Families for Freedom v. U.S. Customs & Border Protection

797 F. Supp. 2d 375, 2011 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 63829, 2011 WL 2436707

• Court: District Court, S.D. New York
• Decided: June 16, 2011
• Docket: 10 Civ. 2705 (SAS)
• Status: Published

Opinion

OPINION AND ORDER

SHIRA A. SCHEINDLIN, District Judge.

I. INTRODUCTION

Families for Freedom, a non-profit advocacy organization, along with Jane Doe, Mary Doe, and John Doe, three individuals in deportation proceedings (collectively, “Plaintiffs”), bring suit against U.S. Customs and Border Protection (“CBP”), U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (“ICE”), and the U.S. Department of Homeland Security (“DHS”) (collectively, “Defendants”), seeking release of certain government records pursuant to the Freedom of Information Act (“FOIA”). 1 The requested records pertain primarily to the scope and practices of CBP operations on inter-city buses and trains within the geographic area designated as the “Buffalo Sector.” 2 Defendants now move for partial summary judgment on their invocation of FOIA exemptions to withhold, in whole or in part, certain responsive documents. 3 Plaintiffs oppose defendants’ motion and request that the Court order production of four groups of documents that they allege were improperly redacted or withheld entirely. 4 For the reasons stated below, defendants’ motion for summary judgment is granted in part and denied in part, and defendants are ordered to produce a number of the withheld documents.

II. BACKGROUND

On February 26, 2009, plaintiffs submitted an initial FOIA request to CBP. 5 On April 2, 2010, plaintiffs submitted a second FOIA request to CBP, and submitted similar FOIA requests to ICE and DHS. 6 Through their requests, plaintiffs sought information primarily concerning the activities of the Buffalo Sector of the United States Border Patrol, a subdivision of CBP, as well as the related activities of ICE. 7 Buffalo Sector is one of twenty Border Patrol sectors and covers 450 miles of border between the United States and Canada. 8 The Buffalo Sector’s responsibilities encompass Pennsylvania, Maryland, Virginia, West Virginia and most of New York State. 9

Plaintiffs assert that “Border Patrol officers improperly engage in interior enforcement of immigration laws by questioning bus and train travelers about their immigration status on inter-city conveyances that never cross the border.” 10 Alleging that these activities exceed the Border Patrol’s “statutory and regulatory authority and violate the Fourth Amendment,” plaintiffs state that the requested records are necessary to inform the public about the activities of its government and are relevant to various pending deportation proceedings, including those of Jane Doe, Mary Doe, and John Doe. 11

A. February 26, 2009 FOIA Request to CBP

The February 26, 2009 FOIA request to CBP sought: (1) 1-213 arrest forms for persons apprehended on Amtrak trains by Border Patrol agents from the Rochester Border Patrol Station for the years 2003-2008; (2) arrest statistics relating to those apprehensions, broken down by the length of time the immigrant was in the United States; (3) total arrest statistics for the Rochester Station for the years 2003-2008; (4) explanations and listings of the various codes that are used on the Form I-213s; (5) arrest quotas, goals, targets or expectations for Border Patrol agents from the Buffalo Sector and the Rochester Station for the years 2003-2008; (6) performance review standards for Border Patrol agents from the Buffalo Sector and the Rochester Station for the years 2003-2008; (7) training materials on racial profiling; (8) training materials on Amtrak enforcement operations; (9) reports concerning Amtrak arrests for the years 2003-2008; (10) agreements between CBP and Amtrak; and (11) standards of conduct for CBP officers at the border and in the interior. 12

In response to this initial FOIA request, CBP indicated that it had identified eighty-one pages of responsive documents, fifty of which were withheld in their entirety pursuant to Exemptions 2 — including “Low 2” and “High 2” 13 — 5, 6, 7(C), and 7(E). 14 Fifteen pages were released with redactions made pursuant to Exemptions “Low 2,” “High 2,” 6, 7(C), and 7(E). 15 The Department of Justice (“DOJ”) and DHS also produced several documents that had been identified by CBP and referred to those agencies as the original authors for review and release. 16

On August 17, 2009, plaintiffs appealed by letter the agency’s response, challenging the adequacy of the search and the propriety of the claimed exemptions. 17 From September through November 2009, plaintiffs communicated on several occasions with CBP about their appeal, but the agency produced no further documents. 18 Deeming their administrative remedies exhausted, plaintiffs filed suit against CBP on March 26, 2010, alleging that the agency had violated FOIA by failing to release records, and seeking declaratory and injunctive relief. 19

B. April 2, 2010 FOIA Requests to CBP, ICE, and DHS

On April 2, 2010, plaintiffs served a second FOIA request on CBP and initial FOIA requests on ICE and DHS. 20 The second request to CBP sought information similar to that sought in the first request, but added several categories of information and updated the request to include 2009 data. 21 The request to ICE sought information similar to that in the CBP request of the same date, but also requested records concerning performance standards, arrest quotas, targets, or goals for ICE officers. 22 The April 2, 2010 request to DHS sought: (1) agreements, understandings, or communications between CBP, Border Patrol, DHS and/or ICE regarding transportation checks; (2) performance standards or arrest quotas, targets or goals for Border Patrol officers in effect during the previous six years, preferably broken down by Sector and Station; (3) performance standards, arrest quotas, targets, or goals for ICE officers, including those that can be satisfied by Border Patrol arrestees that are transferred to ICE custody; and (4)' reports containing information about arrests on inter-city trains and buses during the previous six years. 23

The agencies acknowledged receipt of plaintiffs’ April 2, 2010 FOIA requests, but did not produce any responsive documents. 24 Plaintiffs amended their Complaint on May 21, 2010, adding ICE and DHS as defendants, and again claiming that the failure to release records and the failure to make a determination regarding plaintiffs’ requests for expedited processing violated FOIA. 25

C. Productions in Response to Litigation

In response to the instant suit, and pursuant to an agreement negotiated with plaintiffs, CBP performed additional searches and produced additional documents. 26 In total, CBP produced sixty pages of responsive documents in their entirety and six hundred and twenty-four pages with redactions, while withholding seven hundred and eight pages in their entirety based on certain exemptions. 27 In response to the instant suit, ICE identified one hundred and twenty-six pages of responsive documents, producing eighty-three pages in their entirety and forty-three pages with redactions based on certain exemptions. 28 ICE did not withhold any documents in their entirety. 29

Defendants now move for summary judgment as to whether defendants have properly withheld records, in whole or in part, based on the asserted exemptions. 30 Plaintiffs, in opposing defendants’ motion, ask the Court to order the production of four sets of documents, which they allege defendants have improperly redacted or withheld in their entirety. Those documents are described by plaintiffs as follows: first, the Buffalo Sector Daily Reports and related commentary, identified by CBP in US000811-US000816 and US000867-US001518; second, sample Form I-213s, identified by CBP as US00119-US000735; third, training memoranda on agency policies regarding racial profiling and conduct of agents during transportation checks, identified by CBP as US000817-US000866; and fourth, the authors and recipients of a memorandum identified by ICE as US000112 and an email identified by ICE as US000114. 31

III. APPLICABLE LAW

A. FOIA and Summary Judgment

FOIA cases are generally and most appropriately resolved on motions for summary judgment. 32 - Summary judgment in the FOIA context, as in any other, is appropriate if the record “show[s] that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” 33 “An issue of fact is genuine if ‘the evidence is such that a reasonable jury could return a verdict for the nonmoving party.’ A fact is material if it ‘might affect the outcome of the suit under the governing law.’ ” 34 “In ruling on a motion for summary judgment, a court must resolve all ambiguities and draw all factual inferences in favor of the nonmoving party.” 35

However, unique to the FOIA context, “[affidavits submitted by an agency are accorded a presumption of good faith,” and so long as such affidavits “supply[ ] facts indicating that the agency has conducted a thorough search and giv[e] reasonably detailed explanations why any withheld documents fall within an exemption,” they will sustain the agency’s burden and summary judgment may be awarded without discovery being conducted. 36 Nonetheless, “[t]he agency’s decision that the information is exempt from disclosure receives no deference.” 37 Accordingly, a court is required to conduct a de novo review of the record, deciding “ ‘whether the agency has sustained its burden of demonstrating that the documents requested are not agency records or are exempt from disclosure under the FOIA.’ ” 38

In addition to affidavits, agencies generally submit Vaughn indexes to sustain their burden. A Vaughn index is an itemized listing of the non-disclosed records, describing each record and portion withheld, and providing a detailed justification for the agency’s withholding, specifying the FOIA exemption that it has applied. 39 The purpose of a Vaughn index is to “(a) [] permit [the opposing party] to contest the affidavit in [an] adversarial fashion,” and to “(b) [ ] permit a reviewing court to engage in effective de novo review of the [government’s] redactions.” 40

At the heart of FOIA is “a policy strongly favoring public disclosure of information in the possession of federal agencies.” 41 However, FOIA provides nine categories of information that are exempt from disclosure. 42 Four of those exemptions are relevant to the instant matter— Exemptions 2, 5,6, and 7. Under Exemption 7, defendants cite both subsection (C) and subsection (E), which I address separately below.

1. FOIA Exemptions 2 and 7(E)

Exemption 7(E) protects “records or information compiled for law enforcement purposes,” that, if disclosed, “would disclose techniques and procedures for law enforcement investigations or prosecutions, or would disclose guidelines for law enforcement investigations or prosecutions if such disclosure could reasonably be expected to risk circumvention of the law.” 43 Exemption 2 protects from disclosure information that is “related solely to the internal personnel rules and practices of an agency.” 44 For many years, following the D.C. Circuit’s ruling in Crooker v. Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms, 45 courts held that Exemption 2 protected two categories of information: (1) materials concerning human resources and employee relations (known as “Low 2”), 46 and (2) “predominantly internal” information that, if disclosed, would “significantly risk[ ] circumvention of agency regulations or statutes” 47 (known as “High 2”).

In its recent decision in Milner v. Department of the Navy, the Supreme Court explicitly overruled Crooker and its progeny. In Milner, the Court, after considering the statutory language and the legislative history of FOIA, held that “Exemption 2, consistent with the plain meaning of the term ‘personnel rules and practices,’ encompasses only records relating to issues of employee relations and human resources.” 48 As a result, after Milner, High 2 has ceased to exist; and “Low 2 is all of 2.” 49 In its reasoning, the Court gave significant weight to Congress’s amendment of Exemption 7(E) in 1986, noting that “the Crooker construction of Exemption 2 renders Exemption (b)(7)(E) superfluous and so deprives that amendment of any effect.” 50 The Court added, “[w]e cannot think of any document eligible for withholding under Exemption 7(E) that the High 2 reading does not capture.” 51 In fact, prior to Milner, agencies frequently cited Exemption 2 in conjunction with Exemption 7(E), due to the conceptual overlap between the two under the Crooker doctrine.

2. FOIA Exemption 5

Exemption 5 protects “inter-agency or intra-agency memorandums [sic] or letters which would not be available by law to a party other than an agency in litigation with the agency.” 52 The exemption incorporates “all normal civil discovery privileges,” 53 including the attorney-client privilege and the attorney work-product doctrine. 54 “The test under Exemption 5 is whether the documents would be ‘routinely’ or ‘normally’ disclosed upon a showing of relevance.” 55 “Whether its immunity from discovery is absolute or qualified, a [privileged] document cannot be said to be subject to ‘routine’ disclosure,” and thus, is protected under Exemption 5. 56

“The attorney-client privilege protects confidential communications from clients to their attorneys made for the purpose of securing legal advice or services.” 57 Advice from an attorney to his or her client is also protected by the privilege. 58 “In the governmental context, the client may be the agency and the attorney may be an agency lawyer.” 59 The attorney-client privilege under Exemption 5 “is narrowly construed and is limited to those situations in which its purpose will be served.” 60 “The agency bears the burden of showing that the information exchanged was confidential. That is, the agency must show that it supplied information to its lawyers “with the expectation of secrecy and was not known by or disclosed to any third party.’ ” 61

The attorney work product doctrine applies “to memoranda prepared by an attorney in contemplation of litigation which sets forth the attorney’s theory of the case and [her] litigation strategy.” 62 “The attorney work product privilege protects ‘the files and the mental impressions of an attorney ... reflected, of course, in interviews, statements, memoranda, correspondence, briefs, mental impressions, personal beliefs, and countless other tangible and intangible ways’ prepared in anticipation of litigation.” 63

The doctrine is “limited in scope and does not protect every written document generated by an attorney.” 64 “[A]n attorney’s mental impressions do not become protected work product simply because they were expressed concurrently with some form of litigation.” 65 Additionally, “ ‘[documents that are prepared in the ordinary course of business or that would have been created in essentially similar form irrespective of the litigation’ are not protected as attorney work product.” 66

3. FOIA Exemptions 6 and 7(C)

Exemption 6 protects “personnel and medical files and similar files the disclosure of which would constitute a clearly unwarranted invasion of personal privacy.” 67 The purpose of Exemption 6 is to “ ‘protect individuals from the injury and embarrassment that can result from the unnecessary disclosure of personal information.’ ” 68 The Supreme Court has interpreted Exemption 6 broadly to encompass any “information which applies to a particular individual.” 69 If disclosure would compromise “substantial privacy interests,” it need not be disclosed. 70 If no substantial privacy interest is established, however, the court must weigh the “potential harm to privacy interests” against “the public interest in disclosure of the requested information.” 71 The “only relevant public interest to be weighed in this balance is the extent to which disclosure would serve the core purpose of FOIA, which is contributing] significantly to public understanding of the operations or activities of the government.” 72 “The requesting party bears the burden of establishing that disclosure of personal information would serve a public interest cognizable under FOIA.” 73 However, in formation that “merely identifies the names of government officials who authored documents and received documents” does not generally fall within Exemption 6. 74

Exemption 7(C) protects from disclosure “records or information compiled for law enforcement purposes” if disclosure “could reasonably be expected to constitute an unwarranted invasion of personal privacy.” 75 Exemption 7(C) requires balancing of privacy interests and the public interest as well. 76 However, the privacy interests of Exemption 7(C) have been construed more broadly than those of Exemption 6. “First, whereas Exemption 6 requires that the invasion of privacy be ‘clearly unwarranted,’ the adverb ‘clearly’ is omitted from Exemption 7(C) ... Second, whereas Exemption 6 refers to disclosures that ‘would constitute’ an invasion of privacy, Exemption 7(C) encompasses any disclosure that ‘could reasonably be expected to constitute’ such an invasion.” 77

IV. DISCUSSION

Plaintiffs contest defendants’ withholding of documents that fall into four categories, but do not contest numerous other exemptions invoked by defendants. Thus, I grant defendants’ motion for summary judgment as to the following categories of documents, which plaintiffs do not dispute:

(1) redactions of certain ICE internal codes and databases; 78

(2) phone numbers for the National Law Enforcement Communications Center and the Buffalo Sector duty agent; 79

(3) documents that contain descriptions of a law enforcement technique known as a “cold convoy;” 80

(4) names of ICE course instructors; 81

(5) name and phone number of the deputy assistant director of the Compliance Enforcement Division; 82

(6) name and phone number of the National Fugitives Operations Plan acting unit chief; 83

(7) phone numbers of Border Patrol agents; 84

(8) names and other personal identifying information of aliens whose information appears in ICE classroom training materials; 85

(9) other sample training materials from Glynco County Jail; 86

(10) those redactions on the sample I-213s that have not been challenged. 87

I now turn to the categories of documents for which plaintiffs contest defendants’ asserted exemptions.

A. Buffalo Sector Daily Reports

Defendants withheld in their entirety the six Buffalo Sector Daily Reports that contain annual apprehension statistics for 2004 through 2009 for the six Border Patrol stations within Buffalo Sector, 88 and the comments pages from five hundred and eighty-four Buffalo Sector Daily Reports that provide detailed information on arrests made by Border Patrol agents. 89 Plaintiffs argue that those documents are responsive to their demands and that defendants have improperly applied FOIA exemptions to withhold the documents.

Specifically, plaintiffs sought information about the percentage of Rochester Station and Buffalo Sector arrests that were attributable to CBP’s transportation raids. 90 CBP has disclosed the total number of transportation raid arrests made by the Rochester Station for the years 2006-2009, and the total number of all arrests made by the Buffalo Sector for the years 2003-2009. However, the agency has withheld documents that would reveal the total number of all arrests made by the Rochester Station for each year, and the total number of transportation raid arrests by the Buffalo Sector. 91 This partial withholding has prevented plaintiffs from calculating the percentage of arrests attributable to transportation raids, as was their aim in requesting this information. The missing data is contained in the six Buffalo Sector Daily Reports that have been withheld in their entirety. 92

Plaintiffs also sought “[a]ny documents that contain any information regarding arrest quotas, targets, goals and expectations.” 93 Defendants identified US000867001518 as the comments pages of five hundred and forty-eight separate Buffalo Sector Daily Reports, which include “details of apprehensions,” and which have been withheld. 94 On the theory that such commentary “will likely convey the agency’s own reflections on what kinds of arrests are appropriate and expected of officers,” plaintiffs suggest that those portions of the Buffalo Sector Daily Reports would be responsive to their demand. 95

To justify their withholding of the specified pages from the Buffalo Sector Daily Reports, defendants have cited to Exemptions High 2 and 7(E). 96 The briefing in this case was completed just prior to the decision in Milner, as a result, the parties’ briefs include detailed arguments about the applicability of the now non-existent High 2 Exemption. However, as the parties suggested in their post-Milner letters to the Court, my analysis is little altered, as defendants claimed Exemptions 7(E) and High 2 concurrently as to those documents. 97 In view of Milner, I address only the applicability of Exemption 7(E) to the contested documents.

Defendants have withheld the Buffalo Sector Daily Reports under Exemption 7(E) on the grounds that (1) release of the contested documents risks enabling circumvention of the law; 98 (2) courts have routinely upheld the invocation of the exemption when matters of national security are at issue, which includes securing of the borders; 99 and (3) the fact that the agency has chosen to disclose a certain subset of apprehension statistics does not signify that it has waived its right to assert an exemption as to other such statistics. 100 For the reasons explained below, I find that defendants are entitled to withhold some of the documents, or portions of some of the documents, sought by plaintiffs.

First, I find that defendants must release the portions of the six Buffalo Sector Daily Reports that indicate the total number of all arrests made by the Rochester Station for each year, and the total number of transportation raid arrests within the Buffalo Sector. Such statistics are neither “techniques or procedures” nor “guidelines,” such that they could be properly exempt under 7(E). 101 As a result, I need not reach whether disclosure of such information risks circumvention of the law.

However, were I to reach the latter issue, I would find that release of this information does not pose that risk. Plaintiffs are not requesting arrest statistics for each station within the Buffalo sector,, which could theoretically aid circumvention of the law by publicizing the relative activity or success of Border Patrol agents in effecting apprehensions at each station, as defendants fear. 102 Rather, plaintiffs seek information only about the Buffalo Sector as a whole and Rochester Station in particular. This information will aid plaintiffs in calculating the percentages that they argue are important to enable the public to understand the role and significance of transportation-based arrests, but it will not reveal the comparative strengths and weaknesses of the various stations within the Buffalo Sector. To the extent that the Daily Reports include arrest data broken down by station, defendants may redact the information so that only the Rochester Station arrest data and Buffalo Sector arrest totals are disclosed.

I note also that CBP is not required to create a spreadsheet with this information, even if it has done so for similar information in the past. 103 Rather, it must simply disclose the documents that contain this information. On the other hand, if the agency finds it simpler to compile such information into a spreadsheet rather than to conduct extensive redactions, it may produce such a spreadsheet to plaintiffs in lieu of the heavily redacted Reports.

Second, I find that defendants must reevaluate the comments sections of the five hundred and forty-eight Buffalo Sector Daily Reports and produce those portions that are responsive and not exempt. Defendants argue that the Reports contain “a trove of information on Border Patrol’s law enforcement efforts throughout Buffalo Sector,” and proceed to list a half dozen types of information that, if disclosed, would risk circumvention of the law. 104 As a result, they have withheld the comments pages of the Reports in their entirety. However, they should have — and are now ordered to — analyze whether the pages in question contain non-exempt information that is segregable from exempt information.

For example, plaintiffs have already conceded that certain information is or may be properly exempt, such as names and identifying information of arrestees, and “commentary related to surveillance, the use of informants, or the identities of arrested individuals and arresting officers.” 105 There may be additional information that is properly exempt, such as Border Patrol methods for locating contraband, which clearly constitute “techniques and procedures.” 106 On the other hand, certain information has already been disclosed in response to this FOIA request, thereby waiving defendants’ right to claim exemptions for that information — in particular, the names of certain databases in which Border Patrol agents run queries. 107

Plaintiffs have made clear the type of information that they seek — “performance expectations for arrest rates, agency communications with transportation operators, and inter-agency communications regarding transportation raids.” 108 While the sorts of information that defendants describe as constituting “sensitive law enforcement methods and techniques” 109 may appear in the communications between the agencies, and between the agencies and transportation operators (e.g., Amtrak), that is information that could be redacted without withholding the documents in their entirety. To the extent that “performance expectations” are articulated in a prospective manner, they arguably constitute “guidelines,” and would be exempt if their disclosure would risk circumvention of the law. However, given the nature of the Buffalo Sector Daily Reports, I would expect the vast majority of information contained therein to be retrospec tive, and therefore not to constitute “guidelines” under FOIA. 110

Defendants are ordered to re-assess their assertions of Exemption 7(E) over the comments pages of each of the five hundred and forty-eight Buffalo Sector Daily Reports, using this Opinion as guidance, and to disclose all responsive non-exempt materials that can reasonably be segregated from exempt materials. Additionally, defendants are required to release the names of the authors and recipients of the Reports, to the extent that they are agency heads or high-level subordinates. Such information “does not generally fall within Exemption 6” 111 and defendants have provided no evidence to suggest any particular privacy threat posed by the revelation of these federal employees’ names. The public, on the other hand, has an interest in knowing whether the Reports reflect the views of the agency, rather than of particular agency employees. 112

My ruling as to this set of documents is not based on waiver by defendants. While the agency has chosen to release certain information in the past, that does not mean that it must release other similar information. However, the fact that the requested information pertains to law enforcement activities along our nation’s borders, which arguably falls under the broad topic of national security, is not a sufficient reason to uphold the claimed exemption. The cases cited by defendants are inapposite insofar as they address the withholding of specific guidelines, techniques, and procedures, information of a different nature from what is sought here. 113

B. Sample Form I-213s 114

Defendants have redacted “internal codes or databases” throughout their production, citing Exemptions High 2 and 7(E), and explaining that “the release of internal agency case codes used in agency databases could permit individuals seeking to violate immigration and customs laws to circumvent the law by fraudulently accessing secure databases and modifying or deleting sensitive agency records.” 115 In their FOIA requests to CBP, plaintiffs sought 1-213 arrest forms, in part “to ascertain whether transportation raids in the interior of the U.S. further border enforcement goals; whether transportation raids further terror-related enforcement goals; and whether CBP officers carrying out transportation raids arrest persons who are deemed lawfully present by United States Citizenship and Immigration Service (‘USCIS’).” 116 Defendants have produced a sample set of 1-213 forms, but have redacted certain information, including field 45, which contains “charge codes.” Charge codes are “used by the agency to indicate the legal reason an individual was arrested for violation of immigration laws.” 117 Plaintiffs argue that disclosure of charge codes cited in the sample I-213s would help to answer the above questions, which they assert are of significant public import. 118

I find that the charge codes may not be withheld under Exemption 7(E) because, while the 1-213 forms constitute “records or information compiled for law enforcement purposes,” the release of the charge codes contained therein would not “disclose techniques or procedures for law enforcement investigations or prosecutions, or ... guidelines for law enforcement investigations or prosecutions ____” 119 Furthermore, as plaintiffs point out, defendants have already released the catalogue of available charge codes. 120 Given that defendants have already released that general information, it is difficult to imagine how the release of the codes cited on particular sample 1-213 forms will compromise the security of agency databases or otherwise risk circumvention of the law.

Defendants assert that courts have previously upheld the exact redactions at issue here. However, the cases that defendants cite are easily distinguishable in that they reference different sorts of codes, 121 or uphold the exemptions under Exemption High 2, which is no longer effective. 122 Defendants are thus ordered to reproduce the sample 1-213 forms without redacting the charge codes that appear in field 45.

C. Training Memorandum

Defendants have withheld two documents that they have described as training memoranda. 123 The documents were created by attorneys in CBP’s Office of Assistant Chief Counsel and contain legal analysis and guidance to Border Patrol agents regarding the use of race or ethnicity in executing their duties, and analysis of case law concerning racial profiling in law enforcement. 124 Defendants assert Exemption 5 in withholding these documents, claiming that they are properly protected under the attorney-client privilege and the attorney work product doctrine.

Plaintiffs make four arguments as to why the memoranda have been improperly withheld. First, plaintiffs hypothesize that the memoranda describe “how CBP officers are trained to use, or avoid using, racial profiling while identifying persons for questioning and arrest.” 125 In view of the agency’s public disavowal of racial profiling, plaintiffs argue that the memoranda are of great public interest insofar as their disclosure will help to confirm whether or not the agency’s practice is in accord with its public stance. 126 Plaintiffs harken to the oft-repeated principle in FOIA law that “ ‘an agency will not be permitted to develop a body of secret law used by it in the discharge of its regulatory duties and in its dealings with the public, but hidden behind a veil of privilege.’ ” 127 Accordingly, plaintiffs ask the Court to order disclosure of these memoranda, “[g]iven the public’s interest in establishing that, in fact, racial profiling is not used [ ] in the course of CBP’s transportation checks.” 128

Second, plaintiffs invoke the Supreme Court’s holding that documents are not protected from disclosure under Exemption 5 if the “documents would be ‘routinely’ or ‘normally’ disclosed [through civil discovery] upon a showing of relevance.” 129 Plaintiffs argue that “CBP’s past disclosure of racial profiling policies would make it reasonable to expect that they would be ‘routinely’ or ‘normally’ disclosed,” citing CBP’s release of two such memoranda in response to the initial FOIA request in this matter. 130 Third, plaintiffs argue that the documents were not created in connection with or in contemplation of any particular litigation, and therefore the attorney work product doctrine does not apply. 131 Finally, plaintiffs argue that the documents were created as part of the agency’s regular course of business, which also precludes their protection as attorney work product. 132

Plaintiffs’ first and second arguments pertain to both the attorney-client privilege and the attorney work product doctrine. First, plaintiffs’ guess that the memoranda may describe how CBP officers should use racial profiling does not come close to establishing the existence of a body of “secret law,” particularly because plaintiffs also concede that the memoranda may describe how CBP officers should avoid using racial profiling, which would be in accordance with the agency’s public position. 133 Furthermore, the secret law doctrine in FOIA cases generally arises in contexts in which agencies are rendering decisions based on non-public analyses. 134 I am aware of no precedent for evaluating whether law enforcement policies constitute secret law.

Second, contrary to plaintiffs’ argument, I decline to find that because CBP has voluntarily disclosed certain memoranda on the same general topic in the past in response to this very FOIA request, that it “routinely” or “normally” discloses such information. Nor do I find that CBP has waived its right to assert privilege over other such memoranda. 135

However, I do not reach plaintiffs’ third and fourth arguments pertaining to the attorney work product doctrine, because I find that the documents have been properly withheld under the attorney-client privilege. Defendants aver that the documents were “created by agency attorneys for the purpose of imparting legal advice to employees of the agency,” and consist of legal analysis and guidance. 136 Thus, the documents fall squarely within the attorney-client privilege and have been properly withheld under Exemption 5.

D. Authors and Recipients of the Memorandum and the Email

Defendants have redacted the names, phone numbers and personal identifying information of both arrestees and agency personnel throughout the document production, citing the privacy concerns embodied in Exemptions 6 and 7(C). 137 While not contesting the vast majority of such redactions, plaintiffs seek disclosure of the names of authors and recipients of two documents produced by ICE at US000112 and US000114. 138 The first document is a memorandum entitled “Performance Appraisal Element # 2,” establishing required case levels for “Element 2 — Institutional Removal Program and Alien Criminal Apprehension Program.” 139 The second document is an email with the subject line “FW: Productivity,” listing a number of requirements and expectations, including that employees “produce a minimum of 8 actual Charging Documents Issued (CDI) daily.” 140 Depicting the content of the two documents as “set[ting] out what amounts to a quota system,” plaintiffs argue that “the identity and functional role of these individuals in the agency will indicate to what extent the documents reflect agency-wide policy.” 141 They argue that the public interest at stake over rides the privacy interests of the federal agency employees who wrote or received the documents. 142

1. Exemption 7(C)

Before examining the balance of privacy and public interests, the threshold issue is whether the documents in question constitute the types of records that the exemptions are intended to protect. Specifically, Exemption 7 and its subdivisions address “records or information compiled for law enforcement purposes.” 143 While ICE is unquestionably a federal law enforcement agency, not every document produced by ICE personnel has been “compiled for law enforcement purposes” under FOIA. Courts have generally interpreted Exemption 7 as applying to records that pertain to specific investigations conducted by agencies, whether internal or external, and whether created or collected by the agency — -in other words, investigatory files. 144

The two documents in question here, by contrast, are not investigatory files. Rather, they are directives regarding the general execution of tasks by agency personnel. While in a general sense, the tasks described in the two documents pertain to law enforcement, the documents are not investigatory, and thus, were not “compiled for law enforcement purposes.” Accordingly, I find that the names of agency personnel who authored or received the two documents are not exempt under 7(C) because the documents do not constitute “records or information compiled for law enforcement purposes.” 145

2. Exemption 6

I next consider the same threshold issue regarding whether the documents qualify under Exemption 6, as files “similar” to medical or personnel files. The Supreme Court has interpreted the term “similar files” broadly to include any “detailed Government records on an individual which can be identified as applying to that individual.” 146 While the privacy right protected by FOIA “was not intended to turn upon the label of the file which contains the damaging information,” 147 nor is it the case that every slip of paper on which a name is written warrants protection. 148 The inquiry is “wheth er the records at issue are likely to contain the type of personal information that would be in a medical or personnel file.” 149 Such information generally includes “ ‘place of birth, date of birth, date of marriage, employment history,’ ” and other “identifying information,” though not necessarily “intimate” information. 150 Examples of records that would fall into the “similar files” category include administrative investigatory files, which could contain personal information about the subject of the investigation and about third-party witnesses; 151 “files [that] would contain ... the information that normally is required from a passport applicant;” 152 or “[attachments to an individual’s asylum request consisting of personal history data and supporting affidavits.” 153

The two documents at issue here are nothing like a medical or personnel file. They are not records “on an individual.” 154 Neither document contains any personal or identifying information apart from the names of the authors, recipients, and persons identified as “the SCOs.” 155 Therefore, the documents cannot be withheld under Exemption 6, because they do not constitute “similar files.”

3. Public Interest Outweighs Privacy Interests

Even if I were to find that the two documents in question constituted either “records or information compiled for law enforcement purposes” or “similar files,” I would nonetheless conclude that the public interest in determining whether the policies set out in those documents are agency-wide or the work of a single agency employee outweighs the privacy interests of the federal employees in withholding their names as the authors and recipients of the two documents.

The D.C. Circuit has held that “[FOIA] does not categorically exempt individuals’ identities ... because the privacy interest at stake may vary depending on the context in which it is asserted.” 156 While “[t]he privacy interests of U.S. government officials might be ‘somewhat diminished’ due to the countervailing interest of the public ‘to be informed about what their government is up to,’ ” 157 federal employees nonetheless maintain “an identifiable privacy interest in avoiding disclosures of information that could lead to annoyance or harassment.” 158 There is, however, persuasive authority for the proposition that information that “merely identifies the names of government offi cials who authored documents and received documents does not generally fall within Exemption 6.” 159

Therefore, under either the Exemption 6 standard of whether disclosure “would constitute a clearly unwarranted invasion of personal privacy” or the Exemption 7(C) standard of whether disclosure “could reasonably be expected to constitute an unwarranted invasion of personal privacy,” 160 I find that the public interest in disclosure outweighs the privacy interest. There is a substantial public interest in knowing whether the expectations and requirements articulated in the memoranda reflect high-level agency policy. Significantly, plaintiffs seek only names, not phone numbers or other more intrusive categories of personal information. Disclosure of these names, in conjunction with the already disclosed content of the memoranda, will help to inform the public as to “what their government is up to,” as the Supreme Court has articulated as the underlying purpose of FOIA. 161 Therefore, defendants must disclose the names of the authors and recipients of the two documents in question.

V. CONCLUSION

For the foregoing reasons, defendants’ motion for summary judgment is granted in part and denied in part, and defendants are directed to make the additional disclosures ordered by this Opinion by July 1, 2011. The Clerk is directed to close this motion [Docket No. 25]. A conference is scheduled for July 22, 2011 at 5 p.m.

SO ORDERED.

1 . 5 U.S.C. § 552 et seq.

2 . See First Amended Complaint ("Compl.”) [Docket No. 9] ¶ 2.

3 . See Defendants’ Memorandum of Law in Support of Defendants' Motion for Summary Judgment on Exemptions (“Def. Mem.”) at 1, 25.

4 . See Plaintiff's Memorandum of Law in Opposition to Defendants' Motion for Summary Judgment on Exemptions ("Opp. Mem.”) at 2.

5 . See Def. Mem. at 1.

6 . See id.

7 . See id.; Compl. ¶ 17. DHS is the umbrella agency under which both ICE and CBP are subsumed.

8

9 . See id. (citing 10/22/10 Declaration of Edward X. Castillo, Border Patrol Agent).

10 . Compl. ¶ 2.

11 . Id. ¶ 4.

12 . See id. ¶ 29.

13 . The terms "Low 2" and "High 2" were used for many years to describe two different categories of information withheld pursuant to 5 U.S.C. § 552(b)(2), under the reasoning of Crooker v. Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms, 670 F.2d 1051 (D.C.Cir.1981). The Supreme Court recently overruled Crooker in its decision in Milner v. Department of the Navy, - U.S. -, 131 S.Ct. 1259, 179 L.Ed.2d 268 (2011). The Milner decision was issued after the parties completed briefing the instant motion, but both parties have submitted supplemental letters addressing Milner. A fuller discussion of Milner and its application to this case follows below.

14 . See Compl. ¶ 40.

15

16 . See id. ¶ 42.

17 . See id. ¶ 41.

18 . See id. IV 43-51.

19 . See Def. Mem. at 3; Original Complaint [Docket No. 1],

20 . See Def. Mem. at 3.

21 . See Compl. ¶ 53. The April 2, 2010 request to CBP sought the following information: "(1) 1-213 arrest forms for persons apprehended on inter-city trains and buses by officers out of the Rochester Border Patrol Station from 2003 to 2009; (2) arrest statistics for the Buffalo Sector and the Rochester Station from 2003 to 2009 for persons apprehended on inter-city trains and buses for whom 1-213s were issued, broken down by the length of time the immigrant was in the United States, country of citizenship, complexion, and criminal record; (3) total arrest statistics for the Buffalo Sector and the Rochester Station from 2003 to 2009 for people for whom I-213s were issued, broken down by length of time the immigrant was in the United States, country of citizenship, complexion, and criminal record; (4) total arrest statistics for the Buffalo Sector and the Rochester Station from 2003 to 2009; (5) staffing levels for the Buffalo Sector and the Rochester Station from 2003 to 2009; (6) explanations and listings of certain codes on the arrest forms; (7) arrest quotas, targets or goals for Border Patrol officers operating in the Buffalo Sector and at the Rochester Station for 2003 to 2009; (8) performance review standards for Border Patrol officers operating in the Buffalo Sector and at the Rochester Station for 2003 to 2009; (9) training materials on racial profiling; (10) training materials on inter-city train and bus enforcement operations; (11) reports concerning arrests on inter-city trains and buses from 2003 to 2009; (12) agreements, understandings, or communications between CBP or Border Patrol and inter-city train or bus operators regarding transportation checks; (13) agreements, understandings, or communications between CBP, Border Patrol, DHS, and/or ICE regarding transportation checks; and (14) standards of conduct for CBP officers at the border and in the interior.” Id.

22 . See id. ¶ 57.

23 . See id. ¶ 60.

24 . See id. ¶¶ 56, 59, 62.

25 . See Def. Mem. at 3; Compl. ¶¶ 79-82.

26 . See Def. Mem. at 3.

27 . See id. at 6.

28 . See id. at 7.

29

30 . On the Court's instructions, the adequacy of the search was not briefed. That issue will be addressed separately at a later date, if necessary.

31 . See Opp. Mem. at 2.

32 . See Bloomberg L.P. v. Board of Governors of the Fed. Reserve Sys., 649 F.Supp.2d 262, 271 (S.D.N.Y.2009); Miscavige v. Internal Revenue Serv., 2 F.3d 366, 369 (11th Cir.1993).

33 . Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(c).

34 . Roe v. City of Waterbury, 542 F.3d 31, 35 (2d Cir.2008) (quoting Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248, 106 S.Ct. 2505, 91 L.Ed.2d 202 (1986)).

35 . McClellan v. Smith, 439 F.3d 137, 144 (2d Cir.2006) (citing Anderson, 477 U.S. at 242, 255, 106 S.Ct. 2505).

36 . Carney v. United States Dep’t of Justice, 19 F.3d 807, 812 (2d Cir.1994) (quotation marks and citations omitted).

37 . Bloomberg, L.P. v. Board of Governors of the Fed. Reserve Sys., 601 F.3d 143, 147 (2d Cir.2010).

38 . In Def. of Animals v. National Inst. of Health, 543 F.Supp.2d 83, 92-93 (D.D.C. 2008) (quoting Assassination Archives and Research Ctr. v. Central Intelligence Agency, 334 F.3d 55, 57 (D.C.Cir.2003)). See also 5 U.S.C. § 552(a)(4)(B); Carney, 19 F.3d at 812 (“In order to prevail on a motion for summary judgment in a FOIA case, the defending agency has the burden of showing that its search was adequate and that any withheld documents fall within an exemption to the FOIA.”).

39 . See Vaughn v. Rosen, 484 F.2d 820, 826-28 (D.C.Cir.1973).

40 . Halpern v. Federal Bureau of Investigation, 181 F.3d 279, 293 (2d Cir.1999).

41 . Id. at 286.

42 . See id. at 287.

43 . 5 U.S.C. § 552(b)(7)(E).

44 . Id. § 552(b)(2).

45 . 670 F.2d 1051.

46 . Milner, 131 S.Ct. at 1262-63 (discussing the development of the Crooker doctrine).

47 . Crooker, 670 F.2d at 1074.

48 . Milner, 131 S.Ct. at 1271.

49 . Id. at 1265.

50 . Id. at 1268.

51 . Id.

52 . 5 U.S.C. § 552(b)(5).

53 . Hopkins v. United States Dep't of Housing and Urban Dev., 929 F.2d 81, 84 (2d Cir. 1991).

54 . See National Labor Relations Bd. v. Sears, Roebuck & Co., 421 U.S. 132, 149-55, 95 S.Ct. 1504, 44 L.Ed.2d 29 (1975); Grand Cent. P’ship, Inc. v. Cuomo, 166 F.3d 473, 481 (2d Cir. 1999).

55 . Federal Trade Commission v. Grolier, Inc., 462 U.S. 19, 26, 103 S.Ct. 2209, 76 L.Ed.2d 387 (1983) (quoting Sears, Roebuck, 421 U.S. at 148-49, 95 S.Ct. 1504).

56 . Id. at 27, 103 S.Ct. 2209.

57 . Tax Analysts v. Internal Revenue Serv., 117 F.3d 607, 618 (D.C.Cir.1997) (“Tax Analysts I").

58 . See In re Six Grand Jury Witnesses, 979 F.2d 939, 943-44 (2d Cir. 1992).

59 . Tax Analysts I, 117 F.3d at 618.

60 . Coastal States Gas Corp. v. Department of Energy, 617 F.2d 854, 862 (D.C.Cir.1980).

61 . Judicial Watch, Inc. v. United States Postal Serv., 297 F.Supp.2d 252, 267 (D.D.C.2004) (quoting Mead Data Cent., Inc. v. Department of the Air Force, 566 F.2d 242, 254 (D.C.Cir. 1977)).

62 . Sears, Roebuck, 421 U.S. at 154, 95 S.Ct. 1504.

63 . A. Michael's Piano, Inc. v. F.T.C., 18 F.3d 138, 146 (2d Cir.1994) (quoting Hickman v. Taylor, 329 U.S. 495, 510-11, 67 S.Ct. 385, 91 L.Ed. 451(1947)).

64 . New York Times Co. v. United States Dep’t of Def., 499 F.Supp.2d 501, 517 (S.D.N.Y.2007).

65 . FPL Gip., Inc. v. Internal Revenue Serv., 698 F.Supp.2d 66, 85-86 (D.D.C.2010).

66 . New York Times Co., 499 F.Supp.2d at 517 (quoting United States v. Adlman, 134 F.3d 1194, 1202 (2d Cir.1998)).

67 . 5 U.S.C. § 552(b)(6).

68 . Wood v. Federal Bureau of Investigation, 432 F.3d 78, 86 (2d Cir.2005) (quoting United States Dep’t of State v. Washington Post Co., 456 U.S. 595, 599, 102 S.Ct. 1957, 72 L.Ed.2d 358 (1982)).

69 . Washington Post Co., 456 U.S. at 602, 102 S.Ct. 1957.

70 . Aguirre v. Securities and Exch. Comm’n, 551 F.Supp.2d 33, 53 (D.D.C.2008).

71

72 . United States Dep’t of Def. v. Federal Labor Relations Auth., 510 U.S. 487, 495, 114 S.Ct. 1006, 127 L.Ed.2d 325 (1994).

73 . Associated Press v. United States Dep’t of Justice, 549 F.3d 62, 66 (2d Cir.2008) (citing National Archives and Records Admin. v. Favish, 541 U.S. 157, 172, 124 S.Ct. 1570, 158 L.Ed.2d 319 (2004)).

74 . Aguirre, 551 F.Supp.2d at 53.

75 . 5 U.S.C. § 552(b)(7)(C).

76 . See McCutchen v. United States Dep't of Health and Human Servs., 30 F.3d 183, 185 (D.C.Cir.1994).

77 . United States Dep't of Justice v. Reporters Comm. for Freedom of the Press, 489 U.S. 749, 756, 109 S.Ct. 1468, 103 L.Ed.2d 774 (1989) (quoting 5 U.S.C. §§ 552(b)(6), (b)(7)(C)).

78 . US000082, US000100, US000113, US000790. See Def. Mem. at 10-11; Table of Defendants’ Redactions and Withholdings (“Table"), Ex. C to Opp. Mem., at 1-3; Reply Memorandum of Law in Support of Defendants’ Motion for Summary Judgment on Exemptions (“Reply Mem.”) at 1.

79 . US000805. See Def. Mem. at 11; Table at 3; Reply Mem. at 1-2.

80 . US000805, US000810. See Def. Mem. at 12; Table at 3; Reply Mem. at 2.

81 . US000073. See Def. Mem. at 22; Table at 1; Reply Mem. at 2.

82 . US000099. See Def. Mem. at 23; Table at 1; Reply Mem. at 2.

83 . US000107. See Def. Mem. at 23; Table at 2; Reply Mem. at 2.

84 . US000807-808. See Def. Mem. at 23; Table at 4; Reply Mem. at 2.

85 . US000745-749, 754,759,764, 770, 774. See Def. Mem. at 23; Table at 3; Reply Mem. at 2.

86 . US000755-758, 760-763, 765-769, 771-773, 775-776. See Def. Mem. at 23; Table at 3; Reply Mem. at 2.

87 . US000119-735. See Table at 3; Reply Mem. at 1 n. 2.

88 . US000811-816. See Opp. Mem. ató.

89 . US000867-001518. See Opp. Mem. at 6.; Def. Mem. at 12.

90 . See Opp. Mem. at 5.

91

92

93 . Id. at 6 n. 3 (quoting Compl., Tab A, # 9; Tab O, # 13; Tab P, # 11; Tab R, #2, 3).

94 . Id. at 6.

95

96 . See id. at 12.

97 . See 3/9/11 Letter from Plaintiffs to the Court ("PI. Letter”); 3/18/11 Letter from Defendants to the Court ("Def. Letter”).

98 . See Def. Mem. at 12-14.

99 . See id. at 14-15.

100 . See id. at 16-18.

101 . See Allard K. Lowenstein Int'l Human Rights Project v. Department of Homeland Sec., 626 F.3d 678, 682 (2d Cir.2010) (relying on Webster’s Dictionary to define "guidelines” as "an indication or outline of future policy or conduct,” "techniques” as "a technical method of accomplishing a desired aim” and "procedures” as "a particular way of doing or going about the accomplishment of something”).

102 . See Def. Mem. at 14, 17.

103 . See id. at 17.

104 . "Names and other identifying personal information of the individuals arrested; the locations of their arrests, including the train routes, train stations, bus routes and stations, and other locations around which Border Patrol agents focus their law enforcement efforts; the names of databases that Border Patrol agents query to run immigration and criminal history checks on individuals they detain; the stations in which Border Patrol agents focus their transportation check efforts; the specific times of day in which Border Patrol agents conduct transportation checks at certain locations; details on coordination efforts between Border Patrol agents and other federal and state law enforcement agencies; Border Patrol sources of information; Border Patrol methods for locating contraband; and other sensitive law enforcement methods and techniques.” Id. at 12-13 (citing Declaration of Robert Lewandowski, U.S. Border Patrol Chief of Staff ("Lewandowski Dec!.”), submitted with Defendants’ Motion for Summary Judgment, ¶ 27).

105 . Opp. Mem. at 10.

106 . Plaintiffs concede this possibility, stating "[i]f CBP has a particular non-public technique or method that it wishes to redact, it should so note[.]” Id. at 10. See also id. at 11-12.

107 . See id. at 10. Cf. Coastal Delivery Corp. v. United States Customs Serv., 272 F.Supp.2d 958, 965-66 (C.D.Cal.2003) (finding that waiver of right to argue exemptions exists only if agency "disclosed the exact information at issue” and that there was no waiver since "merely the same category of information, not the exact information" had been previously disclosed) (emphasis added).

108 . Opp. Mem. at 6.

109 . Def. Mem. at 13.

110 . See Opp. Mem. at 13.

111 . Aguirre, 551 F.Supp.2d at 53. Cf. Hertzberg v. Veneman, 273 F.Supp.2d 67, 86 (D.D.C.2003) ("The release of names and addresses in government files is not inherently and always a significant threat to privacy, but rather the privacy threat depends on the individual characteristics that the disclosure reveals and the consequences that are likely to ensue.”) (quotation marks and citations omitted).

112 . I discuss the applicability of Exemption 6 and 7(C) to the names of document author and recipients below. That reasoning applies equally to the authors and recipients of the comments pages of the Buffalo Sector Daily Reports.

113 . See Def. Mem. at 15 (citing, inter alia, Center for Nat'l Sec. Studies v. Immigration and Naturalization Serv., No. 87-2068, 1990 WL 236133, at *5-6 (D.C.Cir. Dec. 19, 1990) (upholding non-disclosure of INS plans in event of attack on U.S.); Hammes v. United States Customs Serv., No. 94 Civ. 4868, 1994 WL 693717 (S.D.N.Y. Dec. 9, 2004) (upholding non-disclosure of Customs criteria for stopping passengers); James v. United States Customs and Border Protection, 549 F.Supp.2d 1, 10 (D.D.C.2008) (upholding non-disclosure of “type of search” conducted on plaintiff in airport)).

114 . Plaintiffs claim that defendants asserted Exemption 2 without concurrent assertion of Exemption 7(E) over this category of documents — the charge codes contained in Sample Form 1-213s (US000119-000735). See PL Letter at 3. However, defendants contend that they did assert Exemption 7(E) over these documents, by means of citation in their reply brief to a case in which withholding of "the same charge codes” was upheld under Exemption 7(E), Unidad Latina En Accion v. United States Dep't of Homeland Sec., 253 F.R.D. 44 (D.Conn.2008), and by means of the Lewandowski Declaration. See Def. Letter at 2. While defendants' assertion of Exemption 7(E) should have been clearer in their motion, the Court will consider the exemption to have been asserted, particularly in light of Milner.

115 . Def. Mem. at 10-11.

116 . Opp. Mem. at 15.

117

118 . See id. Plaintiffs do not contest the other redactions made to the Sample I-213s. See id. at 16 n. 8.

119

120 . See Opp. Mem. at 16 (citing US000736743, "Appendix A: Initial and Final Charge Codes,” ("App'x A”) released by CBP on December 16, 2010, Ex. G to Opp. Mem.; US000082, "ICE Academy Participant Workbook: 1-213 Preparation,” Ex. F to Opp. Mem.).

121 . Defendants cite to one case in which the court held that "[a]ny computer coding or website information on [1-213s] is covered by both Exemptions (b)(2) High and (b)(7)(E), since the information is internal to DHS and would disclose information that might significantly risk circumvention of the law.” Uni-dad Latina, 253 F.R.D. at 50 (emphasis added). See Reply Mem. at 8. However, the charge codes sought by plaintiffs in the instant matter are not "computer coding or website information.” Rather, it is apparent from looking at the charge code catalogue that the codes correspond to the sections of the Immigration and Naturalization Act from which the authority to deem an individual inadmissible arises. See App'x A (indicating, e.g., code I2A2 arises from INA § 212(a)(l)(A)(ii); code I2B arises from INA § 212(a)(2)(B), etc.).

122 . See Def. Mem. at 8 (citing Unidad Latina, 253 F.R.D. at 50; Buffalo Evening News, Inc. v. United States Border Patrol, 191 F.Supp. 386 (W.D.N.Y.1992)) (upholding redaction of "code words used by the [Border Patrol] to identify deportability charges,” under High 2, not under 7(E)).

123 . US000817-000826, US000827-000866. See Def. Mem. at 19.

124 . See Def. Mem. at 19.

125 . Opp. Mem. at 19.

126 . See id. at 19-20.

127 . Id. (quoting Tax Analysis v. Internal Revenue Serv., 391 F.Supp.2d 122, 130 (D.D.C. 2005) {"Tax Analysts II")).

128 . Id. at 20.

129 . Id. (quoting United States Dep’t of Justice v. Julian, 486 U.S. 1, 12, 108 S.Ct. 1606, 100 L.Ed.2d 1 (1988)).

130

131 . See id. at 21.

132 . See id. at 21, 22.

133 . See id. at 19.

134 . See, e.g., Coastal States Gas Corp., 617 F.2d at 868 (" 'to prevent the development of secret law within the Commission, we must require it to disclose orders and interpretations which it actually applies in cases before it' ") (emphasis added) (quoting Sterling Drug, Inc. v. Federal Trade Comm’n, 450 F.2d 698, 708 (D.C.Cir.1971)); Tax Analysts II, 391 F.Supp.2d at 130 (citing Sears, Roebuck, 421 U.S. 132, 95 S.Ct. 1504).

135 . See Coastal Delivery Corp., 272 F.Supp.2d at 965-66.

136 . See Def. Mem. at 19. See also Tax Analysts I, 117 F.3d at 618 (“In the governmental context, the 'client' may be the agency and the attorney may be the agency lawyer.”).

137 . See Def. Mem. at 22.

138 . See Opp. Mem. at 23.

139 . US000112, Ex. H to Opp. Mem. See also Table, at 2.

140 . US000114, Ex. H to Opp. Mem. See also Table, at 2-3.

141 . Opp. Mem. at 23.

142 . See id. at 24.

143

144 . See, e.g., Ortiz v. United States Dep't of Health and Human Servs., 70 F.3d 729, 732 (2d Cir.1995) (finding letter that HHS's Office of Inspector General "used ... to launch a criminal investigation” qualifies as a law enforcement record under Exemption 7); Vento v. Internal Revenue Serv., 714 F.Supp.2d 137, 148 (D.D.C.2010) (finding documents “compiled in the course of an investigation into plaintiffs tax liability” qualify as law enforcement records under Exemption 7, and compiling cases); Ligorner v. Reno, 2 F.Supp.2d 400 (S.D.N.Y.1998) (finding complaint letter that contained the identity of an individual who accused another of misconduct within the Department of Justice qualifies as a law enforcement record under Exemption 7); Lurie v. Department of Army, 970 F.Supp. 19, 36 (D.D.C.1997) (finding records pertaining to Army's informal investigation of military medical researcher's representations qualify as law enforcement records under Exemption 7).

145

146 . Washington Post Co., 456 U.S. at 602, 102 S.Ct. 1957 (emphasis added). Accord Adamowicz v. Internal Revenue Serv., 672 F.Supp.2d 454, 473 (S.D.N.Y.2009).

147 . Washington Post Co., 456 U.S. at 601, 102 S.Ct. 1957.

148 . See id. at 602 n. 4, 102 S.Ct. 1957 ("This construction of Exemption 6 will not render meaningless the threshold requirement that information be contained in personnel, medical, and similar files by reducing it to a test which fails to screen out any information that will not be screened out by the balancing of private against public interests. As petitioners point out, there are undoubtedly many Government files which contain information not personal to any particular individual, the disclosure of which would nonetheless cause embarrassment to certain persons. Information unrelated to any particular person presumably would not satisfy the threshold test.”).

149 . Wood v. Federal Bureau of Investigation, 432 F.3d at 86.

150 . Id. (quoting Washington Post Co., 456 U.S. at 600-01, 102 S.Ct. 1957).

151 . See id. Obviously certain kinds of investigatory files might fall under both Exemptions 6 and 7(C).

152 . Washington Post Co., 456 U.S. at 600, 102 S.Ct. 1957.

153 . Phillips v. Immigration and Customs Enforcement, 385 F.Supp.2d 296, 304 (S.D.N.Y. 2005).

154 . Washington Post Co., 456 U.S. at 602, 102 S.Ct. 1957.

155 . US000114.

156 . Judicial Watch, Inc. v. Food and Drug Admin., 449 F.3d 141, 153 (D.C.Cir.2006).

157 . Phillips, 385 F.Supp.2d at 305.

158 . Cawthon v. United States Dep’t of Justice, No. 05-0567, 2006 WL 581250, at *3 (D.D.C. Mar. 9, 2006).

159

160 . Reporters Comm., 489 U.S. at 756, 109 S.Ct. 1468 (considering the statutory language and legislative history of 6 and 7(C) to conclude that “the standard for evaluating a threatened invasion of privacy interests resulting from the disclosure of records compiled for law enforcement purposes is somewhat broader than the standard applicable to personnel, medical, and similar files”).

161 . Id. at 773, 109 S.Ct. 1468. The cases cited by defendants are all easily distinguished insofar as they uphold the withholding of phone numbers, email addresses, information pertaining to third parties, and/or names of lower level federal employees. See Def. Mem. at 23 (citing Budik v. Department of Army, 742 F.Supp.2d 20, 38 (D.D.C.2010) (no public interest in disclosing government employee's e-mail address); Amnesty Int’l v. Central Intelligence Agency, No. 07 Civ. 5435, 2008 WL 2519908, at *15-16 (S.D.N.Y. June 19, 2008) (withholding third party phone number); Phillips, 385 F.Supp.2d at 308 (withholding telephone number of government employee); Judicial Watch, Inc. v. United States, 84 Fed.Appx. 335, 338-39 (4th Cir. 2004) (withholding names of lower level federal employees)).