Gallimore v. Washington

666 A.2d 1200, 1995 D.C. App. LEXIS 211, 1995 WL 619846
CourtDistrict of Columbia Court of Appeals
DecidedOctober 23, 1995
Docket94-CV-814
StatusPublished
Cited by17 cases

This text of 666 A.2d 1200 (Gallimore v. Washington) is published on Counsel Stack Legal Research, covering District of Columbia Court of Appeals primary law. Counsel Stack provides free access to over 12 million legal documents including statutes, case law, regulations, and constitutions.

Bluebook
Gallimore v. Washington, 666 A.2d 1200, 1995 D.C. App. LEXIS 211, 1995 WL 619846 (D.C. 1995).

Opinions

Opinion for the court by Associate Judge RUIZ.

Dissenting opinion by Associate Judge SCHWELB at p. 1211.

RUIZ, Associate Judge:

Appellant Baysic Gallimore was convicted of murdering appellees’ mother, Annie Mae Washington. At the time of her death, Washington and Gallimore were joint owners of an improved lot in the District of Columbia. After Gallimore’s conviction, appellees brought this action to quiet title, seeking a judgment declaring that they exclusively own the lot as tenants in common, free of claims by Gallimore. On cross-motions for summary judgment, the trial court granted ap-pellees the relief they sought, holding that because Gallimore was convicted of murdering his joint tenant, D.C.Code § 19-320(a) (1990) 1 operated to divest him of all his interest in the property he held jointly with decedent as if he had predeceased her. Washington v. Gallimore, 122 Daily Wash. L.Rptr. 1125 (D.C.Super.Ct. May 18, 1994).

We reverse. We need not decide whether § 19-320 applies to these facts because we hold that the common law, at least with respect to the present problem, is not displaced by the statute and that the result under the statute and the common law would be the same. Neither permits a joint tenant with right of survivorship to enrich himself by murdering his co-tenant. Neither, however, would work a forfeiture of a murderer’s preexisting property interest as the result of his conviction. Therefore, we hold that when Gallimore murdered Washington, the joint tenancy with right of survivorship was converted by operation of law to a tenancy in common — the interest that most closely resembles the interest that Gallimore owned while Washington was alive — with Washington’s corresponding share as tenant in common passing to her estate.

I.

The relevant facts are undisputed. Washington was still married (separated but never divorced) to someone else when she participated in a marriage ceremony with Gallimore and they began to live together as husband and wife. About a year later, Washington and Gallimore purchased an improved lot on Seaton Street in the District of Columbia as tenants by the entirety. The parties agree, however, that because Washington and Galli-more were not married they could not take the property as tenants by the entirety and that the estate they received was a joint [1203]*1203tenancy with right of survivorship.2 Coleman v. Jackson, 109 U.S.App.D.C. 242, 286 F.2d 98 (1960).

About nine years after Gallimore and Washington purchased the Seaton Street property and two years after they had stopped living together, Washington died of wounds she received during a brutal assault. A circuit court in Maryland convicted Galli-more of the murder and sentenced him to life imprisonment. After his conviction became final, appellees brought this action for declaratory judgment, seeking to quiet title to the Seaton Street property in themselves. The trial court granted appellees the relief they sought and Gallimore filed this timely appeal.

II.

Appellees rest their claim that Gallimore forfeited to them his interest in the jointly owned Seaton Street property upon D.C.Code § 19-320(a), supra note 1. Galli-more contends that § 19-320(a) by its terms does not encompass property interests acquired by virtue of the right of survivorship associated with joint tenancies. If we were to hold that § 19-320 does apply, then we would be required to apply its provisions to the instant case. If, on the other hand, we were to agree that § 19-320 does not apply, we would have to determine whether § 19-320 nevertheless displaced the common law with respect to the disposition of property received by a murderer by virtue of a right of survivorship. If § 19-320 does not affect property interests acquired by virtue of rights of survivorship and displaces the common law, then Gallimore would be entitled to the whole property. If § 19-320 does not displace the common law, then we would apply the common law.

Given the foregoing scheme, there are four questions which we could conceivably have to answer: (1) Does D.C.Code § 19-320 apply to rights of survivorship? (2) If § 19-320 does not apply to rights of survivorship, does § 19-320 displace the common law with respect to property acquired by a murderer from his victim by virtue of a right of survivorship? (3) What result obtains under § 19-320? (4) What result obtains under the common law? We need to answer only the last three questions. We hold that, even assuming the statute did not apply to rights of survivorship, the statute would not displace common law with respect to property acquired by a murderer from his victim by virtue of a right of survivorship. Because we hold that the statute and the common law give the same result in the present case — a tenancy in common — we need not answer the first, difficult question of whether § 19-320 applies to rights of survivorship.

Before addressing the legal arguments, it is helpful to describe the property interest known as joint tenancy with right of survivorship. A joint tenant with right of survivorship has essentially two interests: (i) a present right to possession of the property in its entirety and an undivided portion of its profits, and the right to alienate that present right during her lifetime, and (ii) a future right to the whole property contingent on her outliving her joint tenant and the joint tenancy not being severed during their lifetimes. The concept is that upon the death of one of two joint tenants, there is no transfer of the decedent’s future interest to the survivor; rather, the future interest of the deceased ceases to exist, the threat of severance by the other joint tenant is eliminated, and the present interest of the surviving joint tenant [1204]*1204in the whole property becomes exclusive. 4A Powell & Rohan, supra note 2, ¶ 617, at 51-10 to -11.

A.

Appellees focus their argument on the second unnumbered paragraph of § 19-320(a), contending that it mandates that a killer be considered to have predeceased his victim in respect to property received in any way upon the death of the decedent, including property jointly held by the killer and his victim with right of survivorship. Because Gallimore must be considered to have predeceased Washington, appellees reason, his share of the joint estate passed first to Washington and then through her to them.

We question whether the statute, read as a whole, encompasses rights of survivorship. The first unnumbered paragraph of subsection (a) does not list rights of survivorship as among the means of succession covered by the subsection, nor does it contain general language that would permit us to read in such rights.3 Rather than state that the section applies to all property interests, the statute specifies certain future estates, namely reversions, remainders and executory devises. The statute also specifies certain means of receiving property, by inheritance, distribution or bequest, all of which imply a transfer from one person to another, and which do not apply to the right of survivor-ship.

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Gallimore v. Washington
666 A.2d 1200 (District of Columbia Court of Appeals, 1995)

Cite This Page — Counsel Stack

Bluebook (online)
666 A.2d 1200, 1995 D.C. App. LEXIS 211, 1995 WL 619846, Counsel Stack Legal Research, https://law.counselstack.com/opinion/gallimore-v-washington-dc-1995.