, the Armed Services Board of Contact Appeals (“ASBCA”), id. § 7105(a). Limiting such appeals to the contractor is based on the policy rationale of winnow- ing down all claims to a “single point of contact” and so pre- venting a deluge of duplicative claims—with their associated costs—against the Government for any given contract. See S. Rep. No. 95-1118, at 16 (1978) (“the Senate Report”). The second—the Miller Act—requires all contractors in privity with the Government to post performance and pay- ment bonds on all federal construction contracts. See 40 U.S.C. § 3131(b) (2008); 2 see also STEVEN PLITT, ET AL.,

1 In the 2011 revision and recodification of the CDA, the definition of “contractor” was amended to include the addition of “Federal” in describing “Government.” Com- pare 41 U.S.C. § 601(4) (2000) (explaining that a “contrac- tor” is “a party to a Government contract other than the Government”) with 41 U.S.C. § 7101(a) (2012) (providing that a “contactor” is “a party to a Federal Government con- tract other than the Federal Government”). This insertion does not invalidate or otherwise render inapplicable our precedent regarding the CDA predating the 2011 revision, as our cases exclusively reviewed Federal Government con- tracts. See 28 U.S.C. 1295(a)(10) (2006) (granting jurisdic- tion to the Federal Circuit over cases arising from executive agency board of contract appeals). Accordingly, we continue to rely upon the statutory interpretation of our prior authority. Unless otherwise noted, I refer to the up- dated definition of “contractor.” 2 This statute was codified at Title 40, United States Code § 270a, under the Miller Act, until 2002. See Pub. L. GUARANTEE COMPANY OF NORTH AMERICA v. IKHANA, LLC 3

STATUTORY BOND REQUIREMENTS–ON FEDERAL CONSTRUCTION (MILLER ACT), 11A COUCH ON INS. § 163:25 (3d ed. 2019) (“Couch on Ins.”) (explaining that “under the Miller Act, [federal construction projects] require a specific form of payment and performance bonds”). A surety must post the bond, ensuring that, in the event of the contrac- tor’s default, the contract is nevertheless completed. See 40 U.S.C. § 3131(b). The surety ensures that the contract is completed by one of a variety of means, such as taking over the contract, finding a replacement contractor, or funding the original contractor in the case of insolvency. See Admiralty Const. by Nat’l Am. Ins. Co. v. Dalton, 156 F.3d 1217, 1220–21 (Fed. Cir. 1998). Where a surety takes over the contract, we have held that the surety steps into the shoes of the original contrac- tor and so has privity with the Government, albeit solely with respect to the contract’s outstanding performance; ac- cordingly, the surety has standing to seek redress under the CDA for claims arising out of the outstanding perfor- mance. See Fireman’s Fund Ins. Co. v. England, 313 F.3d 1344, 1351 (Fed. Cir. 2002) (determining that, as the surety “was not a party to any contract with the government prior to the takeover agreement it had with the government” af- ter the contractor defaulted, the surety was not a contrac- tor for the purposes of the CDA and so could not bring CDA claims against the government). Before the surety takes over—or in situations where the surety never executes a takeover agreement with the Government and instead ensures the contract is carried out by one of the other means—we have concluded that the surety is not in privity with the Government and is not per- mitted to bring claims under the CDA. See Admiralty, 156 F.3d at 1220–21; Fireman’s Fund, 313 F.3d at 1351–52. It

107-217, §1, 116 Stat. 1147 (2002). Unless specified to the contrary, I will refer to the recodified version of the statute. 4 GUARANTEE COMPANY OF NORTH AMERICA v. IKHANA, LLC

is my position that the two opinions upon which our subse- quent decisions are built, Admiralty and Fireman’s Fund, were wrongly decided because they bring Government con- tracting law into conflict with basic principles of suretyship and contract law. II. ADMIRALTY AND FIREMAN’S FUND In Balboa Insurance Co. v. United States, we first ad- dressed the relationship between the Government, a con- tractor, and a surety in the event of default, but we stopped short of determining whether a surety was in privity with the Government upon the default of the contractor. 775 F.2d 1158, 1160–61 (Fed. Cir. 1985). We did, however, stop short of determining whether a surety and the Government were in privity. See id. (“Although it is conceivable that under certain circumstances a surety could assert rights against the Government under the third-party beneficiary rule . . . or even as one in privity in contract with the Gov- ernment . . . the traditional means of asserting a surety’s claim is under the equitable doctrine of subrogation.”); see also Ins. Co. of the W. v. United States, 243 F.3d 1367, 1370 (Fed. Cir. 2001) (“[I]n Balboa we reserved the question whether there was a contract or privity of contract between the government and a surety.”). We took up the unanswered question in Admiralty and decided that no such privity existed. See Admiralty, 156 F.3d at 1220–21. In doing so, we noted that “the central issue in this case is whether the CDA permits [the surety] to bring a claim on behalf of [the contractor]” and concluded that both because a surety is not a contractor as defined by the CDA, see supra Section I, and because “[t]he CDA limits the eligibility to appeal to the boards of contract appeals to contractors with claims on contracts entered by a Govern- ment agency,” which the surety had not done, the surety lacked the standing to bring such an appeal, see Admiralty, 156 F.3d at 1220–21. (emphasis added). GUARANTEE COMPANY OF NORTH AMERICA v. IKHANA, LLC 5

We next addressed “whether [the surety] can represent [the contractor] in an appeal to the [ASBCA]” and deter- mined that, in the “limited circumstances” where the surety “take[s] over contract performance or finance[s] the completion of the defaulted contract under its performance bond,” the surety may be “entitl[ed] . . . to succeed to the contractual rights of the contractor against the govern- ment.” Id. at 1222 (internal quotation marks and citations omitted). In Fireman’s Fund, we clarified this determina- tion, concluding that the surety could only raise claims against the Government that arose from the work the surety itself did following the takeover of the contract and not any claims pertaining to the prior period. 313 F.3d at 1351 (“[The surety] was not a party to any contract with the government prior to the takeover agreement it had with the government, and its pre-takeover claims did not arise under such a contract.”). Our analysis in Admiralty, and by extension Fireman’s Fund, gave short shrift to the argument that, because the surety and the contractor had agreed that the contractor would cede all legal rights to the surety in the event of de- fault, the surety should assume all of the contractor’s legal rights—including those to appear before a board such as the ASBCA—with respect to the contract. See generally Admiralty, 156 F.3d at 1220–22. Instead, we focused pri- marily on the Senate Report that addresses the policy ra- tionales supporting the creation of the CDA. Id. at 1221. 3

3 We also conducted a brief analysis of the plain lan- guage of the statute, noting that a surety failed to consti- tute a contractor as defined by the CDA. See Admiralty, 156 F.3d at 1220–21 (citing 41 U.S.C. § 7101(a)). If, as is explained below, the surety assumes the legal rights of the contractor at the time of default, the plain language of the statute would support the implication that the surety is a party to a Government contract. Accordingly, the following 6 GUARANTEE COMPANY OF NORTH AMERICA v. IKHANA, LLC

Undergirding the rationale “for limiting the appeal right to a single ‘contractor’ [in] the Senate Report,” we noted, was the goal to narrow the claims to those between the Govern- ment and “a ‘single point of contact’—the prime contrac- tor.” Id. at 1220 (citing S. Rep. No. 95-1118, at 16). Limiting appeals to only a single contractor “would prevent multiple, duplicative claims and appeals by subcontrac- tors.” Id. (citing S. Rep. No. 95-1118, at 16). The CDA, therefore, “makes only a single ‘contractor’ eligible to ap- peal a contracting officer’s final decision.” Id. We ex- plained that the Senate Report itself suggested the best system was one of a “single point of contact,” or ensuring that only the contractor could pursue claims against the Government before the ASBCA and all other claims would be litigated elsewhere, such as between the contractor and subcontractors in district court. See id.; see also S. Rep. No. 95-1118, at 16. A closer read of the Senate Report, however, indicates that the portion relied upon by our precedent relates wholly to precluding subcontractors from the administra- tive remedies of the CDA, see S. Rep. No. 95-1118, at 16– 17, and speaks nothing of sureties, see generally id. See, e.g., S. Rep. No. 95-1118, at 16 (explaining that “[t]he rec- ommendations . . . specifically exclude bringing subcon- tractors under the provisions of” the CDA) (emphasis added), id. (“If direct access were allowed to all Government subcontractors, contracting officers might, without appro- priate safeguards, be presented with numerous frivolous claims that the prime contractor would not have spon- sored.”) (emphasis added), id. (contending that “[b]y forcing the prime contractor to administer its subcontractor net- work, the Government permits prime contractors and sub- contractors” to resolve contract disputes through “their

analysis is directed toward determining the legal rights of a surety upon a contractor’s default. GUARANTEE COMPANY OF NORTH AMERICA v. IKHANA, LLC 7

familiar commercial procedures”), id. at 17 (concluding that “denying the subcontractors direct access” to the CDA would “forc[e] the prime contractor and the subcontractor to negotiate their disputes”); see also Admiralty, 156 F.3d at 1220 (citing S. Rep. No. 95-1118, at 16), Fireman’s Fund, 313 F.3d at 1351–52 (same). Congress did not mention sureties when discussing the limits of the CDA’s adminis- trative remedies jurisdiction. See generally S. Rep. No. 95- 1118, at 16–17. In Admiralty and Fireman’s Fund, we equated a surety to a subcontractor without any support. Our court has repeatedly turned to these two cases and specifically to the two pages of the Senate Report to support the assertion that a surety is not in privity with the Gov- ernment upon a contractor’s default. See Lumbermens Mut. Cas. Co. v. United States, 654 F.3d 1305, 1321 (Fed. Cir. 2011) (relying on Admiralty and the Senate Report at pages 16 and 17 to support the assertion that “[t]his legis- lative history suggests that claims by third parties who are not in privity of contract with the government are not cov- ered by the CDA”); Hardie v. United States, 19 F. App’x 899, 905 (Fed. Cir. 2001) (explaining that, in Admiralty and the court, in reliance on the Senate Report, determined that “[d]ue to the strong policy interest in maintaining a ‘single point of contact’ with the United States, there is a correspondingly strong resistance to extend the concept of ‘privity’ beyond the actual parties with which the United States originally contracted explicitly” (citation omitted)); Ins. Co. of the W., 243 F.3d at 1370–71 (relying on Admi- ralty to conclude that “there is no such [privity] relation- ship” between the Government and a surety). III. GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF CONTRACT LAW SHOULD APPLY The roles and responsibilities of sureties—including the assumption of all legal rights—are well-defined within contract law and are applicable to both private and public contracts; they should apply here. A suretyship is a con- tractual relationship “where one person,” the obligee, “has 8 GUARANTEE COMPANY OF NORTH AMERICA v. IKHANA, LLC

undertaken an obligation and another person[,]” the surety, “is also under an obligation or other duty to the ob- ligee” to perform that obligee’s duty “rather than the [obli- gee].” Restatement (First) of Security § 82 (Am. Law Inst. 1941). Where an obligee, such as a contractor, enters into a contractual relationship, the surety agrees to assume the contractor’s obligations—such as the performance and debts—of the contractor in the event of default. See Re- statement (Third) of Suretyship & Guaranty § 1 (Am. Law Inst. 1996); see also Couch on Ins. §§ 1:14–15. A surety benefits both the contractor and the party seeking performance, here the Government, because the surety’s agreement with the contractor ensures that, in the event of default, the contracted performance is executed without significant delay (a “performance” bond) and sub- contractors’ valid costs are paid in a timely manner (a “pay- ment” bond), while the cause of the default can be litigated. See 40 U.S.C. § 3131(b) (requiring Government contractors to possess both performance and payment bonds); see also Couch on Ins. §§ 1:15, 163:10. If a surety fails to execute its obligations under either bond, the Government may sue the surety. See Balboa, 775 F.2d at 1160 (concluding that “a surety, as [a] bondholder is as much a party to the Gov- ernment contract as the contractor” and so may be sued by the Government). If a contractor defaults on its performance, the surety possesses several ways to discharge the performance bond. The surety “is not obligated to perform the contract of the contractor though it may do so[,]” but it may “tak[e] over the contract and complet[e] performance, assum[e] liability for the government’s costs in completing the contract that exceed the contract price, or . . . provid[e] funds to an insol- vent contractor to complete the performance.” Couch on Ins. § 164:14. The payment bond is discharged through ne- gotiation or possibly litigation with subcontractors. See Couch on Ins. § 164:16. GUARANTEE COMPANY OF NORTH AMERICA v. IKHANA, LLC 9

A surety is different from a subcontractor in many re- spects. Significantly, the surety is obligated to engage and negotiate with the party seeking performance to ensure that it is completed. See Dependable Ins. Co. v. United States, 846 F.2d 65, 66–67 (Fed. Cir. 1988) (determining that a performance bond guarantees that the surety will insure that the contracted performance will be completed, even upon the default of the contractor). These differences are showcased in the appeal at hand, regarding the perfor- mance and payment bonds (“the Bonds”) of Guarantee Company of North America (“GCNA”) and Ikhana, LLC. Here, as in Fireman’s Fund, the terms of the Bonds in- cluded an indemnity agreement in which the contractor as- signed all rights under the contract and all legal actions and claims that the contractor may have had. See J.A. 2 (granting to GCNA, in the event of default, the right to “as- sert and prosecute any right or claim hereby assigned, transferred or otherwise conveyed in the name of [Ikhana] and to compromise and settle any such right or claim on such terms as it considers reasonable . . . in its sole and ab- solute discretion”); see also Fireman’s Fund, 313 F.3d at 1346 (explaining that the surety’s bond included the “Gen- eral Indemnity Agreement” in which the contractor as- signed “all of their rights under the contract . . . including . . . all actions, causes of actions, and claims and demands whatsoever which the [contractor] may have in . . . [the] contract covered by such [b]ond”). A surety must pick up where the contractor left off in the defaulted contract; in any normal surety relationship, this could include addressing pertinent pending litigation involving the contractor. Because of Admiralty and Fire- man’s Fund, a surety of a government contract has its hands tied when it comes to resolving ongoing litigation against the Government and executing performance. In- deed, this is the dilemma that faced GCNA following the Government’s termination of Ikhana from the contract: Ikhana had filed claims against the Government for its 10 GUARANTEE COMPANY OF NORTH AMERICA v. IKHANA, LLC

default termination, the Government sued GCNA on its performance bond, subcontractors sued GCNA on the pay- ment bond, and GCNA stepped in to ensure the contract was executed despite the default. J.A. 2. To do so, GCNA entered into a settlement agreement with the Government to resolve the Government’s claim on the performance bond. J.A. 257. GCNA tendered a new contractor to com- plete the work. J.A. 4. At the same time, GCNA agreed to dismiss Ikhana’s appeal against the Government and the Government agreed to release GCNA from all liability re- lating to the performance and payment bonds. J.A. 4. This plan was stymied, however, as GCNA was denied standing before the ASBCA. J.A. 6. The facts of this case are representative of the nature of a surety’s work—bringing efficient resolution to contract disagreements, assuming financial risk, and ensuring exe- cution—and of the necessity for granting sureties the legal rights they need to ensure speedy resolutions. The signifi- cance of this negotiating tool should not be understated. Lengthy delays in public projects could be problematic, ex- pensive, and even dangerous. Moreover, sureties for gov- ernment contracts may recognize the downstream problems of our precedent and either opt out of providing the service or, in recognizing the potential for heightened financial risk, charge a higher rate for their services. Whatever the outcome, the overall cost of doing business will be higher for all parties and U.S. taxpayers will be left paying the tab. CONCLUSION The instant case is an appropriate vehicle to review our precedent and to resolve a question of exceptional im- portance, as the issue is raised squarely by these facts.