Faysal Jama v. State Farm Mutual Automobile Insurance Company

113 F.4th 924

• Court: Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit
• Decided: August 19, 2024
• Docket: 22-35449
• Status: Published

Opinion

FOR PUBLICATION

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

FAYSAL A. JAMA, on behalf of No. 22-35449 himself and all other similarly situated; JAMES KELLEY; ANYSA D.C. Nos. NGETHPHARAT, 2:20-cv-00454- MJP Plaintiffs-Appellants, 2:20-cv-00652- MJP v.

STATE FARM MUTUAL OPINION AUTOMOBILE INSURANCE COMPANY; STATE FARM FIRE AND CASUALTY COMPANY,

Defendants-Appellees.

Appeal from the United States District Court for the Western District of Washington Marsha J. Pechman, District Judge, Presiding

Argued and Submitted June 13, 2023 Portland, Oregon

Filed August 19, 2024 2 JAMA V. STATE FARM MUT. AUTO. INS. CO.

Before: Johnnie B. Rawlinson and Jennifer Sung, Circuit Judges, and Jed S. Rakoff, * District Judge.

Opinion by Judge Rakoff; Dissent by Judge Rawlinson

SUMMARY **

Washington Insurance Law

In a putative class action brought under Washington law by drivers who alleged that their insurers failed to pay them the actual cash value of their cars after their cars were totaled in accidents, the panel (1) reversed the district court’s order decertifying the negotiation class, (2) affirmed the order decertifying the condition class, (3) vacated the district court’s entry of summary judgment against each named plaintiff, and (4) remanded for the district court to analyze whether plaintiffs have introduced sufficient evidence of injury. Plaintiffs contended that their insurers applied two putatively unlawful discounts in calculating their vehicles’ actual cash value: (1) a negotiation discount meant to capture the typical amount buyers may negotiate down the price of a replacement car, and (2) a condition discount meant to capture the typical amount by which an insured’s

* The Honorable Jed S. Rakoff, United States District Judge for the Southern District of New York, sitting by designation. ** This summary constitutes no part of the opinion of the court. It has been prepared by court staff for the convenience of the reader. JAMA V. STATE FARM MUT. AUTO. INS. CO. 3

car’s actual condition might be worse than the condition of cars of comparable make and age on sale at dealers. The district court initially certified two classes: a negotiation class and a condition class. However, following this court’s decision in Lara v. First National Insurance Company of America, 25 F.4th 1134 (9th Cir. 2022), the district court decertified each class and entered summary judgment against plaintiffs based on their putative failure to demonstrate injury. The panel held that the district court abused its discretion in decertifying the negotiation class because plaintiffs established that injury could be calculated on a class-wide basis by adding back the putatively unlawful negotiation adjustment to determine the value each class member should have received. The panel held that the district court did not abuse its discretion in decertifying the condition class because measuring each class member’s injury required an individualized comparison of the putatively unlawful condition adjustment that their insurers actually applied and the hypothetical condition adjustment that their insurers could have lawfully applied. The panel reversed the district court’s summary judgment in favor of insurers as to the named plaintiffs’ individual claims, and remanded for the district court to evaluate anew whether the named plaintiffs have adduced sufficient evidence of injury consistent with this opinion. Finally, the panel rejected the insurers’ alternative argument that Article III was a barrier to plaintiffs’ suit. 4 JAMA V. STATE FARM MUT. AUTO. INS. CO.

Dissenting, Judge Rawlinson would hold that the majority opinion directly conflicts with Lara, and creates an unnecessary circuit split.

COUNSEL

Scott P. Nealey (argued), Law Office of Scott P. Nealey, San Francisco, California; Mark A. Trivett, Badgley Mullins Turner PLLC, Shoreline, Washington; Daniel R. Whitmore, Law Office of Daniel Whitmore, Tukwila, Washington; Stephen M. Hansen, Law Offices of Stephen M. Hansen PS, Tacoma, Washington; for Plaintiffs-Appellants. Bradley J. Hamburger (argued), Daniel R. Adler, and Matt A. Getz, Gibson Dunn & Crutcher LLP, Los Angeles, California and Kristin A. Linsley, Gibson Dunn & Crutcher LLP, San Francisco, California; Peter W. Herzog III, Wheeler Trigg O'Donnell LLP, St. Louis, Missouri; Eric L. Robertson, Wheeler Trigg O'Donnell LLP, Denver, Colorado; Daniel N. Nightingale, Yetter Coleman LLP, Houston, Texas; for Defendants-Appellees. JAMA V. STATE FARM MUT. AUTO. INS. CO. 5

OPINION

Rakoff, District Judge,

Plaintiffs represent a class of drivers whose cars were “totaled” in accidents such that repair is impracticable and replacement necessary. Under Washington law, their insurers, State Farm Mutual Automobile Insurance Company and State Farm Fire and Casualty Company (collectively, “State Farm”) 1 must pay them the “actual cash value” of their cars. Plaintiffs contend that State Farm did not do so, because in calculating their vehicles’ actual cash value, State Farm applied two putatively unlawful discounts: (1) a “negotiation” discount meant to capture the typical amount buyers may negotiate down the price of a replacement car, and (2) a “condition” discount meant to capture the typical amount by which an insured’s car’s actual condition might be worse than the condition of cars of comparable make and age on sale at dealers. Plaintiffs contend that Washington law entirely forbids the negotiation discount and does not allow State Farm to apply the condition discount in the manner it did. The district court initially agreed with Plaintiffs as to their theories of liability and certified two classes of similarly situated insureds: a “negotiation” class and a “condition” class. Following our decision in Lara v. First National Insurance Company of America, 25 F.4th 1134 (9th Cir. 2022), however, the district court decertified each class and entered summary judgment against the named Plaintiffs

1 Defendant State Farm Fire and Casualty Company is a wholly owned subsidiary of Defendant State Farm Mutual Automobile Insurance Company. 6 JAMA V. STATE FARM MUT. AUTO. INS. CO.

based on their putative failure to demonstrate injury. Because we conclude that the class based on the negotiation discount can prove injury on a class-wide basis, we reverse the district court’s decision decertifying the negotiation class. However, because the condition class here is in all relevant aspects identical to the one in Lara, we affirm the district court’s decision to decertify the condition class. I. BACKGROUND This appeal concerns putative class actions against State Farm based on how it compensates vehicle owners following crashes where the vehicles are “totaled”—meaning they are not reparable as a practical matter and need to be entirely replaced. Under the State of Washington’s insurance regulations, an insurer owes an insured the “actual cash value” of a totaled car. Wash. Admin. Code § 284-30-391. “Actual cash value” is defined as “the fair market value of the loss vehicle immediately prior to the loss.” Id. § 284-30- 320(1). Washington’s insurance regulations set forth various ways in which an insurer may go about ascertaining actual cash value, including by basing it on data for comparable vehicles in the local area, obtaining quotes from licensed dealers, analyzing data of advertised comparable vehicles, and so on. Id. § 284-30-391(2). While these regulations do not themselves create a direct cause of action, Plaintiffs contend they are incorporated into their insurance contracts and that a violation of the insurance regulations also constitutes a violation of the Washington Consumer Protection Act (“WCPA”), pursuant to which they are authorized to sue. See Lara, 25 F.4th at 1136. As relevant here, after an insured’s vehicle is totaled, the claims process ordinarily begins with an inspection of the car by a State Farm estimator. Following this inspection, JAMA V. STATE FARM MUT. AUTO. INS. CO. 7

something called an “Autosource” report is prepared by a third-party vendor called Autodex. Such reports are used in over 99% of cases to prepare an initial valuation of the totaled car. The Autosource reports survey databases of the advertised price of comparable makes and models, and then make various “adjustments.” The relevant adjustments include: (1) a “condition” adjustment, and (2) a “negotiation” adjustment. The condition adjustment assumes that the typical car in use is in worse condition and would sell for less than comparable cars advertised by dealers and reduces the advertised price by that difference. The negotiation adjustment assumes that the typical customer negotiates with the dealer and buys a car for less than the advertised price and is designed to capture that price difference. Following preparation of the Autosource report, a State Farm claims handler reviews it to verify, among other things, the car’s mileage, equipment, and condition. The handler then contacts the insured to discuss the preliminary valuation; if the insured can provide new information regarding the car’s value, that may feed back into the valuation. If anything other than the Autosource report is used for valuation, that is documented and management approval is sought. If the parties cannot reach agreement as to the valuation, they instead pursue a process involving independent appraisers. In both of the cases consolidated and under review here, Plaintiffs challenge the negotiation adjustment. They argue that Washington law specifies which price components insurers may consider when determining “actual cash value,” and that negotiation discounts are not among them. State Farm moved to dismiss, but the district court agreed with Plaintiffs that Washington law does not allow insurers 8 JAMA V. STATE FARM MUT. AUTO. INS. CO.

to make negotiation adjustments and that Plaintiffs had therefore stated claims for both breach-of-contract and unfair trade practices under the WCPA. In one of the cases, plaintiff Faysal A. Jama also challenges the condition adjustment. Unlike negotiation adjustments, Washington law expressly allows insurers to make “appropriate” condition adjustments. See Wash. Admin. Code § 284-30-391(4)(b), but Jama claims that State Farm’s condition adjustments are inappropriate because they lack sufficient empirical foundation. The district court denied State Farm’s motion to dismiss the condition adjustment claim, concluding that Jama’s allegations that State Farm had “provided no basis on which to verify whether the perceived condition deduction was ‘appropriate’” were sufficient to show a violation of Section 391(4)(b) and state a breach of contract claim. The district court then certified two classes. For both cases, it certified a “negotiation class,” consisting of: (1) Washington-based, State Farm insured car-owners whose vehicles were totaled, (2) “where [their] claims for total loss were evaluated by State Farm using the Autosource valuation system which took a deduction/adjustment for ‘typical negotiation,’” (3) “where such claims were settled and paid using the amount determined in the Autosource valuation which took a deduction/adjustment for ‘typical negotiation,’” and (4) “where such claims were paid . . . without the parties . . . using[] an alternative appraisal process.” And, in Jama, the court certified a “condition” class consisting of: (1) Washington-based, State Farm insured car-owners whose vehicles were totaled, (2) where loss claims were evaluated “using the Autosource valuation system which took deductions for the condition of the loss vehicle,” (3) where such claims were later paid using an JAMA V. STATE FARM MUT. AUTO. INS. CO. 9

amount determined by Autosource that “took deductions for the condition of the loss vehicle,” and (4) “where such claims were paid . . . without the parties . . . using[] an alternative appraisal process.” Although the Plaintiffs proposed broader classes that would have included anyone who simply received an Autosource report containing one or both of the disputed adjustments, the district court reasoned that such classes would include persons not actually injured by such adjustments. (This might happen if, for instance, the parties negotiated a different payment from that laid out in the Autosource report, or if they pursued the appraisal route.) It therefore narrowed the proposed classes to “include only those paid the value determined in an Autosource Report with the [relevant] discount applied.” This ensured that the value of any unlawful adjustment could be determined on a class-wide basis. Subsequently, this Court decided Lara v. First National Insurance Company of America, 25 F.4th 1134 (9th Cir. 2022) where we held that a district court faced with what was in some respects a similar putative class action—but which focused only on disputed “condition” adjustments—did not abuse its discretion in declining to certify a class. Id. at 1138–40. In Lara, the valuation process of insurer Liberty Mutual (“Liberty”) involved, as here, obtain[ing] a “report about the value of ‘comparable vehicles,’” following an inspection. Id. at 1136. Liberty worked with CCC Intelligent Solutions (“CCC”) to develop these valuation reports. Id. And as in this case, that report “us[ed] a database of cars at dealerships all around the country,” “start[ing] with the value of comparable cars—other cars that are a similar make and model, are in similar condition, and have similar features,” before applying various adjustments. Id. Again, as 10 JAMA V. STATE FARM MUT. AUTO. INS. CO.

in this case, one such adjustment—applied uniformly across totaled cars—was a “condition adjustment” that reduced the estimated value of a totaled car relative to comparable cars sold at dealerships on the theory that comparable cars sold at dealerships “are usually in pretty good condition,” and therefore likely worth more than an insured’s totaled vehicle even if in most respects comparable. Id. at 1136–37. In Lara, “[p]laintiffs’ theory of the case [wa]s that Liberty violate[d] Washington’s insurance regulations by not itemizing or explaining this downward ‘condition adjustment,’ which makes it impossible to verify.” Id. at 1137. The Lara plaintiffs defined their proposed class to include any Washington-based driver whose car was totaled and who received at some point during Liberty’s claims evaluation process a valuation report including the putatively unlawful (because it was un-itemized) condition adjustment. Id. at 1137, 1139. The proposed class included plaintiffs whose cars were valued using the CCC report with no further adjustments, plaintiffs for whom the CCC report provided a starting point for a higher negotiated offer, and plaintiffs who availed themselves of an alternative appraisal process. Id. Given this lack of uniformity, the district court declined to certify a proposed damages class “because it held both that individual questions predominated over common questions and that individualized trials were superior to a class action.” Id. at 1136. On appeal, we concluded that “[n]either holding was an abuse of discretion” and affirmed. Id. In Lara we recognized that “[w]hether Liberty and CCC’s condition adjustment violates the Washington state regulations” was a question common to the class. Id. at 1138. But, answering that common question “require[d] an individualized determination for each plaintiff” because JAMA V. STATE FARM MUT. AUTO. INS. CO. 11

Washington’s insurance regulations did “not provide a private cause of action,” such as would allow plaintiffs to prevail on any element of their claim merely by showing the illegality of Liberty’s non-itemized conditions adjustment. Id. at 1138–40. Plaintiffs’ actual causes of action for breach of contract and unfair business practices under the WCPA each included an element of injury. Id. at 1139. This meant each plaintiff had to show that they received less money than they were owed; in other words, that they received less than the vehicle’s pre-crash “actual cash value,” which in turn was defined as its “fair market value.” Id. at 1136 (quoting Wash. Admin. Code § 284-30-320(1)). First, we held that the class proposed in that case might easily include class members who were not actually injured by the un-itemized adjustments to vehicle value in CCC reports. 2 Id. at 1139. For example, we observed such a class might include: (1) persons for whom the condition adjustment was ultimately revised upward, (2) persons with whom Liberty negotiated a different amount, and (3) persons who challenged Liberty’s valuation and ultimately received an appraisal to determine value. None of these persons would have been obviously injured by the inclusion of the disputed adjustment. Id. Second, we noted that even those individuals whose claims were paid based on CCC reports containing the disputed condition adjustments might not have been injured if the adjustment accurately approximated or overestimated the condition of their vehicles. Id. That

2 As explained supra at 9, the district court in this case avoided this problem by narrowing the class to include only those who were paid the value assessed in the Autosource report, less the negotiation discount. Individuals who negotiated a higher payment than the Autosource valuation and individuals who used an alternative appraisal process were excluded from the modified class. 12 JAMA V. STATE FARM MUT. AUTO. INS. CO.

might happen, for instance, if an individual’s car was in worse condition than comparable cars considered by CCC, such that Liberty, consistent with Washington law, could have applied an even greater adjustment if it had been appropriately itemized. Because such questions would need to be resolved individually, this Court held that the district court did not err in declining to certify a class. Id. Following Lara, the district court in this case decertified both the negotiation and condition classes and granted summary judgment to State Farm on the individual Plaintiffs’ claims. It reasoned that, under Lara, the mere fact of an illegal adjustment under Washington’s insurance regulations did not suffice to establish injury. Because an insured might ultimately be paid their vehicle’s actual cash value or more notwithstanding an unlawful adjustment, the district court found that the Plaintiffs could not prove injury on a class-wide basis by relying on class members’ car value as calculated in the Autosource reports less the amount of the challenged negotiation or condition adjustments. And the Court went further, reasoning that “[t]he Ninth Circuit’s decision in Lara makes clear that Plaintiffs have not provided sufficient evidence of injury to sustain their claims and that they lack standing,” and that accordingly “Lara compels summary judgment in State Farm’s favor.” This appeal followed. II. ANALYSIS We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. §§ 1291 and 1294. The district court’s decision to decertify a class is reviewed for abuse of discretion. Lara, 25 F.4th at 1138. However, because courts lack “discretion to get the law wrong,” any order granting or denying certification based on a legal error necessarily involves an abuse of discretion. Id. (citing JAMA V. STATE FARM MUT. AUTO. INS. CO. 13

Hawkins v. Comparet-Cassani, 251 F.3d 1230, 1237 (9th Cir. 2001)). We review the district court’s entry of summary judgment de novo. Campidoglio LLC v. Wells Fargo & Co., 870 F.3d 963, 973 (9th Cir. 2017). Regarding the class decertifications, we conclude that the district court abused its discretion in decertifying the negotiation class. For this class, Plaintiffs established that injury could be calculated on a class-wide basis by adding back the putatively unlawful negotiation adjustment to determine the value each class member should have received. However, we affirm the district court’s decertification of the condition class, since no one disputes that State Farm could have applied a lawful condition adjustment to each member of that class. Accordingly, it was not an abuse of discretion to conclude that measuring each class member’s injury requires an individualized comparison of the putatively unlawful condition adjustment that State Farm actually applied and the hypothetical condition adjustment that State Farm could have lawfully applied. We also reverse the district court’s grant of summary judgment in State Farm’s favor as to all of the named Plaintiffs’ individual claims. We hold that nothing in Lara prevents Plaintiffs from relying on the Autosource reports as evidence of injury. We do not decide whether Plaintiffs have presented sufficient evidence of injury to survive summary judgment. Instead, we remand that question to the district court. We discuss each conclusion below. 14 JAMA V. STATE FARM MUT. AUTO. INS. CO.

A. The district court’s decertification orders 1. The Negotiation Class The district court made an error of law by assuming Lara required decertification of the negotiation class despite (1) material differences between the negotiation class definition presented here and the condition class definition presented in Lara, and (2) material differences between the negotiation claim presented here and the condition claim presented in Lara. In Lara, we held that common proof that an insurer unlawfully applied a standardized adjustment for the condition of a totaled vehicle in violation of Washington regulations would not suffice to establish class-wide injury. This was so for two reasons. First, the proposed class in Lara included any insured for whom such an adjustment was used in the insurer’s initial valuation report, even if that adjustment was not ultimately reflected in the insurer’s final payout. For instance, while the disputed condition adjustment in Lara involved a uniform downward adjustment to Liberty’s estimate of value, that adjustment merely provided a starting place. Liberty and its contractee responsible for preparing the reports, CCC, “also look[ed] at the actual pre-accident condition of the totaled car,” such that, “[i]f [the car] was in great condition, then CCC reverse[d] the negative adjustment and sometimes even applie[d] a positive adjustment.” Id. at 1137. Because of this process, the proposed class of all drivers whose valuation process began with a report including the disputed condition adjustment would “include [] plaintiff[s] for whom Liberty used the CCC report with the disputed condition adjustment but ultimately gave a higher offer, either because of an upward adjustment or just as part of negotiations.” Id. at JAMA V. STATE FARM MUT. AUTO. INS. CO. 15

1139. Further, since insureds who challenged Liberty’s valuation could opt instead into a process for having their car appraised, the proposed class would “also include [] plaintiff[s] who at first received the CCC report [with the challenged adjustment] but whose car was valued with an appraisal.” Id. In other words, the class proposed in Lara would have included an unknown number of class members whose actual payout was untethered from the putatively unlawful adjustment, precluding common proof that all class members were injured by that adjustment. Here, however, the district court, well before Lara, anticipated and solved this problem through its definition of the negotiation class. The district court rejected Plaintiffs’ proposed class 3 precisely because such class would “include[] insureds who were not necessarily paid the amount determined in an Autosource Report with the typical negotiation discount applied” and who would therefore “not have injuries directly traceable to the negotiation discount and resolution of the legality of the deduction would not necessarily resolve their claims.” But “[r]ather than deny class certification” on this basis, the district court “revise[d] the class definition to include only those [who were] paid the value determined in an Autosource report with the negotiation discount applied.” On this basis, the district court declined to appoint one of the named plaintiffs, Ngethpharat, as a class representative because her payout was in fact not based on her initial Autosource report including the disputed adjustment. This narrowing of the proposed class sufficed by itself to prevent many of the situations we discussed at length

3 Like the class proposed in Lara, Plaintiffs’ proposed class would have included any insured whose initial valuation report included one of the disputed adjustments. 16 JAMA V. STATE FARM MUT. AUTO. INS. CO.

in Lara where class members might not have been injured by the putatively unlawful adjustment. Second, Lara anticipated that even as to “a plaintiff whose car was valued using the CCC report with the disputed condition adjustment, and for whom Liberty used CCC’s estimate without making any further adjustments . . . the district court would have to look into the actual value of the car, to see if there was an injury.” Id. In Lara, class members for whom the disputed condition adjustment was too big (because their car’s condition was better than CCC reported) were injured, but class members for whom the disputed condition adjustment was correct or too small (because their car’s condition was as bad or worse than CCC reported) were not injured, and there was no way to determine whether a class member was injured on a class- wide basis. Here, the district court took the Lara court’s language regarding the condition adjustment and, assuming it applied equally to the negotiation adjustment, concluded that its narrowing of Plaintiffs’ class definitions was insufficient to ensure that injury could be proved on a class-wide basis for the negotiation class. The district court reasoned that Lara required some additional individualized assessment of injury beyond the showing that an insured’s payout was based on an unlawful adjustment. In so holding, the district court ignored the nature of the putatively unlawful condition adjustment at issue in Lara and how it differs critically from the negotiation adjustment at issue here: in essence, the parties agree that Washington law allows a condition adjustment; the parties dispute only whether State Farm calculates the condition adjustment lawfully. But Plaintiffs contend that Washington law flatly prohibits any negotiation adjustment; and if Plaintiffs are correct about that legal issue, JAMA V. STATE FARM MUT. AUTO. INS. CO. 17

then each Plaintiff suffered damages equal to the amount of the negotiation adjustment that State Farm made. As explained further below, that difference between the condition and negotiation claims dictates a different outcome for the negotiation class. As described above, Washington law requires insurers to pay the owners of totaled vehicles their vehicles’ “actual cash value,” defined as “the fair market value of the loss vehicle immediately prior to the loss.” Wash. Admin. Code § 284-30-320(1). But Washington law does not leave it at that. It also tells insurers in some detail how to estimate vehicles’ “actual cash” or “fair market value.” For example, insurers may do so by: (1) obtaining quotes for a similar vehicle from multiple local licensed dealers, (2) averaging locally advertised prices of comparable vehicles, or (3) relying on “a computerized source to establish a statistically valid actual cash value” based on data sources meeting certain criteria. Id. § 284-30-391(2). Washington law further requires insurers to “[b]ase all offers on itemized and verifiable dollar amounts for vehicles that are currently available, or were available within ninety days of the date of loss, using appropriate deductions or additions for options, mileage or condition when determining comparability.” Id. § 284-30-391(4)(b). There is, therefore, no dispute that insurers may adjust an estimate based on comparable vehicles’ value to take into account the totaled vehicle’s pre-crash value. In fact, as just described, Washington’s regulations affirmatively contemplate that insurers will do precisely this. Id. (allowing “appropriate deductions or additions,” where “itemized and verifiable,” based on, among other things, the loss vehicle’s “condition” (emphasis added)). Plaintiffs’ theory in Lara was that Liberty’s standardized downward condition 18 JAMA V. STATE FARM MUT. AUTO. INS. CO.

adjustment “violate[d] Washington’s insurance regulations [because it was] not itemiz[ed] or explain[ed] . . . which ma[de] it impossible to verify.” 25 F.4th at 1137. No one in Lara disputed that Liberty could lawfully have applied a properly itemized and verifiable condition adjustment to calculate putative class members’ actual cash value. Thus, there was no way to know whether any individual putative class member was injured by the standardized and un- itemized adjustment without individually inquiring into whether the adjustment exceeded whatever condition adjustment Liberty could lawfully have applied. Even for those class members “whose car[s] w[ere] valued using the CCC report with the disputed condition adjustment, and for whom Liberty used CCC’s estimate without making any further adjustments . . . the district court would have [had] to look into the actual value of the car, to see if there was an injury.” Id. at 1139. Here, however, Plaintiffs have advanced an entirely different theory with respect to the negotiation class. As to that class, their theory is not that State Farm failed to follow the correct procedure for making permissible adjustments, but rather that Washington law does not permit State Farm to apply a discount for typical negotiation at all. See Wash. Admin. Code § 284-30-391(4)(b). The district court accepted this argument, holding that Washington law permits insurers to apply only those deductions explicitly laid out in Section 391(4)(b) and no others. State Farm has not challenged that holding here. Accordingly, Plaintiffs’ challenge to the negotiation class here is materially distinguishable from the challenge in Lara: A class member in Lara might have been subject to the challenged condition deduction but been uninjured by it because a greater or equal condition addition could also have been lawfully applied. JAMA V. STATE FARM MUT. AUTO. INS. CO. 19

This would lead a class member to receive the actual cash value of their vehicle or more. All members of the negotiation class 4 in this case, however, received less than they were owed in the exact amount of the impermissible negotiation deduction. As to the proposed negotiation class in this case, we therefore conclude that class members could measure their injuries on a class-wide basis by adding back to the value of their vehicles as calculated in the Autosource reports the amount of the unlawful negotiation discount. 5

4 As explained ante at 9, the district court narrowed the class here to include only those who were paid the value in the Autosource report with the unlawful negotiation deduction. 5 The dissent incorrectly claims our decision today creates a circuit split. See Dissenting Opinion, at pp. 33-35. The Fifth Circuit decision that the dissent cites, Sampson v. United Services Automobile Association., 83 F.4th 414 (5th Cir. 2023), is easily distinguishable. That case involved a Louisiana statute that permitted actual cash value of a totaled vehicle to be calculated using “a generally recognized motor vehicle industry source.” Id. at 417 (quotation omitted). Plaintiffs there argued that the method used by the defendant-insurer was unlawful because it was not a “generally recognized motor vehicle industry source” and proposed calculating damages by “arbitrarily choosing” another method that plaintiffs claimed was “generally recognized,” called NADA. Id. at 417, 420. The problem with the class in that case was that there existed innumerable other “legally permissible method[s] of determining” actual cash value and those other methods could “produce lower damages than NADA (or no damages at all),” depending on the individual case. Id. at 420. This created an “an explosion of predominance issues” because there was just as strong of an argument that any of those other permissible methods should be used, and so, as to each class member, there would be a dispute over which alternative method to select and over whether that method showed each class member was injured at all. Id. Here, by contrast, the unlawful conduct challenged by the negotiation class is applying one specific deduction, not using a categorically unlawful method, and so there is no need to pick among alternative 20 JAMA V. STATE FARM MUT. AUTO. INS. CO.

In holding otherwise, the district court reasoned that Plaintiffs “ask[] the Court and fact finder to assume that one portion of an Autosource report got the [adjusted cash value] right, without any evidence as to why this is true.” But what Plaintiffs in the negotiation class actually asked the factfinder to credit was the whole Autosource report 6, minus one specific uniformly applied downward adjustment that Plaintiffs contended and the district court agreed State Farm could not lawfully make. 7 In resisting this conclusion, State Farm protests that measuring injury this way would allow Plaintiffs to rely solely on the fact of illegality to establish injury, a “shortcut” Lara supposedly rejected. And it is true that Lara held that merely “[c]alling Defendants’ adjustments ‘illegal’” does not suffice to prove injury. 25 F.4th at 1140. But State Farm ignores why that was. Class members in Lara might have received a report containing an unlawful adjustment while nonetheless receiving actual cash value. This would have been the case, for instance, where class members’ payout

calculation methods. In the absence of defendants’ allegedly unlawful conduct, each class member indisputably would have been paid the amount they actually received, plus the amount of the putatively unlawful negotiation deduction. 6 State Farm itself used these reports to calculate adjusted cash value, and submitted extensive record evidence demonstrating why they constituted appropriate measures of cash value. 7 While a declaration submitted by State Farm suggests that condition adjustments in the initial Autosource report are often subsequently refined for individual insureds based both on the State Farm claim handler’s investigation of the condition of the totaled vehicle and negotiation with the insured, there is no comparable suggestion that any negotiation adjustment that is applied is subject to further individualized adjustment. JAMA V. STATE FARM MUT. AUTO. INS. CO. 21

was based on an alternative appraisal. Id. at 1139. This also would have been the case where payout was based on a valuation report, but the condition adjustment accurately reflected the actual condition of the car—notwithstanding the fact that it was un-itemized. Id. None of these factors is relevant to the negotiated adjustment as applied to the class here, where members of the narrowed class were simply paid what the Autosource report determined, including the putatively unlawful negotiation discount. While an un- itemized condition adjustment could nevertheless have accurately reflected the condition of the car for some class members in Lara, there is no negotiation adjustment that could accurately price the negotiation discount here if Plaintiffs are correct that the adjustment is always unlawful, regardless of the amount. State Farm also avers that, in Lara, plaintiffs argued “that the only possible definition of ‘actual cash value’ in the regulations is the value given by the prescribed process, and thus that the injury for each plaintiff is the amount of the condition adjustment.” Id. at 1140. And since Lara rejected this argument, State Farm contends that determining “actual cash value” in litigation requires some assessment independent from Washington’s regulatorily prescribed process. But, once again, State Farm ignores why Lara found plaintiffs’ argument unconvincing. As we explained in Lara,

[i]f the condition adjustment was applied for a plaintiff but then that plaintiff still got an amount equal to what he or she would have gotten if the adjustment was not applied (or more than that), then there was no breach of contract [or WCPA claim] because there was 22 JAMA V. STATE FARM MUT. AUTO. INS. CO.

no injury . . . [which] could easily have happened [if] CCC or Liberty . . . adjusted the value back up, Liberty . . . made a higher offer, or the parties [did] appraisals.

Id. In other words, Lara rejected measuring injury based on a failure to “follow the prescribed process” because a procedural violation does not necessarily lead to an incorrect result; if the improper process happened to produce a correct result (or a result that favored plaintiffs), then plaintiffs were not actually paid less than they were owed. The Lara class, unlike the narrowed negotiation class in this case, included members who may not have been injured by the allegedly unlawful process. Here, by contrast, the narrowing of the class leaves only those class members who (1) were paid based on the Autosource report, excluding those who negotiated or pursued an appraisal, and (2) were paid a negotiation adjustment that, according to the Plaintiffs, can never measure a lawful deduction. By narrowing the class, the district court thus avoided the injury irregularity problem we identified in Lara. Lara did not hold, as State Farm claims, that Washington law either does not or cannot define the substantive inputs that constitute actual cash value. And here, Plaintiffs’ argument is that State Farm accurately estimated the actual cash value of their vehicles based on several permissible inputs and then applied one further subtraction that Washington law entirely forbids. Nothing in Lara precludes common proof of injury as the amount of State Farm’s estimates less the impermissible deduction as to the class of JAMA V. STATE FARM MUT. AUTO. INS. CO. 23

owners who were paid the Autosource valuation. 8 Accordingly, we conclude the district court abused its discretion in decertifying the negotiation class. 2. The Condition Class Our analysis above does not hold true for the condition class. As discussed above, the district court’s narrowed class definition avoided many of the problems of common proof discussed in Lara. Specifically, the condition class certified here excluded those Plaintiffs whose ultimate payout was not directly based on a valuation report containing the challenged deduction. See Lara, 25 F.4th at 1139–40. But the narrowed class definition alone does not exclude the “plaintiff whose car was valued using the [Autosource] report with the disputed condition adjustment, and for whom [State Farm] used [Autodex’s] estimate without making any further adjustments,” whose payout nonetheless equaled or exceeded their pre-crash car’s actual cash value because the adjustment accurately reflected the condition of the car. Id. at 1139. Plaintiffs in Jama raise various distinctions between the condition class presented here and that in Lara. They argue, for instance, that the plaintiffs in Lara merely challenged Liberty’s refusal to itemize, whereas here the Jama Plaintiffs challenge the substance of State Farm’s condition adjustment because they were not made “when determining comparability.” Wash. Admin. Code § 284-30-391(4)(b). We note that the district court characterized the condition class here as materially identical to that in Lara: as based on State Farm’s failure “to verify whether the perceived

8 We address (and reject) State Farm’s argument that measuring injury this way violates Article III below. See II.B.2, infra. 24 JAMA V. STATE FARM MUT. AUTO. INS. CO.

condition deduction was ‘appropriate.’” In any event, as Plaintiffs’ counsel confirmed at oral argument, the condition class in Jama does not differ from that in Lara in the way most relevant. As to the condition class, Plaintiffs do not dispute that some condition adjustment could lawfully have been taken. Accordingly, just as in Lara, there is no way to know as to any individual class member in the condition class whether their actual payout was more, less, or equal to what State Farm could lawfully have paid if it had calculated a condition adjustment appropriately. Lara, 25 F.4th at 1139. There is therefore no way to know without individualized inquiry whether such a class member received less than their car’s actual cash value and therefore suffered any injury. For this reason, the district court did not abuse its discretion in decertifying the condition class. B. The district court’s entry of summary judgment 1. Proof of injury under Washington law Because we conclude that the district court misread Lara as to the negotiation discount, it follows that the district court’s entry of summary judgment against the named Plaintiffs based on their claims for the negotiation discount was in error. We further hold that—even as to the challenged condition adjustment—the district court also erred in holding that Plaintiffs could not rely on the Autosource reports, and the amount of a challenged adjustment, as relevant evidence of value and injury. The district court based its entry of summary judgment largely on its reading of Lara. But Lara did not purport to address the actual evidence any individual Plaintiff must adduce to give rise to a genuine dispute of material fact. The question at issue in Lara was whether the district court abused its discretion in declining to certify a class where JAMA V. STATE FARM MUT. AUTO. INS. CO. 25

common issues did not predominate over individual ones, therefore requiring an individualized injury inquiry. Lara, 25 F.4th at 1138–40. 9 To be sure, in analyzing whether individualized issues relating to injury predominated over common ones, Lara necessarily discussed how plaintiffs alleging breach of contract or violations of the WCPA could go about demonstrating injury. As to that question, Lara held that merely adding back to the insurer’s valuation report the full amount of a putatively unlawful applied condition adjustment might, in many cases, not embody the proper measure of a class member’s injury. 25 F.4th at 1139. This would be the case, for example, where payouts were not actually based on the challenged adjustment, or where, even if payouts were based on the challenged adjustment, they still exceeded actual cash value. Id. But the fact that an insurer’s own valuation of an insured’s pre-crash vehicle minus one putatively unlawful adjustment may not correctly measure injury for all plaintiffs does not mean that it cannot provide a starting place. In fact, in language entirely ignored by the district court, Lara explicitly agreed that “the amount of the [putatively unlawful] deduction would still be . . . [s]ome relevant evidence” of injury. 25 F.4th at 1140. Nothing in Lara required (as the district court appeared to believe)

9 Indeed, the same district court whose order denying class certification we affirmed in Lara issued just three weeks before that order an order denying the motion of one of the defendants for summary judgment. There, that district court rejected that defendant’s argument that plaintiffs who received payment after their cars were initially valued by reports with a challenged condition adjustment could not demonstrate injury based on that adjustment. Order at 10–13, Lundquist v. First Nat’l Ins. Co., No. 18-cv-5301 (W.D. Wash. Oct. 1, 2020), ECF No. 14. 26 JAMA V. STATE FARM MUT. AUTO. INS. CO.

“[p]laintiffs [to] undertake[] a[] separate valuation process or retain[] an expert to opine on the value of the loss vehicles.” Indeed, State Farm itself used the Autosource reports as one proper measure of actual cash value. And ample evidence provided by State Farm itself demonstrated how the Autosource reports were prepared and why they provided an accurate measure of the pre-crash actual cash value of drivers’ cars. We see no reason why a plaintiff seeking to prove injury cannot rely on the Autosource reports themselves to establish value, minus the unlawful negotiation adjustment. And here, as noted, the class is limited to those who were paid the Autosource valuation. Accordingly, the district court’s conclusion that Lara requires individual plaintiffs to introduce evidence of value independent of the valuation reports was error. We therefore vacate its entry of summary judgment in favor of State Farm. On remand, the district court should evaluate anew whether the named Plaintiffs have adduced sufficient evidence of injury consistent with this opinion. 10

10 As to specific named plaintiffs, it may be clear from the records that the Autosource reports less a challenged adjustment do not provide sufficient evidence of injury to get past summary judgment. For instance, named plaintiff Ngethpharat’s payout was not directly based on an Autosource report containing a challenged deduction since she challenged State Farm’s initial valuation and subsequently obtained a second valuation excluding the challenged deduction, which is why the district court excluded her from the class it certified. We do not today decide whether Ngethpharat or any other named plaintiff in fact adduced sufficient evidence of injury to survive summary judgment. Rather, we merely hold that nothing about Lara precludes plaintiffs from relying on the difference between an insurer’s calculation of value and the amount of a challenged adjustment as relevant evidence of injury. The district court should apply this standard to the claims before it in the first instance. JAMA V. STATE FARM MUT. AUTO. INS. CO. 27

2. Standing With a drumbeat of citations to TransUnion LLC v. Ramirez, 594 U.S. 413 (2021), State Farm argues in the alternative that Article III precludes relying on an unlawfully applied adjustment as evidence of injury, because allowing Plaintiffs to recover the amount of an unlawful adjustment would somehow result in their recovering for an “injury in law” without any actual reference to the lost value of the car. But assessing the actual value of the car is unnecessary to determine there is standing here. Plaintiffs’ claim is that they were paid less than they were owed under their insurance policies with State Farm. Had the challenged negotiation adjustment not been applied, the valuation in the Autosource reports of Plaintiffs’ vehicles would have been higher and they would have been paid more by State Farm. That is “a classic pocketbook injury sufficient to give [a plaintiff] standing.” Tyler v. Hennepin Cty., 598 U.S. 631, 636 (2023) (holding that plaintiff had Article III standing where defendant “illegally appropriated” a “surplus” of a debt plaintiff owed to defendant). TransUnion is inapposite. There, the purported “injury” that the Supreme Court held did not confer standing was “the mere existence of inaccurate information in a database.” TransUnion, 594 U.S. at 434. By contrast, the injury here— a lighter wallet—has long been “traditionally recognized as providing a basis for a lawsuit in American courts.” TransUnion, 594 U.S. at 432. Article III is thus no barrier to Plaintiffs’ suit. III. CONCLUSION For the foregoing reasons, we reverse the district court’s order decertifying the narrowed negotiation class, but affirm 28 JAMA V. STATE FARM MUT. AUTO. INS. CO.

its order decertifying the condition class. 11 We also vacate the district court’s entry of summary judgment against each named Plaintiff and remand for the district court to analyze whether Plaintiffs have introduced sufficient evidence of injury consistent with this opinion. Each party shall bear their own costs. REVERSED IN PART AND REMANDED.

Rawlinson, Circuit Judge, dissenting: I respectfully dissent from the majority opinion because, in my view, it directly conflicts with our recent precedent as set forth in Lara v. First National Insurance Co., 25 F.4th 1134 (9th Cir. 2022), and creates an unnecessary circuit split. In Lara, a case with facts similar to those presented in this appeal, we concluded that the district court did not abuse its discretion when it denied class certification. See id. at 1136. The plaintiffs sought certification of a damages class comprised of individuals whose automobiles were totaled in a motor vehicle accident. See id. In assessing the “actual cash value” of the totaled vehicle, the insurance company relied upon a report that set forth the “value of comparable

11 We deny plaintiffs’ motion to certify to the Washington Supreme Court the question of whether the district court’s application of Lara to require individualized proof of injury outside the Autosource reports is contrary to Washington law. We read Lara as relating to how plaintiffs may demonstrate the predominance of common inquiries under Rule 23, and not, as the district court held, as imposing substantive new barriers on plaintiffs seeking to prove injury under Washington law. Therefore, we do not believe this case involves any substantial unresolved question of state law. See Murray v. BEJ Mins., LLC, 924 F.3d 1070, 1072 (9th Cir. 2019). JAMA V. STATE FARM MUT. AUTO. INS. CO. 29

vehicles.” Id. (internal quotation marks omitted). From that report, the insurance company adjusted the valuation based on “a condition adjustment,” derived from the difference between the condition of the vehicle being valued and the condition of “[u]sed cars for sale at dealerships.” Id. at 1136- 37. After the insurance company valued the plaintiffs’ vehicles using the “downward condition adjustment,” they sued their insurer and the company that prepared the valuation report. Id. at 1137 (internal quotation marks omitted). Plaintiffs asserted that the insurer violated the state’s “insurance regulations by not itemizing or explaining [the] downward condition adjustment.” Id. (citation and internal quotation marks omitted). 1 Following the district court’s denial of class certification, the plaintiffs filed an appeal with this court. We concluded that a common question existed as to whether the conditions adjustment violated the state regulations. See id. at 1138. However, we added that “to show liability for breach of contract or unfair trade practices, Plaintiffs must also show an injury. And to show an injury will require an individualized determination for each plaintiff.” Id.

1 The applicable regulation required insurers “to itemize the deductions or additions that they make, and that these adjustments be appropriate.” Id. (citing Wash. Admin. Code § 284-30-320(3)). “Because these regulations are enforced by the Washington insurance commissioner, and do not create a private cause of action, Plaintiffs couldn’t sue [the insurer and the company that prepared the report] directly for violating [the regulations], so they sued [the insurer] for breach of contract and both companies for unfair trade practices and civil conspiracy.” Id. (citations omitted). 30 JAMA V. STATE FARM MUT. AUTO. INS. CO.

We explained that the insurer “only owed each punitive class member the actual cash value of his or her car.” Id. at 1139. If a class member received the actual cash value or more, that class member has not been injured. See id. Consequently,

figuring out whether each individual putative class member was harmed would involve an inquiry specific to that person. More particularly, it would involve looking into the actual pre-accident value of the car and then comparing that with what each person was offered, to see if the offer was less than the actual value. Because this would be an involved inquiry for each person, common questions do not predominate.

Id. We clarified that even for a plaintiff whose car was valued using the disputed report, the court would still “have to look into the actual value of the car, to see if there was an injury.” Id. We further clarified that “[a] violation of the regulation isn’t a breach. Breach of contract requires not just a violation of the terms of the contract but also an injury.” Id. (citation and footnote reference omitted). The same was true for Plaintiffs’ unfair trade practices claim. See id. We rejected the plaintiffs’ argument that their injuries could be established simply by referring to “the amount of JAMA V. STATE FARM MUT. AUTO. INS. CO. 31

the condition adjustment” for each plaintiff. Id. at 1140. We responded:

But that’s still not right. If the condition adjustment was applied for a plaintiff but then that plaintiff still got an amount equal to what he or she would have gotten if the adjustment was not applied (or more than that), then there was no breach of contract because there was no injury.

Id. We observed that the situation of a plaintiff receiving equal to or in excess of “what he or she would have gotten if the adjustment was not applied” “could easily have happened.” Id. By way of example, we noted that the company preparing the report or the insurer “could have adjusted the value back up, [the insurer] could have made a higher offer, or the parties could have done appraisals.” Id. We agreed that the insurer was “correct to say that on this point, Plaintiffs essentially ask for a strict liability remedy which is not provided by their causes of action.” Id. We concluded that “because figuring out whether each plaintiff was injured would be an individualized process, the district court did not abuse its discretion in finding that individual questions predominated.” Id. Stated differently, the existence of the condition adjustment is not the end of the story or the analysis. The facts in the case before us are virtually identical to those in Lara. The only difference is that in addition to a condition adjustment, the insurer in this case also applied a negotiation discount reflecting the average amount a buyer could negotiate from the price of a replacement vehicle. 32 JAMA V. STATE FARM MUT. AUTO. INS. CO.

My colleagues in the majority followed the Lara decision and do not challenge the denial of certification for the condition adjustment claims. See Majority Opinion, pp. 23-24. However, their attempt to distinguish Lara as applied to the negotiation adjustment claims, in my view, is singularly unpersuasive. The majority offers the following reasoning for excepting the negotiation condition from the Lara analysis. First, the majority reasons that “Plaintiffs contend that Washington law flatly prohibits any negotiation adjustment; and if Plaintiffs are correct about that legal issue, then each Plaintiff suffered damages equal to the amount of the negotiation adjustment that [the insurer] made.” Majority Opinion, pp. 16-17 (emphasis in the original). However, Lara squarely forecloses this reasoning. See 25 F.4th at 1139 (“A violation of the regulation isn’t a breach of the contract between the insurer and the insured.”) (footnote reference omitted). In any event, “even if a violation of the regulations [were] a breach of the contract, Plaintiffs still have to show harm.” Id. at 1139 n.4. And Plaintiffs may not use the report to establish harm. See id. at 1140 (describing this argument as “essentially ask[ing] for a strict liability remedy which is not provided by their causes of action.”); see also id. (“Plaintiffs finally resort to calling Defendants’ adjustments ‘illegal.’ But that’s an argument for the Washington insurance commissioner, the official who could prosecute this kind of alleged violation. . . .”). Next, the majority reasons that proposed negotiation class members “could measure their injuries on a class-wide basis by adding back to the value of their vehicles as calculated in the . . . reports the amount of the unlawful negotiation discount.” Majority Opinion, p. 19. However, this approach is also specifically foreclosed by the analysis JAMA V. STATE FARM MUT. AUTO. INS. CO. 33

in Lara. See 25 F.4th at 1139 (“[F]iguring out whether each individual putative class member was harmed would involve an inquiry specific to that person. More particularly, it would likely involve looking into the actual pre-accident value of the car and then comparing that with what each person was offered . . .”) (emphasis added). The quoted language nullifies the majority’s implied argument that the actual value is the value of the vehicles “as calculated in the . . . reports” plus “the amount of the unlawful negotiation discount.” Majority Opinion, p. 19. But, as we observed in Lara, “that’s still not right.” 25 F.4th at 1140. “While the condition adjustment here is applied across the board, other compensating adjustments and the ultimate valuation are made individually. And it’s those other things that would require more individualized inquires here.” Id.; see also id. at 1136 (discussing the baseline evaluation for each car based on “comparable vehicles”). The majority’s approach is not only contrary to our precedent, but it would also create a circuit split, a circumstance we strive to avoid. See Global Linguist Solutions, LLC v. Abdelmeged, 913 F.3d 921, 923 (9th Cir. 2019). In Sampson v. United Servs. Auto. Ass’n., 83 F.4th 414, 422 (5th Cir. 2023), the Fifth Circuit found our decision in Lara “particularly instructive” to its analysis in a case that, as in Lara, involved a valuation report utilized by the insurer to calculate the actual cash value (ACV) of a totaled car. See id. at 417. Under Louisiana statutes, the actual cash value of the vehicle “shall be derived by using a method that falls into one of three broadly defined categories, one of which is use of a generally recognized motor vehicle industry source.” Id. (citation and internal quotation marks omitted). As in Lara, the plaintiffs in Sampson argued that the valuation 34 JAMA V. STATE FARM MUT. AUTO. INS. CO.

method used by the insurer was “not a legal method” under the statute, including because the method “negatively adjust[ed] vehicles’ ACV based on such things as damage to the vehicle.” Id. In rejecting this argument, the Fifth Circuit drew a distinction between the selection of a damages model and the determination of liability for injuries incurred. See id. at 421-22. The Fifth Circuit reasoned that in the class certification context, “although ample authority suggests” that district courts

have great discretion in choosing among damages models, especially estimative damages models at the certification stage, those authorities do not say that courts have similar discretion in choosing among models of injury and liability. See e.g., Terrebonne Fuel & Lube, Inc. v. Placid Refin. Co., 681 So.2d 1292, 1300 (La. App. 4 Cir. 1996) (There must be “proof that there has been some damages” i.e., “that damage has actually occurred, before there is discretion to assess the amount of damages”).

Id. at 422 (emphasis in the original). The Fifth Circuit emphasized the accepted premise “that common questions may predominate under Rule 23(b)(3) even though other important matters will have to be tried separately, such as damages. But while damages are specifically described among these other important matters, liability and injury are not.” Id. (citations and internal quotation marks omitted). JAMA V. STATE FARM MUT. AUTO. INS. CO. 35

The Fifth Circuit concluded that “a district court’s wide discretion to choose an imperfect estimative-damages model at the certification stage does not carry over from the context of damages to the context of liability.” Id. at 422-23, see also Bourque v. State Farm Mutual Auto Ins. Co., 89 F.4th 525, 528-29 (5th Cir. 2023) (following the analysis articulated in Sampson). The Fifth Circuit’s rulings are consistent with our analysis in Lara. The majority opinion is not. Like the plaintiffs in Sampson, the majority opinion conflates a damages model with the required demonstration of injury. See Lara, 25 F.4th at 1140 (noting the existence of adjustments other than the condition adjustment that were “made individually”). The same is true for the negotiation adjustment. Under the facts of this case, we know that in addition to the negotiation adjustment, a condition adjustment was also applied on an individualized basis. See Majority Opinion, pp. 23-24. The Majority Opinion acknowledges that “the district court did not abuse its discretion in decertifying the condition class.” Majority Opinion, p. 24. However, the Majority Opinion nevertheless seeks to rationalize reliance on the condition adjustment and the negotiation adjustment to establish injury. See Majority Opinion, p. 25 (“Lara explicitly agreed that the amount of the putatively unlawful deduction would still be some relevant evidence of injury. . . .”) (citation, alterations, and internal quotation marks omitted). But the Majority Opinion deletes the rest of the discussion. Immediately following the language quoted by the majority, the Lara decision explained that even if the amount of the deduction would be “relevant evidence,” that fact is “beside the point” because “[s]ome relevant evidence could be in common, but much of it wouldn’t be, and that’s 36 JAMA V. STATE FARM MUT. AUTO. INS. CO.

why the district court didn’t abuse its discretion in finding that individual questions predominate.” 25 F.4th at 1140. See also Sampson, 83 F.4th at 422 (interpreting Lara as “finding that predominance was not satisfied where plaintiff class members could show that an insurer’s use of [a valuation report] was unlawful but could not prove an actual underpayment by class-wide proof”). Indeed, Lara characterized this very argument as “essentially ask[ing] for a strict liability remedy.” 25 F.4th at 1140. The same analysis forecloses the majority’s contention that “a plaintiff seeking to prove injury [can] rely on the [valuation] reports themselves to establish value, minus the unlawful negotiation adjustment.” Majority Opinion, p. 26. But there are two problems with this argument. The first problem is that equating value with a demonstration of injury impermissibly conflates the injury issue with the damages issue. See Sampson, 83 F.4th at 422-23; see also Lara, 25 F.4th at 1140 (describing this argument as “essentially ask[ing] for a strict liability remedy”). The second problem is that the “unlawful” nature of the adjustment cannot establish an injury. See Lara, 25 F.4th at 1140. The majority concedes that “Lara held that merely calling Defendants’ adjustments illegal does not suffice to prove injury.” Majority Opinion, p. 20 (citation and internal quotation marks omitted). The majority seeks to avoid this ruling by giving its explanation of “why” the Lara court reached the conclusion that alleged illegality is insufficient to establish an injury. Id. (emphasis in the original). But no “explanation” can change the unqualified language used by the Lara court. Regardless of why the ruling was made, it is clear: the alleged illegality of the condition does not establish injury. See Lara, 25 F.4th at 1140. At bottom, the majority cannot articulate a principled basis upon which to JAMA V. STATE FARM MUT. AUTO. INS. CO. 37

distinguish this case from our holding in Lara. In addition, the majority opinion creates an unwarranted circuit split. For these reasons, I respectfully dissent.