FMC Corp. v. AMVAC Chemical Corp.

379 F. Supp. 2d 733, 2005 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 15499, 2005 WL 1804295

• Court: District Court, E.D. Pennsylvania
• Decided: August 1, 2005
• Docket: CIV.A. 05-CV-2593
• Status: Published

Opinion

MEMORANDUM AND ORDER

PRATTER, District Judge.

I. BACKGROUND

The instant procedural dispute between FMC Corporation (“FMC”), a pioneer pesticide producer, and AMVAC Chemical Corporation (“AMVAC”), a generic pesticide producer, centers on the equitable application of the so-called “first-filed” or “first-to-file” rule.

AMVAC is a California corporation headquartered in Orange County, California. AMVAC paid $2.7 million to FMC for the right to use FMC’s scientific data studies in connection with AMVAC’s submission of registrations to both the Environmental Protection Agency (“EPA”) and the California Department of Pesticide Registration (“CDPR”) for bifenthrin-based pesticide products. AMVAC manufactures and distributes the products Wisdom TC and Discipline 2 EC, which are the functional equivalents of FMC’s TalstarOne and Capture 2 EC, respectively. 1

Additional pertinent facts and procedural history follow.

On March 4, 2005, FMC notified AM-VAC of its belief that AMVAC’s product labels for Wisdom TC and Discipline 2 EC are virtually identical to the product labels for FMC’s TalstarOne and Capture 2 EC, respectively, and thus AMVAC’s product labels are infringing the copyrights to FMC’s product labels. Immediately following the March 4 letter, the parties commenced preliminary settlement negotiations. By letter dated April 20, 2005, AMVAC informed FMC that it wished to settle the matter amicably and solicited further negotiations. Subsequently, on or about May 23, 2005, AMVAC informed FMC that it was willing to work with FMC on changing its (AMVAC’s) labels, provided that, during the regulatory label approval process, FMC would permit AM-VAC to continue its sales of bifenthrin-based products with the current labels until the revised labels were approved by the EPA. See E-mail from Milton Steele to Eric Wintemute, dated May 24, 2005 (Ex. 19 to AMVAC Reply Br.). FMC refused, as a term of settlement, to permit or condone continued sales of AMVAC products with allegedly infringing labels. Id.

While AMVAC and FMC were engaged in negotiations, on May 16, 2005, this Court filed a Memorandum and Order in FMC Corp. v. Control Solutions, Inc., 369 F.Supp.2d 539 (E.D.Pa.2005) (hereinafter, “Control Solutions ” or “CSI Op. at_”), a case with similar, but not identical, causes of action, affirmative defenses and counterclaims, as many of those involved here. 2

Apparently buoyed by Control Solutions, on May 20, 2005, FMC sent a cease- and-desist letter to AMVAC demanding that AMVAC stop using the two labels that FMC alleges that AMVAC copied from FMC. The letter stated in pertinent part:

Now that the legal issues AMVAC has raised have been decided in an extensive and well reasoned opinion, FMC is giving AMVAC one last opportunity to resolve this matter short of litigation. FMC is willing to resolve the matter on the following terms: (1) AMVAC must immediately enter into an agreement consistent with the [Control Solutions ] preliminary injunction order and (2) AMVAC must agree to negotiate a reasonable royalty due to its past infringement.

Letter from Abbe F. Fletman (FMC counsel) to Arthur Rose (AMVAC counsel), dated May 20, 2005 (emphasis added). Within the cease-and-desist letter, FMC demanded that AMVAC respond to its letter within five (5) business days or face a lawsuit. The five-business-day deadline was to expire on Friday, May 27, 2005. Nonetheless, before the expiration of this five day period, during which period the record discloses that the parties appeared to be negotiating in good faith, on Thursday, May 26, 2005, AMVAC had actually filed a lawsuit against FMC in the Central District of California seeking declaratory relief (the “California Action”) 3 with regard to AMVAC’s interpretation of the data compensation agreement (the “DCA”) previously entered into by FMC and AM-VAC. 4 AMVAC contends that the DCA authorizes it to sell generic, derivative bifenthrin-based pesticides utilizing label language that is nearly identical to the labels FMC attaches to its own bifenthrin products.

Before FMC’s counsel learned of the California Action, 5 FMC, on June 1, 2005, having waited until after the forbearance date of May 27, filed the instant' action against AMVAC in the Eastern District of Pennsylvania (the “Pennsylvania Action”). (Docket No. I). 6 The Philadelphia Action was assigned to this Court because FMC indicated to the Clerk of Court that the instant matter is related to the Control Solutions case. 7

Although, as a result of FMC’s May 20, 2005 letter, it appears that the parties had re-engaged in robust negotiations, AM-VAC now contends that it believed that the parties had terminated negotiations prior to FMC’s 5-day deadline. However, no such explicit, documented termination communications are contained within the record before this Court. Nevertheless, on Thursday, May 26, 2005, one day before the unofficial start of Memorial Day holiday weekend, AMVAC filed the California Action seeking a judicial declaration that AMVAC was not infringing FMC’s copyright on the applicable product labels. 8 Curiously, rather than serve the FMC’s lawyers in Pennsylvania from the firm Wolf, Block, Schorr and Solis-Cohen (“Wolf Block”) with whom AMVAC and its counsel had been negotiating directly for some time, on Friday, May 27, 2005, late in the afternoon before the long Memorial Day weekend, AMVAC served FMC’s registered agent, in Delaware. FMC and Wolf Block did not learn of the California Action until at least Wednesday, June 1, 2005, at approximately 10:00 p.m., Eastern Daylight Time, the middle of the following week, and only after Wolf'Block, still unaware of the California Action, had advised and sent AMVAC’s counsel a copy of the Pennsylvania Action that had been filed earlier on June 1 with this Court. The email, dated Wednesday, June 1, 2005 at 9:52 p.m., from AMVAC’s counsel to FMC’s Philadelphia-based counsel responding to the Wolf Block courtesy no tice, highlights a certain problematic professional one-upmanship:

Thank you for sending us a copy of the complaint you filed on behalf of FMC today [June 1, 2005], I am wondering if you could also send us a copy of the exhibits attached to the complaint. A copy of the complaint we filed on [May 26, 2005] is attached. Thank you.

E-mail from Art Rose to Abbe Fletman, June 1, 2005, 9:52 PM (EDT) (subject: FMC’s Complaint) (emphasis added) (hereinafter, the “Rose E-mail”). AMVAC has not refuted the fact that it did not previously or otherwise inform FMC’s Philadelphia counsel at Wolf Block of the California Action.

On June 9, 2005, AMVAC filed the instant Motion and Brief in Support to Dismiss or Stay, or, in the Alternative, to Transfer the Pennsylvania Action to the Central District of California (the “AM-VAC Motion”). 9 (Docket No. 4). The next day, on June 10, 2005, FMC filed a Motion Preliminary Injunction as a corollary to the Pennsylvania Action. (Docket No. 9). On June 20, 2005, FMC filed its Response in Opposition to the AMVAC Motion (the “FMC Response”). (Docket No. 12). AMVAC filed its Reply to FMC’s Response on June 27, 2005 (the “AMVAC Reply”). Thereafter, the Court held oral argument on June 29, 2005 (hereinafter “Tr. at _”) and invited the parties to provide supplemental post-argument submissions. AMVAC filed a Posb-Hearing Memorandum in Support of its Motion on July 5, 2005 (the “AMVAC Support”) (Docket No. 18). FMC filed its Supplemental Memorandum in Opposition on July 5, 2005 (the “FMC Supp. Opp.”) (Docket No. 20).

For the reasons stated more fully below, based on a full review of the record thus far established and the controlling law with regard to the first-to-file rule, the Court finds that pursuant to the guidance provided by our court of appeals, FMC has made a credible showing that AMVAC engaged in behavior that establishes each of the exceptions allowing a district court to refuse to adhere to a wooden interpretation and application of the first-to-file rule, namely, inequitable conduct, bad faith, anticipatory filing, forum shopping and/or forum avoidance. 10 Therefore, the Court denies the AMVAC Motion and retains jurisdiction of the instant matter.

II. STANDARD OF REVIEW — THE FIRST-TO-FILE RULE

The first-to-file rule is used to dismiss or stay a later-filed action. Traditionally, where there are parallel proceedings in different federal courts, the first court in which jurisdiction attaches has priority to consider the case. “ ‘In all cases of [federal] concurrent jurisdiction, the court which first has possession of the subject must decide it.’ ” Crosley Corp. v. Hazeltine Corp., 122 F.2d 925, 929 (3d Cir.1941), cert. denied, 315 U.S. 813, 62 S.Ct. 798, 86 L.Ed. 1211 (1942), quoting Smith v. McIver, 22 U.S. 532, 535, 9 Wheat. 532, 6 L.Ed. 152 (1824). “The party who first brings a controversy into a court of competent jurisdiction for adjudication should, so far as our dual system permits, be free from the vexation of subsequent litigation over the same subject matter.” Id. at 930.

The United States Supreme Court, the Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit, and the Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit have each recognized and followed the first-to-file rule where there are two competing district court actions. See Kerotest Mfg. Co. v. C-O-Two Fire Equip. Co., 342 U.S. 180, 72 S.Ct. 219, 96 L.Ed. 200 (1952) (affirming a Third Circuit Court of Appeals decision to stay second-filed action in favor of earlier-filed action); Crosley Corp. v. Westinghouse Elec. & Mfg. Co., 130 F.2d 474, 475 (3d Cir.), cert. denied, 317 U.S. 681, 63 S.Ct. 202, 87 L.Ed. 546 (1942) (reversing district court decision not to enjoin second-filed suit; Hdzeltine, 122 F.2d at 930-31) (ordering district court to enjoin second-filed patent infringement action in favor of first-filed declaratory judgment action); Triangle Conduit & Cable Co. v. Nat’l Elec. Prods. Corp., 125 F.2d 1008 (3d Cir.), cert. denied, 316 U.S. 676, 62 S.Ct. 1046, 86 L.Ed. 1750 (1942) (reversing district court decision not to enjoin second-filed suit); Alltrade, Inc. v. Uniweld Products, Inc., 946 F.2d 622 (affirming applicability of first-to-file rule and staying second-filed action); Decker Coal Co. v. Commonwealth Edison Co., 805 F.2d 834 (9th Cir.1986) (affirming decision to stay second filed action).

Nevertheless, the Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit has articulated and applied exceptions to the traditional first-to-file rule. The first-to-file rule and its equitable exceptions are discussed most particularly in Equal Employment Opportunity Commission v. University of Pennsylvania, 850 F.2d 969 (3d Cir.1988), aff'd on other grounds, 493 U.S. 182, 110 S.Ct. 577, 107 L.Ed.2d 571 (1990) (hereinafter

“EEOC”).

The first-filed rule encourages sound judicial administration and promotes comity among federal courts of equal rank. It gives a court “the power” to enjoin the subsequent prosecution of proceedings involving the same parties and the same issues already before another district court.

EEOC, 850 F.2d at 971-72 (citing Triangle, 125 F.2d-at 1009); see also, Polaroid Corp. v. Casselman, 213 F.Supp. 379, 381 (S.D.N.Y.1962) (“weight is given not to inconsequential priority in filing time but to substantial commitment to the cause, usually pre-trial involvement for many months, by the court first acquiring jurisdiction”). Nevertheless, the first-to-file rule “is not a mandate directing wooden application of the rule without regard to rare or extraordinary circumstances, inequitable conduct, bad faith, [anticipatory filing] or forum shopping.” EEOC, 850 F.2d at 972 (emphasis added); cf. Tempco Electric Heater Corp. v. Omega Engineering. Inc., 819 F.2d 746, 749-50, (7th Cir.1987) (holding that the party filing first does not necessarily have a “right” to choose the forum, since the whole purpose of a declaratory judgment action would be “aborted by its use as an instrument of procedural fencing either to secure delay or to choose a forum.”).

III. FIFRA 11 and Data Compensation AGREEMENTS

Pursuant to the Federal Insecticide Fungicide and Rodenticide Act (“FIFRA”), 7 U.S.C. §§ 136, et seq., the application for a pesticide registration must include a complete copy of the proposed label for the product. See 7 U.S.C. § 136a(c)(l)(C). The products and labels at issue here are pesticides that contain bifenthrin as their active ingredient. Following the expiration of FMC’s bifenthrin patent, AMVAC applied to the EPA for a registration of its own generic bifenthrin-based products. AMVAC’s bifenthrin applications are “fol low-on” or “me-too” applications because they seek to register a product that had been previously registered by FMC. (Win-temute Decl. ¶ 11.)

The “me-too” procedure of FIFRA requires identical or substantially similar labels. 12 FIFRA permits the submission of a “follow-on” or “me-too” application for a pesticide product that is “identical or substantially similar in composition and labeling to a currently-registered pesticide.” 7 U.S.C. § 136a(c)(3)(B)(i)(I). The EPA is required to complete an expedited review of these applications. See 7 U.S.C. § 136a(c)(3)(B)(ii)(II) (requiring EPA to complete “me-too” review within 90 days). AMVAC contends that the “me-too” registration procedure encourages competition by providing an expedited method for subsequent applicants to register products that are identical or substantially similar in composition and labeling to those that have already received EPA approval. See Swaroop Deck, Ex. 10 at *31 (explaining that the “me-too” procedure “is generally intended to hasten registration decisions on end-use pesticides that are identical or substantially similar to a currently registered pesticide... ”).

FIFRA contains data compensation provisions that authorize “me-too” applicants to rely upon data submitted by the original registrant, if the “me-too” applicants offer to pay for that data. See 40 C.F.R. § 152.86; see also, Ruckelshaus v. Monsanto Co., 467 U.S. 986, 1014-15, 104 S.Ct. 2862, 81 L.Ed.2d 815 (discussing governmental takings pursuant to the Fifth Amendment to the Constitution and, adopting similar reasoning, recognizing that pursuant to FIFRA, the EPA may consider the data and trade secrets submitted by a prior pesticide applicant in evaluating a subsequent application, so long as the subsequent applicant paid just compensation for the data, inasmuch as such a policy spares subsequent applicants the cost of time-consuming research and eliminates significant barriers to entry in the pesticide market, thereby enhancing competition); Kelo v. City of New London, -U.S. -, -, 125 S.Ct. 2655, 2664-66, 162 L.Ed.2d 439 (2005) (discussing the Supreme Court’s prior holding in Ruckelshaus and noting that, subsequent to Ruckelshaus, the Court “recognized that the ‘most direct beneficiaries’ of the data-sharing provisions were the subsequent pesticide applicants, but benefitting them in this way was necessary to promoting competition in the pesticide market.”) (citation and footnote omitted). Thus, a “me-too” applicant such as AMVAC must pay data compensation to the original registrant, in this case, FMC.

In 2003, AMVAC initiated data compensation discussions with FMC. (Wintemute Deck ¶ 13). For approximately one year, AMVAC negotiated the DCA with FMC and subsequently paid $2.7 million to FMC in exchange for the right to rely upon FMC’s bifenthrin study data for its own product registrations. See Wintemute Deck, Ex. 2). AMVAC and FMC exchanged numerous communications and conducted an in-person meeting in Orange County, California to negotiate the DCA. During DCA negotiations, FMC accepted AMVAC’s “unqualified ‘eite-all’ offers in accordance with 40 C.F.R. § 152.86.” (Swaroop Deck, Ex. 7) (“[w]e understand your offers to be unqualified ‘cite-all’ offers in accordance with 40 C.F.R. § 152.86, and FMC accepts them subject to the agree ment upon or award of an appropriate amount”). A “cite-all” offer is an offer for data compensation that includes all of the data relied upon in the original FIFRA registration. See 40 C.F.R. § 152.86. 13 AMVAC alleges that the DCA at issue here granted AMVAC the right to rely upon FMC’s bifenthrin labels to obtain or to support any federal or state bifenthrin registration. See Wintemute Decl., Ex. 2 at 6-7. Thus, AMVAC believes that, pursuant to its interpretation of the DCA, it was entitled to rely upon not only FMC’s data, but also those FMC’s labels that were previously submitted by FMC as part of its original bifenthrin registrations.

The DCA also included a letter of authorization from FMC to the California Department of Pesticide Regulation (the “CDPR”), in which FMC authorized AM-VAC’s bifenthrin registrations in California based on AMVAC’s EPA registrations. See Wintemute Decl., Ex. 3. As part of the CDPR authorization, FMC expressly authorized the use of its data for “any AM-VAC application to obtain California registrations for pesticide products registered by the [EPA] under the following [EPA] registration numbers: 5481-505, 5481-518, 5481-519, 5481-520, 5481-517.” See id. In December 2003, at FMC’s request, AM-VAC provided copies of its proposed product labels to FMC. FMC Amended Complaint at ¶ 38. 14 In October 2004 and again in February 2005, FMC wrote letters to the CDPR on AMVAC’s behalf. (Wintem-ute Decl., Exs. 3, 4). FMC’s entitlement to a portion of AMVAC’s $2.7 million payment was tied to the ultimate CDPR approval of AMVAC’s bifenthrin products. (Wintemute Decl., Ex. 2 at 9.) 15

IV. DISCUSSION

A. The Parties’ Primary Positions

AMVAC alleges that the instant case presents a straightforward application of the first-to-file rule. The Court is less sanguine. Inasmuch as AMVAC initiated litigation by filing the California Action, on the facts presented and the relevant record established thus far, including declarations by the parties (with regard to letter and e-mail correspondence between the parties and their lawyers depicting settlement discussions from March 2005 to June 2005), it appears that this is a more difficult matter of addressing and balancing the first-to-file rule against allegations of anticipatory filing, inequitable conduct, bad faith, forum shopping and forum avoidance. See EEOC, supra, 850 F.2d at 972.

B. AMVAC Filed the California Action Despite Ongoing Negotiations with Pennsylvania Counsel

AMVAC filed the California Action on May 26, 2005, requesting a judicial declaration that it is authorized under the DCA to sell its products with the allegedly infringing labels. FMC first learned of the California Action on the night of June 1, 2005, at the earliest. See Rose E-mail, June 1, 2005. The Pennsylvania Action contains a subset of the allegations that are at issue in the California Action, inasmuch as FMC’s Pennsylvania Action alleges two causes of action for copyright infringement. AMVAC contends that this Court should not retain jurisdiction over the instant action because the ongoing matter that FMC contends is related to these parties’ dispute, i.e., Control Solutions, involves different parties, different transactions, and a different course of conduct than the instant dispute. 16 While AMVAC’s argument is technically correct, such acknowledgment does not make this Court’s maintenance of jurisdiction of the FMC/AMVAC dispute somehow improper, inefficient or inequitable, inasmuch as the Court finds that, in comparing the facts and legal issues from Control Solutions to the instant matter, significant similarities exist. 17 See Polaroid, 213 F.Supp. at 381 (“weight is given not to inconsequential priority in filing time but to substantial commitment to the cause, usually pretrial involvement for many months, by the court first acquiring jurisdiction”).

AMVAC’s bifenthrin registrations included product labels that AMVAC presented to FMC for review in 2003. Approximately five (5) months after receiving the compensation for its scientific and technical data, and more than a year after receiving copies of AMVAC’s labels, FMC accuses those same AMVAC labels of copyright infringement. AMVAC argues that it initiated the California Action on May 26, 2005, because AMVAC believes it needed to “confirm its rights under the $2.7 million agreement and to prevent FMC from disparaging AMVAC in the marketplace.” 18 At the time, AMVAC contends that through a May 19, 2005 letter sent by FMC (the “FMC Distributor Letter”) to certain pesticide distributors, FMC “misinformed AMVAC’s customers that AMVAC does not have the right to sell its products and that AMVAC will not be able to continue to supply its customers.” This statement as justification for AMVAC’s institution of suit is not supported by the record. The FMC Distributor Letter states in pertinent part:

Dear Distributor:

On May 16, 2005, The United States District Court found that Control Solutions, Inc. (CSI) has willfully violated FMC’s copyright in TalstarOne ... and is willfully selling its Bifen I/T product with an infringing label. CSI also knowingly and willingly assisted other generic manufacturers to label their respective bifenthrin-based products with a similarly infringing label. 19

The Court has issued a preliminary injunction ordering [CSI] and any entity acting in concert with CSI, to: (1) stop manufacturing the infringing label or causing the label to be manufactured; (2) halt using the infringing label; (3) stop placing any product that has the infring label affixed to it into the stream of commerce; (4) destroy all existing infringing labels; and (5) immediately provide all of Bifen I/T’s distributors, customers and sub-registrants with a copy of the preliminary injunction order.

We know you will comply with the Court’s ruling in this case....

Thus, a plain reading of the FMC Distributor Letter only reveals that its language is vague, inasmuch as it puts distributors on notice of FMC’s “win” in Control Solu tions. 20 The letter’s language that apparently so offended AMVAC does not, in fact, include a specific reference to AM-VAC or any manufacturer other than Control Solutions. Therefore, AMVAC’s numerous allegations that FMC “was contacting AMVAC’s distributors suggesting that AMVAC does not have the right to sell its Bifenthrin-based products” and that “AMVAC is being severely and irreparably harmed by FMC’s improper activities [with regard to the FMC Distributor Letter]” appears to be at least a hyperbolic overstatement. See, e.g., AMVAC Post Arg. Br. at 2; Letter from Arthur Rose (AMVAC counsel) to Abbe Fletman (FMC counsel), dated June 14, 2005; Second Supp. Wintemute Dec. ¶ 6.

The FMC Distributor Letter shows no direct disparagement, but rather, at most, public passive-aggressive posturing or a “shot over the bow” by FMC towards other competitors who may have copied FMC’s labels and, thus, FMC is putting them on notice that at least one court has deemed such behavior (in at least one case) as justifying an injunction for potential copyright infringement.

Otherwise, the record is clear that FMC (through correspondence initiated by Wolf Block) had given AMVAC until May 27, 2005, to accept FMC’s terms or face a lawsuit with regard to the copyright infringement allegations. Thus, on the facts stated above, including (i) AMVAC’s conscious choice to file the California Action prior to FMC’s May 27 deadline, (ii) counsel for AMVAC’s disregard of the conventional professional courtesy of providing contemporaneous notice of the California Action to Wolf Block of its litigious intentions (in light of the ongoing negotiations) and (iii) the manner in which AMVAC thereafter notified FMC and Wolf Block on the night of June 1, 2005 (apparently as a mere afterthought to Wolf Block’s “heads-up” with regard to FMC’s June 1 filing of the Philadelphia Action), the Court concludes that AMVAC’s California Action can only be construed as one (or some combination) of the following — inequitable conduct, bad faith, anticipatory filing, forum shopping or avoidance. 21 See EEOC, supra, 850 F.2d at 972. Therefore, consistent with the guidance established by EEOC, any of these exceptions to applications of the first-to-file rule justifies this Court’s denial of the AMVAC Motion.

C. Applying the First-to-File Rule and its Exceptions

In EEOC, supra, at 971-72, the Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit explained that “[tjhe first-filed rule encourages sound judicial administration and promotes comity among federal courts of equal rank. It gives a district court ‘the power’ to enjoin the subsequent prosecution of proceedings involving the same parties and the same issues already before another district court.” EEOC, supra (citing Triangle, 125 F.2d at 1009).

The EEOC court affirmed the district court’s declination to follow the first-to file rule and denial of a motion to dismiss an enforcement action that was filed after the commencement of a parallel case in another district court. Id. at 971-72. In that case, a junior member of the faculty at the University of Pennsylvania (the “University”) filed charges of discrimination with the EEOC. Id. at 972. During the course of the investigation, the University refused to release confidential peer review materials relating to the complainant’s tenure review process. Id. When the EEOC denied the University’s request to modify the subpoena, the EEOC threatened to institute an enforcement proceeding within 20 days unless the University complied. Id. at 973. The University filed suit in the District of Columbia three days prior to the EEOC’s deadline. Id. During oral argument on the motion to dismiss, counsel for the University could not deny that the University filed its declaratory judgment action in another district to avoid an adverse decision in this circuit. Id. 22 A decision to file an action in another judicial district because the filing party believes the other district provides some benefit, such as the one sought out by the University, is considered either forum shopping or forum avoidance and is sometimes frowned upon for reasons of equity. Therefore, because the EEOC court found that the University filed its action in the District of Columbia to win the “race to the courthouse” with an anticipatory filing, preferring to have the federal court in the District of Columbia adjudicate the parties’ dispute, the EEOC court refused to apply the first-to-file rule.

Not only does EEOC contain the controlling legal standard to be applied in the instant case, but the Court also finds that the facts from EEOC are analogous to the instant matter. EEOC involved an imminent subpoena enforcement action by the EEOC and a precedent from the District Court for the District of Columbia that suggested hostility toward the EEOC’s position. Three days prior to an EEOC deadline, the University of Pennsylvania filed a lawsuit in the District of Columbia, a forum perceived by the University to be more friendly to its position. The EEOC then filed its own lawsuit in the Eastern District of Pennsylvania. Under those circumstances, where the University filed a lawsuit instead of complying with the subpoena or notifying EEOC of its intention to contest the EEOC’s demand, the Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit found that departure from the first-to-file rule was appropriate. Here, of course, AMVAC was faced with an imminent deadline established by FMC. FMC, in fact, filed its Pennsylvania Action (in the court where Control Solutions was adjudicated) within two business days of that deadline and without knowledge of AMVAC’s California Action.

In addition to the controlling opinion in EEOC, other courts have held that a lawsuit is “anticipatory” (and therefore subject to dismissal or transfer, or not entitled to the benefits of the first-filed rule) under circumstances similar to the instant matter. For example, in Drugstore-Direct, Inc. v. The Cartier Division of Richemont North America, Inc., 350 F.Supp.2d 620 (E.D.Pa.2004), the court held that a first-filed case in Pennsylvania was anticipatory and granted a motion to dismiss in favor of a second-filed case in New York. The correspondence between the parties in Drugstore-Direct showed that the parties were attempting to settle the dispute without litigation, but the alleged infringer filed a declaratory judgment action just before a negotiating deadline set in a demand letter. Id. at 623. Because the putative copyright holder.delayed its filing in reliance on ongoing settlement negotiations, and the short amount of time (four business days) between the declaratory judgment filing and the coercive action, the first-filed action was deemed anticipatory. Id. Similarly, here, the record supports FMC’s temporal version of events that it filed the Pennsylvania Action within two (2) business days following the deadline given to AMVAC, and, at the time, FMC had no knowledge of the California Action. See Rose E-mail, June 1, 2005.

Contrary to AMVAC’s assertion that exceptions to the first-filed rule are rare, the Drugstore-Direct court stated:

Exceptions to the first-filed rule are not rare and are made when justice or expediency requires, including when the first-filed action is the result of forum shopping and if the balance of convenience favors the second forum.

Id. (quoting Hunt Mfg. Co. v. Fiskars Oy AB, 1997 WL 667117 at *3 (E.D.Pa. Oct. 2, 1997)) (emphasis added). Moreover, a second-filing party may have a strong case that the initial filing is improper if the first-filing party initiated its suit within the response period provided in a recent cease-and-desist letter. See Eui Seob Kim v. Su Heon Kim, 324 F.Supp.2d 628, 636 (E.D.Pa.2004). Other federal courts concur. 23

Under the view espoused in the AMVAC Motion, the first-to-file rule should be applied rigidly to require dismissal of all second-filed actions regardless of equities or circumstances. As stated above, EEOC considered and rejected such a view of the rule, holding that, for the courts within this Circuit, the first-filed rule “is not a mandate directing wooden application of the rule without regard to rare or extraordinary circumstances, inequitable conduct, bad faith, or forum shopping.” Id. at 972. Rather, the EEOC court added to the list of exceptions, recognizing an “anticipatory filing” exception that the Court finds should be applied in this matter. Accordingly, the EEOC court held the first-filed rule did not apply because the motivation for the first-filed action was to circumvent local law and preempt an imminent filing in the Eastern District of Pennsylvania. Id. at 972. It appears from the instant record that AMVAC wished to circumvent this Court’s jurisdiction over the instant matter as a “related action” and preempt FMC’s filing in the Eastern District of Pennsylvania.

This Court also finds Optical Recording Corp. v. Capitol-EMI Music, Inc., 803 F.Supp. 971 (D.Del.1992), to be instructive and persuasive. Optical Recording is a patent case in which the district court declined to follow the first-to-file rule. The court denied both a motion to dismiss the patent action and a motion to transfer based on the first-filed rule, stating the court was already familiar with the intellectual property at issue since it had recently resolved a factually similar case brought by that plaintiff against a similar defendant. Id. at 973. The court had tried ván earlier case involving the same patents at issue and explained that it could depart from the first-filed rule if it was in a better position to preserve judicial resources and avoid duplication. Considering policy issues such as avoiding duplicative litigation and wasting judicial resources, often cited as concerns in conjunction with the first-filed rule, the Optical Recording court determined that it is “equally reasonable and practical for a district court not to defer to the first-filed jurisdiction if the court can demonstrate that the second-filed court can insure that it is in a better position to preserve judicial resources and avoid duplication.” Id. Therefore,, based on the fact that it had recently concluded a similar case against a different defendant, the Optical Recording court determined that its “familiarity with the subject matter of the litigation will reduce the expenditure of judicial resources in handling this matter.” Id. at 974. That fact alone was viewed as sufficient to justify departure from the first-filed rule. Id. Such practical circumstances, AMVAC contends, do not exist here.

The Court disagrees. The Court analyzed nearly identical copyright infringement arguments in Control Solutions only some 10 weeks ago, including receiving lengthy testimony with regard to data compensation agreements, even though such an issue was not potentially disposi-tive to that case, as it could be here. Here, save for the fact that copyrights are at issue in this case, as opposed to patents, the considerations in the instant case appear nearly factually indistinguishable from Optical Recordings. See also, Polaroid, 213 F.Supp. at 381 (“weight is given not to inconsequential priority in filing time but to substantial commitment to the cause, usually pre-trial involvement for many months, by the court first acquiring jurisdiction”). Thus, because the Court has assessed similar fact-intensive FIFRA issues and copyright infringement claims in its 77-page Control Solutions decision, declining the instant AMVAC Motion very likely will conserve judicial resources despite the fact that the instant matter involves also a slightly different course of conduct, rather straightforward affirmative claims by AMVAC, and an interpretation of how the DCA governs the litigants’ rights and obligations. Id.

Furthermore, the Court cannot agree with AMVAC that the “rare and extraordinary” exceptions to the first-to-file rule are not present here. See EEOC, 850 F.2d at 972. On the contrary, the Court finds that some aspect of each of the first-to-file exceptions exists with regard to the instant matter. 24

AMVAC contends that the facts of the instant matter are very similar to those of IMS Health, Inc. v. Vality Tech., Inc., 59 F.Supp.2d 454, 462 (E.D.Pa.1999) (enjoining prosecution of second-filed copyright infringement action in favor of earlier-filed declaratory judgment suit recognizing that a party accused of copyright infringement is permitted to seek affirmative declaration of its freedom from liability when threat of lawsuit is “looming in the indeterminate future”). There, IMS had entered into a series of agreements with Vality to use Vality’s software. After entering into those agreements, Vality then alleged that IMS had engaged in unauthorized use of Vality’s copyrighted software. The parties conducted an initial meeting and attempted to negotiate a settlement over a three-and-a-half month period. IMS eventually filed a declaratory judgment action to seek a clarification of its rights to use the software, and Vality filed a second suit that included claims for copyright infringement. The IMS Health court enjoined Vality’s prosecution of the second case in favor of first-filed declaratory judgment action, finding that the IMS lawsuit did not meet the “anticipatory lawsuit” exception. The court found that IMS did not act in bad faith, because Vality allowed its numerous litigation deadlines to expire without consequence. Further, IMS did not immediately commence litigation, but instead negotiated in good faith. Finally, IMS argued that it had a legitimate connection to the forum of the first-filed action, where its headquarters, witnesses, and documents were located.

Moreover, AMVAC contends that IMS Health, on which it attempts to rely, distinguishes EEOC, supra, on two grounds. See IMS Health, 59 F.Supp.2d at 462.- In EEOC, the express 20-day deadline to initiate subpoena enforcement proceedings made the litigation by EEOC imminent. AMVAC contends that because negotiations between the instant parties had started and stopped previously, that the May 20, 2005 cease-and-desist letter did not cause AMVAC to believe that FMC-initiated litigation was imminent. FMC’s prompt filing after expiration of its deadline and with ignorance of the California Action belies AMVAC’s argument. Second, IMS Health found that there was precedent within the facts of EEOC establishing that the District of Columbia court likely would be friendly to the University’s position. AMVAC contends that no preferential reasoning spurred its filing of the California Action in that venue. Here, the Court is constrained to point out that it is reasonable to think that because of the significant similarities between FMC’s copyright allegations in both the instant matter and Control Solutions, AMVAC would try to avoid the result experienced by Control Solutions, a fellow competitor to FMC, in what would likely be FMC’s chosen forum, the Eastern District of Pennsylvania. 25

Nonetheless, AMVAC contends the instant case is on all fours with IMS Health. The Court does not agree. Significant evidence' of the types of exceptions to first-to-file rule; as described by EEOC, distinguish the instant matter from IMS Health. Consistent with the EEOC’s analysis that inequitable conduct, bad faith, forum shopping and anticipatory filing militate against a knee-jerk application of the first-to-file rule, the Court notes the following recent factual history of the FMC-AMVAC relationship and dealings with each other:

* Negotiations between FMC and AM-VAC were on-going as a result of FMC’s letter, dated March 4, 2005, alleging that AMVAC was infringing certain of FMC’s pesticide product labels. See Letter of March 4, 2005,.from FMC’s counsel to AMVAC’s counsel; Letter of April 12, 2005, from FMC’s counsel to AMVAC’s counsel; and Letter of April 20, 2005, from AMVAC’s counsel to FMC’s counsel.

* On May 20, 2005, FMC sent a cease- and-desist letter to AMVAC demanding that AMVAC respond to its post-Control Solutions letter within five (5) business days (i.e., by Friday, May 27, 2005) or face a lawsuit.

* In response to FMC’s May 20 letter, on Monday, May 23, 2005, Eric Wintem-ute, AMVAC President and Chief Executive Officer called Milton Steele, FMC Vice President and General Manager, to request that, inter alia, settlement terms include the following: (i) the parties would agree on monetary settlement terms and (ii) AMVAC would be permitted to continue its sales of currently existing bifenthrin-based products while the AMVAC labels were redrafted to address FMC’s copyright infringement allegations. See Supp. Wintemute Decl. * On May 24, 2005, Mr. Steele e-mailed Mr. Wintemute with' regard to the prior day’s negotiations indicating that FMC would not permit AMVAC to continue selling its products with the allegedly infringing labels as a term of settlement.

Id. ¶ 7. Mr. Steele’s email concludes:

After we receive your proposal, it may be useful to have a teleconference involving our legal counsel to try to iron out final terms. In your response, please propose some available dates/ times for us to talk later this week.

See E-mail from M. Steele to E. Win-temute, dated May 24, 2005 (emphasis added). The record contains no documented response to Mr. Steele’s May 24 e-mail nor does the record contain any representation from Mr. Wintemute or AMVAC’s counsel that AMVAC explicitly informed FMC that negotiations were terminated because AMVAC found the terms of Mr. Steele’s email to be untenable. In fact, during oral argument on June 29, 2005, AMVAC’s counsel conceded that, in fact, AMVAC did not seek declaratory relief prior to the Court’s Control Solutions decision because:

... there were discussions ongoing, and we had hoped to resolve the dispute regarding the interpretation of the language. And we were unsuccessful in doing that, and reached a point where we decided we needed to have success because of the [alleged] behavior of FMC in the marketplace.

Tr. at 10-11.

* Nonetheless, apparently while in the midst of on-going negotiations, prior to the FMC deadline, on Thursday, May 26, 2005, right before the Memorial Day holiday weekend, AMVAC filed the California Action.

* Rather than serve (or even inform) FMC’s Pennsylvania lawyers from Wolf Block with whom AMVAC and its counsel had been negotiating, on Friday, May 27, 2005, AMVAC served the California i Action on FMC’s registered agent in Delaware late in the afternoon on the eve of the long Memorial Day weekend.

* Before FMC’s counsel learned of the California Action, FMC, on June 1, 2005, filed the Pennsylvania Action.

* FMC and Wolf Block did not learn of the California Action until Wednesday, June 1, 2005, at approximately 10:00 p.m., in the middle of the week following the California Action filing, and only after Wolf Block, still unaware of the California Action, advised and sent (as an email attachment) AMVAC’s counsel a copy of the Pennsylvania Action that had been filed earlier on that same day, June 1.

* An email, dated Wednesday, June 1, 2005 at 9:52 p.m., from AMVAC’s counsel to FMC’s counsel, is AMVAC’s first, almost casual, mention of the California Action:

Thank you for sending us a copy of the complaint you filed on behalf of FMC today [June 1, 2005]. I am wondering if you could also send us a copy of the exhibits attached to the complaint. A copy of the complaint we filed on [May 26, 2005] is attached. Thank you.

See e-mail from Art Rose to Abbe Flet-man, June 1, 2005, 9:52 PM (subject: FMC’s Complaint) (emphasis added).

* AMVAC has not disputed the fact that they did not previously or otherwise inform Pennsylvania counsel of the California Action. 26

Therefore, pursuant to the exceptions established by EEOC, and because the facts above establish that each of the types of inequitable conduct from EEOC exist within the instant record, the Court declines to apply the first-to-file rule.

D. Staying the Instant Action

Alternatively, AMVAC suggests that if the Court finds dismissal to be inappropriate at this time, the first-to-file rule also permits a stay of this action in favor of the first-filed California lawsuit. See Ultronic Systems Corp. v. Ultronix, Inc., 217 F.Supp. 89 (D.Del.1963). A stay is consistent with the first-to-file rule, inasmuch as it may eliminate duplicative litigation in California and Pennsylvania, and it would avoid an outcome in which two actions are proceeding .in parallel in different district courts. Nevertheless, for the reasons outlined above, the Court finds that staying this action would conserve the resources of neither the parties nor the courts.

E. Transfer Pursuant to 28 USC § 1404(a) is Not Warranted

An alternative option available to this Court is to transfer this action to the Central District of California, pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1404(a). Section 1404(a) provides:

For the convenience of parties and witnesses, in the interest of justice, a district court may transfer any civil action to any other district or division where it might have been brought.

A party moving to transfer pursuant to § 1404(a) must establish that (1) the action could have been brought in the transferee district (here, the Central District of California) and (2) transfer will serve both the convenience of parties and witnesses and the interest of justice. Waste Distillation Technology, Inc. v. Pan American Resources, Inc., 775 F.Supp. 759, 762 (D.Del.1991). This Court has discretion in deciding whether to transfer an action. Stewart Org., Inc. v. Ricoh Corp., 487 U.S. 22, 29, 108 S.Ct. 2239, 2243-44, 101 L.Ed.2d 22 (1988). With regard to the decision to transfer, a district court must consider “all relevant factors to determine whether on balance the litigation would more conveniently proceed and the interests of justice be better served by transfer to a different forum.” Jumara v. State Farm Ins. Co., 55 F.3d 873, 879 (3d Cir.1995); [s]ee also, Stewart, 487 U.S. at 29, 108 S.Ct. at 2243-44 (noting that § 1404(a) gives courts discretion to adjudicate transfer motions according to an “individualized, case-by-case consideration of convenience and fairness”); [s]ee also, Van Dusen v. Barrack, U376 U.S. 612, 616, 376 U.S. 612, 84 S.Ct. 805, 809, 11 L.Ed.2d 945 (1964).

Pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1404(a), a federal district court may transfer an action to any other district or division where the suit might have been brought “[f]or the convenience of parties and witnesses” or “in the interest of justice.” Within our circuit, it is well-established that in ruling on a defendant’s motion to transfer, “the plaintiffs choice of venue should not be lightly disturbed.” Jumara v. State Farm Ins. Co., 55 F.3d 873, 879 (3d Cir.1995); see also, Elbeco Inc. v. Estrella de Plato, Corp., 989 F.Supp. 669, 678 (E.D.Pa.1997) (denying motion to transfer venue) (“[A]l-though the decision to transfer is in the court’s discretion, transfers should not be liberally granted.”) Moreover, on a motion to transfer venue, courts may consider whether the declaratory plaintiffs first-filed action was anticipatory and/or the product of forum-shopping. See, e.g., One World Botanicals Ltd. v. Gulf Coast Nutritionals, Inc., 987 F.Supp. 317 (D.N.J.1997).

Additionally, “where a plaintiff chooses his home forum[,] the choice is entitled to great deference.” Endless Pools, Inc. v. Wave Tec Pools, Inc., 362 F.Supp.2d 578 586-87 (E.D.Pa.2005) (denying motion to transfer venue). FMC filed its copyright infringement action in its home forum, where the company is located and its products are developed. Also, FMC has suggested that putative copyright holders are entitled to litigate infringement claims in their choice of forum, even though the Copyright Act does not provide such explicit language. See. e.g., Miss America Org. v. Mattel, Inc., 945 F.2d 536, 543 (2d Cir.1991) (holding that Section 501 of the Copyright Act grants “the copyright holder its choice of forum and expresses] a policy of giving the holder an advantage over the alleged infringer”).

AMVAC argues that because the California action includes a claim for declaratory relief of non-infringement, FMC could have brought compulsory counterclaims for copyright infringement in the California action. See Fed.R.Civ.P. 13(a) (requiring parties to bring compulsory counterclaims arising out of the same transaction or occurrence). In fact, it is not difficult to conclude from even a cursory review of these two cases that either action can be easily consolidated in the other venue.

Finally, the burden of establishing the need for transfer requires a showing that “the balance of convenience of the parties and witnesses strongly favors the defendant.” Adams v. Crowley, 2005 WL 1240181 at *1 (D.Del. May 25, 2005) (citing Shutte v. Armco Steel Corp., 431 F.2d 22, 25 (3d Cir.1970)) (emphasis added); see also, Endless Pools, 362 F.Supp.2d at 578. No such showing has been made here by AMVAC.

The other factors to be considered on a § 1404(a) motion, if applicable, are: (1) plaintiffs forum preference; (2) defendant’s preference; (3) where the claim arose; (4) the convenience of the parties and witnesses; (5) the location of the relevant books and records (collectively, the “private interests”); (6) the enforceability of the judgment; (7) “practical considerations that could make the trial easy, expeditious, or inexpensive”; (8) relative court congestion; (9) local interest in deciding local controversies at home;. (10) public policies of the fora; and (11) the familiarity of the trial judge with applicable state law in diversity cases (collectively, the “public interests”). See Jumara, 55 F.3d at 879-80. Considering AMVAC as the instant defendant, it has not met its burden pursuant to the balancing of factors governing the transfer of venue.

In One World, the court considered the declaratory plaintiffs motion to either dismiss or, in the alternative, transfer the later-filed party’s action pursuant to § 1404(a). Rejecting the declaratory plaintiffs motion to transfer, the court followed EEOC, supra, and expressly applied its holding in the § 1404(a) context because the declaratory plaintiff was attempting to avoid unfavorable precedent from the Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit, and, thus, “the principles underlying the first-filed rule were ‘better served by rejecting the University’s effort to dismiss the second-filed suit.’ ” One World, 987 F.Supp. at 328 (citing EEOC, 850 F.2d at 979). This consideration of obvious forum-shopping, along with the court’s recognition of' an anticipatory suit, were persuasive reasons for denying the attempted transfer. Id. at 328-29 (observing that when “the party instituting the first action (ie., for declaratory judgment) intended to preempt a later suit (ie., for infringement)[,]” “anticipatory litigation of [this] nature is disfavored”) (citations omitted).

One World appears on point here, inasmuch as it appears that AMVAC filed its declaratory action at least in part to seek refuge from this Court’s decision in Control Solutions, and “tossed aside potentially fruitful negotiations” with FMC to establish itself as first-filed. See FMC Memorandum in Opposition at 19. Consistent with One World, the Court will not reward AMVAC with a transfer of venue. In addition, the relevant Jumara factors weigh heavily against transfer. Judicial economy and common sense seem to favor resolving the instant litigation in this Court. See Supco Automotive Parts, Inc. v. Triangle Auto Spring Co., 538 F.Supp. 1187, 1192 (E.D.Pa.1982) (presence of related proceeding dominated consideration of venue factors). Additionally, “Pennsylvania has a strong interest in protecting its residents and providing a forum for resolution of their disputes.” Elbeco, Inc., 989 F.Supp. at 678 (citing Grand Entertainment Group v. Star Media Sales, 988 F.2d 476 (3d Cir.1993)).

Therefore, FMC will be permitted to pursue its copyright infringement action in this forum. FMC’s copyright claim arose in the. Eastern District of Pennsylvania. Damages suffered as a result of another’s infringement are likely to substantially occur in the plaintiffs home forum. See Endless Pools, 362 F.Supp.2d at 578 (citing Indianapolis Colts v. Metro. Balt. Football Club Ltd. Partnership, 34 F.3d 410, 412 (7th Cir.1994)). Second, the “locus of operative facts” for an action initiated by cease-and-desist letters, responding to which the alleged infringer brings a declaratory action, is the location from which the cease-and-desist letters were sent. See, e.g., Dostana Enterprises LLC v. Federal Express Corp., 2000 WL 1170134 (S.D.N.Y. Aug. 16, 2000). Finally, “transfer is not warranted if the effect is merely to shift the inconvenience from one party to the other.” Elbeco, Inc., 989 F.Supp. at 678. While AMVAC may well have relevant documents and witnesses in California, FMC’s sources of proof, including documentary evidence and witnesses, are equally centered here in Pennsylvania.

V. CONCLUSION

AMVAC has invited the Court to engage in a rather wooden review of the first-to-file rule and its relationship to the instant matter involving alleged copyright infringement of pesticide, miticide and term-iticide product labels. Engaging in such a limited view, however, would eat away at the foundation of the well-established and controlling exceptions to the first-to-file rule. See EEOC, supra, 850 F.2d at 972 (holding that the first-to-file rule “is not a mandate directing wooden application of the rule without regard to rare or extraordinary circumstances, inequitable conduct, bad faith, [anticipatory filing] or forum shopping”). Furthermore, as discussed above, because this Court finds substantial similarities between the instant matter and Control Solutions, for the sake of judicial economy, the Court will retain jurisdiction over the instant matter. See Polaroid, 213 F.Supp.. at 381 (“weight is given not to inconsequential priority in filing time but to substantial commitment to the cause, usually pre-trial involvement for many months, by the court first acquiring jurisdiction”) Thus, consistent with the guidance established by EEOC, and because the Court finds that AMVAC: (1) made an anticipatory filing (by filing the California Action prior to expiration of FMC’s 5-day deadline); (2) engaged in bad faith and inequitable conduct (by AMVAC’s failing to contemporaneously, much less, prospectively inform or timely notify FMC’s counsel or the company executive with whom AMVAC had been actively negotiating of the California Action); and (3) engaged in forum shopping and forum avoidance (conduct in which the Court finds no substantive difference), upon filing the California Action, each of the EEOC exceptions to the first-to-file rule are present: Therefore,' in the exercise of the Court’s discretion and for reasons of comity and equity, this Court declines to apply the first-to-file rule to the instant matter, instead retaining jurisdiction over this matter. The AM-VAC Motion is denied. 27

An appropriate Order follows.

Order

AND NOW, this 1st day of August, 2005, upon consideration of FMC Corporation’s Complaint (Docket No. 1), AMVAC Chemical Corporation’s Motion and Brief in Support to Dismiss or Stay, or, in the Alternative, to Transfer the Pennsylvania Action to the Central District of California (and its corrected filing) (the “AMVAC Motion”) (Docket Nos. 4 and 10), FMC’s Opposition to the AMVAC Motion (“FMC’s Response”) (Docket No. 12), AM-VAC’s Reply to FMC’s Response (“AM-VAC’s Reply”), arguments heard by the Court on June 29, 2005, AMVAC’s Post-Hearing Memorandum in Support (Docket No. 18), FMC’s Supplemental Memorandum in Opposition (Docket No. 20), and consistent with the discussion and reasoning contained within the attached memorandum of law, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED that AMVAC’s Motion to Dismiss is DENIED. The Court shall retain jurisdiction of the instant matter.

A Scheduling Order with regard to FMC’s Motion for Preliminary Injunction will follow shortly.

IT IS SO ORDERED.

1 . FMC possesses presumptively valid copyright registrations in both the Capture 2 EC label and the TalstarOne label. See FMC Memorandum of Law, Exhibits D, E, and G (the “FMC Registrations”).

2 . The facts of the instant matter are distinguishable from Control Solutions, inasmuch as that matter did not involve a data compensation agreement, pursuant to which substantial consideration allegedly was exchanged for the use of a pioneer product’s scientific data studies to be submitted to the EPA. This type of mechanism for pesticide approval is discussed below, as are data compensation agreements, generally, and the specific one at issue in the instant matter.

3 . Central District of California, Civil Action No. SACV 05-511 AHS.

4 . The DCA underlying the California Action forms the basis of several of AMVAC's claims and defenses in that case and in the dispute here, including its breach of contract claim. Nowhere in the DCA, however, is there explicit permission for AMVAC to copy FMC's product labels. Section 5.01 of the DCA specifically provides that $2.7 million is being paid by AMVAC to FMC “for the rights to the Studies...” Additionally, the DCA contains both mandatory arbitration and Delaware choice-of-law clauses. DCA, ¶ 7.09 ("The validity, interpretation, and performance of this Agreement shall be governed by the substantive laws of the State of Delaware, without reference to the conflicts of laws provisions thereof .... [A]ny dispute ... shall he resolved through binding arbitration administered by the American Arbitration Association, or such other provider of alternative dispute resolution services as both Parties may agree. Such arbitration shall be held in Washington, D.C.... ") (emphasis added).

5 .As discussed more fully below, the following statement by AMVAC may be described as disingenuous: "AMVAC served FMC [with the California Action] on May 27, 2005.” In fact, despite the fact that AMVAC had been negotiating exclusively with FMC’s lawyers from the Wolf Block firm in Philadelphia, Pennsylvai-na, AMVAC instead served the California Action papers on FMC’s corporate designee, in Delaware. AMVAC did not contemporaneously send courtesy copies of the California Action papers to FMC’s counsel. Wolf Block ' only learned of the California Action after receiving an e-mail dated Wednesday, June 1, 2005, six (6) days after the California Action was filed and only after Wolf Block had first provided courtesy notice to AMVAC that FMC, on that same day (June 1), had filed a lawsuit in Philadelphia. In fact, the recipient of the June 1 e-mail, because the message arrived at 9:52 p.m. on June 1, did not receive it until June 2, 2005, a full week after AMVAC filed the California Action. See Bunting Deck, Supp. Br. of FMC in Opp. to AMVAC Motion, 11 6.

6 . FMC subsequently filed an Amended Complaint on June 7, 2005. (Docket No. 2).

7 . In Control Solutions, this Court found, inter alia, that (1) pursuant to EPA regulations, pesticide products cannot be sold or distributed without their regulatory-approved labels and (2) that the labels are certainly of no use or value absent the product for which they have been created. Such a relationship is ironically similar to the symbiotic relationship existing between a termite and the protozoan needed to digest the fibers the termite has ingested:

Termites cannot themselves digest the wood that they consume. Instead they rely upon symbiotic protozoans (metamonads) in their intestines to digest the cellulose for them, absorbing the end products for their own use. These protozoans in turn rely on symbiotic bacteria to produce the necessary enzymes. This relationship is one of the finest examples of mutualism among animals.

http://www.absolute astronomy.com/ encyclopedia/t/te/ termite.htm (last visited, July 25, 2005).

8 .AMVAC contends that it initiated the California Action on May 26, 2005, because AM-VAC believes it needed to "confirm its rights under the $2.7 million agreement and to prevent FMC from disparaging AMVAC in the marketplace.”

9 . AMVAC filed a corrected brief in support on June 14, 2005. (Docket No. 10).

10 . The Court chooses to assume that, going forward, the parties (and their counsel) will assiduously avoid any other examples of the sharp ''gotcha” practices (or similar conduct) that form the basis for the Court’s decision here.

11 . For an additional lengthy discussion of FI-FRA, see this Court's Contivl Solutions Memorandum, supra, 369 F.Supp.2d at 543.

12 . The Court has found no support for the proposition that the EPA, through FIFRA or another regulation, permits or requires a ''me-too” applicant to copy a competitor’s label without permission or other authority. See Control Solutions, 369 F.Supp.2d at 568-71. Cf. SmithKline Beecham Consumer Healthcare, LP. v. Watson Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 211 F.3d 21, 22 (2d Cir.2000).

13 . AMVAC argues in this litigation for an interpretation of the DCA by which "data” means the same thing as "all of the language, including all of the scientific data studies, contained in FMC’s related product labels.” This issue will, of course, be an important feature of this case.

14 . In early 2005, FMC applied for copyright registrations for the product labels at issue here. Thereafter, in March 2005, FMC accused AMVAC of copyright infringement. FMC Amended Complaint at ¶ 43.

15 .Additionally, as part of the DCA, FMC released AMVAC from "any and all claims for data compensation under FIFRA, or any successor statute, arising from AMVAC's offers to pay compensation for its reliance on the Studies in order to obtain registrations contemplated under this Agreement, and any present and future end-use registrations for products formulated from AMVAC’s Bifenthrin Technical Registration product by AMVAC or its Customers.” Id. at 8.

16 . As of the date of this Memorandum, the Court has been notified that the remaining issues in Control Solutions are subject to a settlement agreement.

17 . Unlike the current dispute, Control Solutions did not involve a data compensation agreement.

18 . AMVAC was aware of the Control Solutions case prior to filing the California Action. However, in the initial California Action filing, AMVAC failed to mention Control Solutions or this Court's Memorandum and Order of May 16, 2005. Such a presumably conscious failure to highlight a major prospective issue, in addition to the disquieting apparent lack of courtesy and professionalism with regard to AMVAC's failure to appropriately notify, and serve the California Action directly upon, FMC's Wolf Block counsel (the lawyers with whom AMVAC had been actively negotiating immediately prior to the filing) supports FMC’s theory that AMVAC was indeed racing to its local courthouse steps while also trying to lull FMC into believing that it was negotiating in good faith.

19 .In a letter dated June 3, 2005, counsel for AMVAC alleges that:

[W]e are informed that FMC is using this statement [''CSI also knowingly and willingly assisted other generic manufacturers to label their respective bifenthrin-based products with a similarly infringing label”] when contacting Amvac's customers to confuse Amvac's customers in to. believing that Amvac is bound by the [Control Solutions ] order. This is an improper interference with Amvac's business relationships and is negatively affecting Amvac’s business with these customers right now.

Letter from A. Rose to A. Fletman, dated June 3, 2005. No evidence has been presented to the Court to support this AMVAC allegation.

20 . In the Control Solutions decision of May 16, 2005, the Court entered a preliminary injunction in favor of FMC that, inter alia, enjoined Control Solutions from continuing to label and sell its product, Bifen I/T, until it received approval for a non-infringing label from the EPA. See Control Solutions Order.

21 . Nonetheless, AMVAC counters that it believed the negotiations with FMC had been terminated by May 26, 2005, and AMVAC therefore had the right to file the California Action. From the record, it appears that negotiations between FMC and AMVAC had been continuing, on-and-off, since March 2005, when FMC first began to address its belief that competitors such as Control Solutions, AMVAC and others were infringing on the copyrights FMC holds in certain of its product labels. In sum, AMVAC contends that, by May 26, 2005, it had become so frustrated with alleged threats of litigation that AMVAC chose to act. Nonetheless, prior to the filing of the California Action, it also appears from a full review of the record that FMC, through both its executives and its lawyers, had been attempting to negotiate in good faith. Even if what AMVAC states is true, i.e., the parties could not come to an agreement if FMC refused to allow AMVAC to continue selling its product during the pen-dency of new, non-infringing AMVAC labels being reviewed by the EPA, FMC's position on the issue did not amount to a justification for the AMVAC’s dash to the courthouse.

Moreover, it appears that FMC's attempt to negotiate from what it believed to be a more persuasive position became more earnest in the days after this Court's ruling in Control Solutions. Thus, it appears from the record here that FMC, at the time AMVAC decided to file the California Action, was certainly trying to leverage the Control Solutions ruling against AMVAC for its alleged copyright violations. It is unlikely that AMVAC missed the point.

22 . Similarly, after reviewing the Control Solutions decision that enjoined one of FMC and AMVAC’s competitors from selling its product with an allegedly infringing label, it makes logical sense that AMVAC would try to avoid the venue where the Control Solutions matter was adjudicated.

23 . See, e.g., Factors, Etc. v. Pro Arts, Inc., 579 F.2d 215, 219 (2d Cir.1978) (exception to the first-filed rule where declaratory judgment action was triggered by a notice letter and filed in anticipation of a coercive suit); Z-Line Designs, Inc. v. Bell’O International LLC, 218 F.R.D. 663, 667 (N.D.Cal.2003) ("where as here a declaratory judgment action has been triggered by a cease ánd desist letter, equity militates in favor of allowing the second-filed action to proceed to judgment rather than the first”); Chicago Ins. Co. v. Holzer, 2000 WL 777907 at *2 (S.D.N.Y.2000) (filing of declar- atoiy judgment action triggered by a notice letter is a "persuasive indicator of anticipatory conduct”); Charles Schwab & Co., Inc. v. Duffy, 1998 WL 879659 at *1 (N.D.Cal. Dec. 8, 1998) (applying the first-filed rule in cases of anticipatory suits "would thwart settlement negotiations, as intellectual property holders would feel compelled to file suit rather than communicate with an alleged infringer"); Hanson PLC v. Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, Inc., 932 F.Supp. 104, 107 (S.D.N.Y.1996) ("Where the first-filed case is a declaratory judgment action precipitated by a demand letter and filed in anticipation of the later action, the second-filed action will be allowed to go forward in plaintiff's chosen forum”); NSI Corp. v. Showco, Inc., 843 F.Supp. 642, 645 (D.Or.1994) (“first-filed” rule does not apply where “the party seeking declaratory judgment unfairly took advantage of the other in a race to the courthouse”); Bausch & Lomb Inc. v. Alcide Corp., 684 F.Supp. 1155, 1159-60 (W.D.N.Y.1987) (the court declined to enjoin second-filed action and accordingly transferred first-filed action where the first-filed action was anticipatory and unnecessarily "raised the sword of litigation”).

24 . AMVAC argues that FMC was perfectly happy not to sue AMVAC, because FMC was enjoying success in the marketplace against AMVAC by allegedly misrepresenting the effect of the Control Solutions decision. The Court finds, however, such an argument cuts both ways, inasmuch as AMVAC could have filed its California Action in early March 2005 upon first learning of FMC’s claims of copyright infringement. Instead, it appears from the record that both parties to the instant litigation declined to take more affirmative steps until after this Court’s Control Solutions decision was rendered.

During oral argument, held by the Court on June 29, 2005, AMVAC’s counsel conceded that, in fact, AMVAC did not seek declaratory relief prior to the Court’s Control Solutions decision because:

... there were discussions ongoing, and we had hoped to resolve the dispute regarding the interpretation of the language. And we were unsuccessful in doing that, and reached a point where we decided we needed to have success because of the [alleged] behavior of FMC in the marketplace.

25 . Courts condone neither forum shopping nor forum avoidance. In either situation, a ' court has the discretion to depart from the first-to-file rule. See EEOC, supra. There is no requirement that a court find that the first-filing plaintiff was motivated solely by forum shopping for the that court to apply the controlling EEOC exceptions to the first-to-file rule. As the Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit has stated, "[b]ecause the first-filed rule is based on principles of comity and equity, it should not apply when at least one of the filing party’s motives is to circumvent local law and preempt an imminent ... action [in the local forum].” EEOC, 850 F.2d at 978. Thus, AMVAC’s reliance on Eui Seob Kim v. Su Heon Kim, supra, 324 F.Supp.2d 628, is misplaced. In Eui Seob Kim, the court found that defendants offered no evidence that plaintiff was seeking "to avoid unhelpful law or benefit from favorable law.” Id. Here, on the contrary, the Court finds that many of EEOC’s equitable exceptions apply.

Thus, a court should determine whether a party is attempting to evade "negative law,” or "forum avoidance,” when "forum shopping” is alleged. See Stone Creek Mechanical, Inc. v. Carnes Co., Inc., 2002 WL 31424390 at *2 (E.D.Pa. Oct. 25, 2002) (rejecting plaintiff’s attempt to characterize defendant’s actions as forum shopping after analyzing whether defendant’s first-filed action was "motivated by a desire to avoid- negative law in the Third Circuit or seek shelter under more favorable law” in a different court). Additionally, a litigant should not be permitted to resist the transfer of his case to another court on the ■ground that the transferee court "will or may interpret federal law in a manner less favorable to him [inasmuch as] [w]e have no sim-pathy with shopping around.” See Polaroid Corp., 213 F.Supp. at 384 (quoting Clayton v. Warlick, 232 F.2d 699, 706 (4th Cir.1956)). See also, cf. Wireless Consumers Alliance, Inc. v. T-Mobile USA, Inc., 2003 WL 22387598 at *6 (N.D.Cal. Oct. 14, 2003) (holding that attempting to "avoid a particular judge or precedent[ ] is exactly the kind of forum shopping anticipated and expressly prohibited by the local rules of many districts”) (citations omitted). Finally, despite the fact that Control Solutions is not a controlling decision, it is likely not a decision that AMVAC would happily embrace. Therefore, the Court finds the following discussion from the District Court for the District of Columbia with regard to forum shopping and forum avoidance to be instructive:

[T]he transfer provisions in the U.S.Code, which great [sic] out of the common law doctrine of forum non conveniens, were in part intended to prevent forum shopping. This Court cannot find that it is in the interest of justice'to encourage, or even allow, a plaintiff to select one district exclu sively or primarily to obtain or avoid specific precedents, particularly in circumstances such as these where the relevant law is unsettled and the choice of forum may well dictate the outcome of the case.

While choice of an advantageous forum alone might not warrant a transfer, as plaintiff asserts, when such forum shopping is considered with the other factors in this case, i.e., the complete lack of nexus with [this district court] and the relatively more convenient forum available in the [another district court], it is clear that this case should be transferred to that district.

Turner & Newall, PLC v. Canadian Universal Ins. Co., 652 F.Supp. 1308, 1312 (D.D.C.1987) (citation omitted).

26 . As further evidence of AMVAC’s calculating and disingenuous conduct, the Court need only review AMVAC's own words:

8. I have been informed and believe that a complaint was filed on behalf of AMVAC on Thursday, May 26, 2005 and properly served on FMC in Delaware on Friday, May 27, 2005. In view of our cordial relationship, I wanted to personally inform Mr. Steele of AMVAC’s decision to let the courts resolve this matter.

9. On Tuesday, May 31, 2005, I called Mr. Steele. Friday, May 27, 2005, I was out of the office on pressing business matters and Monday, May 30, 2005, was a holiday.

10.Mr. Steele returned my call on Wednesday[,] June 1, 2005. During our conversation I told Mr. Steele that in view of FMC's rejection of our key settlement requirement the court would have to help us sort out these issues.

Second Supp. Wintemute Decl., ¶¶ 8-10 (emphasis added). Apparently, the Wintemute-Steele relationship was not so cordial (or respectfully professional) for Mr. Wintemute to take the time to call Mr. Steele on May 26, rather than 5 days later, on May 31, to inform FMC of the California Action.

27 . On July 25, 2005, the court before which the California Action is pending, denied AM-VAC's Ex Parte Application for Preliminary Injunction. In its “Findings of Fact,” the California district court found:

17. The Data Compensation Agreement does not by its terms authorize AMVAC to use FMC’s labels to sell AMVAC’s Wisdom TC Flowable and Discipline 2EC bifenthrin products. (Froelich Decl. Ex. 5.).

18. The Data Compensation Agreement entered into between the parties does not address the use of FMC's labels in connection with the sale or distribution of AM-VAC's bifenthrin products. (Froelich Decl. Ex. 5.).

19. Section 5.01 of the Data Compensation Agreement provides that the $2.7 million is being paid by AMVAC to FMC "for the rights to the Studies ...” (Id.). As defined, "Studies” does not mention or include product labels. (Froelich Decl. Ex. 5, § 1.07).

31. Neither the May 19 Letter nor the Press Release mention AMVAC or state that AMVAC is subject to the Control Solutions decision. Additionally, neither the May 19 Letter nor the Press Release suggest that AMVAC is bound by the Control Solutions decision. Rather, both the May 19 Letter and Press Release quote or paraphrase from the Control Solutions decision. See Control Solutions, 369 F.Supp.2d at 545.

32. AMVAC has not presented any evidence that the phrase "other generic manufacturers” as used in the May 19 Letter and Press Release refers to, implies, or otherwise insinuates that the Control Solutions decision applies to, binds, or otherwise encompasses AMVAC.

33. AMVAC has not submitted any evidence that any person understood (or misunderstood) the phrase "other generic manufacturers” in the May 19 Letter and Press Release to refer to AMVAC. Nor is there any evidence that FMC intended that the phrase "other generic manufacturers” include, refer to, or encompass AMVAC.

34. There is no evidence that any person, including any customer or distributor of AMVAC's products, refused to buy AMVAC products as a result of the May 19 Letter or Press Release. AMVAC also has not submitted any evidence that it has lost any sales of its bifenthrin-based products since the May 19 Letter or Press Release were issued.

35. AMVAC has not presented any evidence of any public statement or any statement to any third party by FMC other than the May 19 Letter and Press Release concerning the Control Solutions decision. Nor has AMVAC presented evidence of any other communication or public statement that has stated, suggested, or implied that AMVAC is bound by the Control Solutions decision.

36.AMVAC claims that “AMVAC has gathered evidence ... that FMC’s representatives have suggested to AMVAC's customers that the [Control Solutions ] order does in fact cover AMVAC’s products.” (AM-VAC's Memo. In Support of Temporary Restraining Order ("TRO Memo.”) at 15). However, other than the May 19 Letter and Press Release, AMVAC has not produced any admissible evidence that FMC (or any of its representatives) has made any statements concerning the Control Solutions decision or concerning AMVAC. Nor has AM-VAC produced any evidence, admissible or otherwise, concerning the substance, content, time, or place of any such statements.

Moreover, in its "Conclusions of Law,” the California Action district court held:

46. The May 19 Letter and Press Release are true on their face.

47. The May 19 Letter and Press Release accurately and truthfully characterize the Control Solutions decision and thus are not false.

48. Neither the May 19 Letter or Press Release falsely implicate or purport to falsely implicate AMVAC. Rather, the term "other generic manufacturers” was used by the district court, and FMC fairly reported in the May 19 Letter and Press Release that the Control Solutions court "found that” Control Solutions "assisted other generic manufacturers” to label their products with an infringing label.

49. AMVAC also fails to meet its burden of showing that the May 19 Letter and Press Release have misled any of its customers or are likely to mislead its customers.

52. The Court does not find evidence that any of the recipients or readers of the May 19 Letter or Press Release were deceived or are likely to be deceived by the May 19 Letter or Press Release.

53. AMVAC has not submitted consumer surveys, declarations, or admissible statements from any recipient of FMC's communications who claims to have been misled or deceived by them. See Sandoz, 902 F.2d at 229 ("[A] plaintiff must produce consumer surveys or some surrogate therefor to prove whether consumers expect an advertising claim to be substantiated ...”). If AMVAC’s customers had been misled or deceived by the May 19 Letter or Press Release, it is reasonable to expect that at least one of those customers would have so testified. In the absence of such evidence, the Court has no basis to conclude that any person has been misled or deceived, or is likely to have been misled or deceived, by the May 19 Letter or Press Release.

75. [The statement that] AMVAC's customers have reduced their supply of generic bifenthrin products is pure speculation and conjecture. AMVAC has not presented any evidence to support its claim that any such reduction in purchasing has taken place.

79. [...] The evidence is undisputed that since the May 19 Letter and Press Release were issued, FMC has not issued any public statements or sent any correspondence to any third parties concerning the Control Solutions decision or its pending litigation in this Court and in the Eastern District of Pennsylvania. (Froelich Decl. ¶ 19.)