Enforcement granted in part and denied in part by published opinion. Judge DUFFY wrote the majority opinion, in which Judge NIEMEYER joined. Judge HALL wrote a dissenting opinion.
OPINION
DUFFY, District Judge:
The National Labor Relations Board (“NLRB” or “the Board”) found that Eldeco, Inc. (“Eldeco” or “the Company”), committed several violations of the National Labor Relations Act (“the Act”) at its facilities in North Charleston, South Carolina and Winston-Salem, North Carolina. Eldeco offers two basic responses to these findings: (1) that the ALJ’s credibility determinations were biased in favor of the union; and (2) that the Board’s findings on the various violations were not supported by substantial evidence. We agree with the Board that substantial evidence supports some violations, and we reject the Company’s claims that the agency proceedings were impermissibly biased. We agree with Eldeco, however, that its decision to implement a drug testing policy did not run afoul of the Act. We also agree with Eldeco that its decision to terminate two employees (Waco Cottingham and Stephen Pope) was not based on discriminatory considerations and that the August 3, 1994 letters sent to applicants constituted valid offers of employment. For these reasons, we enforce the Board’s order in part and deny enforcement in part.
I.
Eldeco is alleged to have committed unfair labor practices involving electrical work in the construction of K-Mart retail stores in North and South Carolina. The charge pertaining to the North Charleston job site was filed by International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers, Local 776, AFL — CIO (“Local 776”), and the Winston-Salem charges by International - Brotherhood of Electrical Workers, Local 342, AFL — CIO (“Local 342”) (jointly referred to as “the Union”).
After issuance of an original complaint, a consolidated complaint was issued on October 31, 1994. The amended allegations are that, at the Winston-Salem job site, Eldeco violated Section 8(a)(1) of the Act by: (1) advising its employees that union affiliated employees would not be hired; (2) telling employees that it hired a foreman to. keep the job site union-free; (3) interrogating employees regarding the union activities of other employees;. (4) threatening its employees with unspecified reprisals for engaging in union activity; (5) telling employees that it would not have any union employees on the job; (6) telling an employee that he was being terminated because of his union activity; (7) discriminatorily prohibiting employees from discussing the Union on the job; (8) creating the impression that it was engaged in surveillance of employees’ union activities; (9) promulgating and disparately enforcing its drug testing policy in order to discourage union activities by employees; and (10) threatening to discharge employees supporting the Union by implementing a drug testing policy.
The complaint also alleges that, at the Winston-Salem job site, Eldeco discharged employee Gregory Davis and failed to consider and refused to offer jobs to 16-named applicants because of their union activities or sympathies, in violation of Section 8(a)(3) of the Act.
At the North Charleston job site, the complaint alleges that Eldeco failed to consider and refused to offer jobs to nine applicants because of their union activities, in violation of Section 8(a)(3) of the Act.
A hearing was held before the ALJ in Charleston, South Carolina, on January 18, 19, and 20,1995. The ALJ issued his opinion ón June 9, 1995. He uniformly found in favor of the Union on issues of credibility and [1010]*1010held that Eldeeo had engaged in several unfair labor practices. The ALJ concluded that the Company violated Section 8(a)(1) of the Act at its Winston-Salem, North Carolina job site by: (1) advis ing its employees that a foreman had been hired to keep the job site “union-free”; (2) interrogating employees regarding the union activities of other employees; (3) threatening employees with unspecified reprisals for engaging in union activity; (4) telling employees that there would not be any union employees on the job; (5) telling an employee that he was being terminated because of his union activities; (6) creating the impression that Eldeeo was engaging in surveillance of its employees’ union activities; (7) promulgating and disparately enforcing a drug testing policy in order to discourage union activities of its employees; and (8) telling employees that the purpose of the drug-testing program was to eliminate union employees.
The ALJ further concluded that the Company violated Section 8(a)(1) and(a)(3) of the Act by: (a) discharging employees Gregory Davis on July 23, 1994, and Stephen Pope and Waco Cottingham on August 11, 1994, because of their union activities and sympathies; and (b) failing to consider for employment and failing to employ certain applicants because of their union sympathies and activities.
The Board affirmed the ALJ’s conclusions and required that injured employees be reinstated, made whole, and further directed the Company to cease and desist from all unfair labor practices. Eldeeo filed this petition for a review of the Board’s order, and the Board cross-petitioned for enforcement.
The ALJ’s findings of fact are adequate to address most of the Company’s arguments. Therefore, we will reiterate the facts only when specifically relevant.
II.
Eldeeo lodges various objections to the .fact-finding process in this case, which we shall consider seriatim.
A.
Eldeeo first presents statistical arguments, which it claims prove that the ALJ was biased in favor of the Union. Eldeeo notes that the ALJ credited all of the Union’s witnesses and none of its own, thereby proving bias. Contrary to the Company’s suggestion, bias is not established merely because an ALJ uniformly credits one party’s witnesses over another’s. NLRB v. Pittsburgh Steamship Co., 387 U.S. 656, 659, 69 S.Ct. 1283, 1285, 93 L.Ed. 1602 (1949). Furthermore, this court, in Fieldcrest Cannon v. NLRB, previously stated:
Our review shall not be driven ... by an overall statistical balance of whose witnesses received credit and whose did not. To do so would amount to judging a case by some mechanical formula rather than the merits of the evidence. After all, such statistics do not inform us whether “a credibility determination is unreasonable, contradicts other findings of fact, or is ‘based on an inadequate reason or no reason at all.’ ”
97 F.3d 65, 69 (4th Cir.1996) (citing NLRB v. McCullough Environmental Services, Inc., 5 F.3d 923, 928 (5th Cir.1993) (citation omitted)).
Eldeeo also contends that approximately 89% of the ALJ’s decisions in the last 20 years were in favor of the Union, thereby indicating a bias in favor of labor unions. Fieldcrest also held that this type of statistical argument is irrelevant. Fieldcrest, 97 F.3d at 69 (“To evaluate an ALJ’s impartiality in this way amounts to judging his record by mere result or reputation, and in reality, such statistics tell us little or nothing.”). Accordingly, we have set aside the statistics and have examined the fact-finding in this case to assess whether the record as a whole supports the ALJ’s determinations.
B.
Eldeeo next challenges many of the ALJ’s credibility determinations. However, the credibility determinations that Eldeeo challenges were the product of lengthy and thorough proceedings during which each party had ample opportunity to present its respec[1011]*1011tive position to the ALJ. The testimony consumed 3 days, during which the Union called 31 witnesses, and Eldeco called 6 witnesses. The transcript filled more than 800 pages.
The ALJ’s decision reflects careful consideration of the testimony, and he specifically stated that his decision was based upon his observation of the demeanor of the witnesses. Furthermore, the ALJ carefully spelled out each violation, the evidence proving the violation, and his reason's for ruling as he did. Reviewing courts owe deference to factual findings, assessing them only to determine whether they are supported by substantial evidence. See Universal Camera Corp. v. NLRB, 340 U.S. 474, 488-91, 71 S.Ct. 456, 464-66, 95 L.Ed. 456 (1951). When factual findings rest upon credibility determinations, they should be accepted by the reviewing court absent “exceptional circumstances.” NLRB v. Air Products & Chemicals, Inc., 717 F.2d 141, 145 (4th Cir.1983). Exceptional circumstances include cases where “a credibility determination is unreasonable, contradicts other findings of fact, or is ‘based on an inadequate reason or no reason at all.’” McCullough, 5 F.3d at 928 (citation omitted). Only in such a situation is a reviewing court “free to review the record and independently reach [its] own conclusions.” McCullough, 5 F.3d at 928. Otherwise, careful fact-finding, such as that undertaken in this case, is entitled to deference.
III.
Giving the proper deference to the ALJ’s fact finding determinations leaves no doubt that Eldeco committed certain unfair labor practices. However, the pervasiveness of those violations is not as great as the ALJ concludes. A careful review of the record reveals that most of the ALJ’s credibility determinations are supported by substantial evidence; however, we find that some of the ALJ’s findings are not. Eldeco’s drug testing policy was not disparately enforced in order to discourage union activities of its employees. We further disagree with some of the inferences and conclusions drawn from the findings as well as the scope of the remedy.
Eldeco’s drug testing policy at the Winston-Salem job site was instituted on or about August 1, 1994, at the direction of Morris Mason, Eldeco’s director of safety. During the last week of July 1994, Mr. Mason performed a safety inspection at the job site and received indications that employees of other contractors were using drugs. Based on this information and because Eldeco was preparing to hire a very large group of new employees, Mr. Mason directed Mr. Mastalz to immediately make arrangements to drug test all new applicants. Eldeco assessed that it did not have an existing drug problem, and therefore opted not to incur the additional expense of testing its current employees.
The ALJ found that this rule was promulgated in response to a union organizing drive and disparately enforced in violation of Section 8(a)(1) of the Act. NLRB v. McCullough Env. Services, 5 F.3d 923 (5th Cir.1993); NLRB v. S.E. Nichols, Inc., 862 F.2d 952 (2d Cir.1988). Some of the factors that are relevant to determine whether an employer has promulgated rules in response to employee Section 7 activity are: the timing of the rules’ promulgation, whether the announcement of the rules was accompanied by remarks about union organizing, the employer’s hostility to the union drive, and whether the employer’s justifications withstand scrutiny. Cannondale Corp., 310 NLRB 845, 849, 1993 WL 92248 (1993); Capitol EMI Music, Inc., 311 NLRB 997, 1006, 1993 WL 195860 (1993), enforced, 23 F.3d 399 (4th Cir.1994). The Board noted that the timing of the implementation was just one week after a strike and the Union’s filing an unfair labor practices charge. Furthermore, the ALJ credited Mr. Heath’s testimony that Mr. Mastalz said that the purpose of the drug test policy was to get rid of “union guys,” not drug users. This statement is seemingly buttressed by the evidence that one employee (Mr. Luper) who failed the drug test was allowed to continue work for two months. Accordingly, the Board’s inference that the drug test policy was promulgat[1012]*1012ed in response to union activity may facially appear to be supported by substantial evidence.
On the other hand, there is absolutely no evidence of disparate enforcement of the policy. As the board also noted, we fully recognize that a nondiscriminatory drug testing policy serves a legitimate employer interest by addressing the problem of drug abuse in the work force. There is evidence that every applicant, union and nonunion, who applied after August 1, 1994, was required to take a drug test. Furthermore, out of the more than 20 drug test reports in the record, six indicate drug use, thereby adding credence to the Company’s concerns. As to Mr. Lu-per, it must be noted that he challenged the accuracy of his first test, and his second test was negative.
We therefore refuse to punish a company for implementing a drug testing program which is a good safety device and 'a valid public policy decision when there is no evidence of discriminatory enforcement. The argument that the Company must test all present employees in order to test all new applicants is specious. Accordingly, we deny any recovery related to the drug testing policy.
The Board’s determination that Eldeco’s discharge of Stephen Pope and Waco Cottingham was motivated by anti-Union animus is not supported by substantial evidence. Mr. Pope, a Union member who was hired through a temporary service, went to the Winston-Salem job site on August 8, 1994, wearing a Union T-shirt. He told Mr. Mastalz that he was Union, and though aware of the strike, wanted to work anyway. He worked for two days and was then told that the fees paid to the temporary agency were too high. Mastalz told him that the Company would hire him directly, but that he would have to take a drug test.1 Pope refused to take the test and was discharged.
Waco Cottingham was not a Union member. He was hired directly by the Company on August 9,1994, when he applied at the job site. Mr. Cottingham signed the standard form acknowledging that the Company had a substance abuse policy that may require him to take a drug test in the future. He was later seen having lunch with Pope, a known Union supporter, on August 10, 1994. The next day, his second day of work, Cottingham was told that he had to take a drug test. He refused and was terminated.
Both employees began work after the drug policy was implemented. Again we note .that there is no evidence that any new employee or applicant at the Winston-Salem job site was not drug tested. Since the drug testing policy was not disparately enforced, and we have upheld that policy as valid, we must then reverse the Board’s determination that Eldeco’s discharge of Stephen Pope and Waco Cottingham was in violation of the Act.
C.
We also reverse the Board’s determination that the August 3,' 1994 letters to the applicants do not constitute valid offers of employment. After the strike at the Winston-Salem job site, Eldeco was in need of several employees. It therefore sent out form letters to many applicants reading;
Eldeco, Inc. has work available for you at the K-mart location in Winston-Salem. If you are interested, please contact Norman Mastalz at the job site to arrange for a drug test and to work out details of wages and hours.
On August 9, 1994, Mr. Maurice, the Union’s Business Manager, faxed a letter to Mr. Mason stating that many of the Union members who had applied with Eldeco had received the correspondence regarding possible employment. Maurice also referenced the drug test and warned that “an additional condition for employment required of only the known Union applicants is a blatant violation of employees’ Section 7 rights.” Mason replied to the letter and informed Maurice of the safety reasons behind the drug test policy. None of the Union applicants replied to the offer of employment.
[1013]*1013For the reasons discussed above, we uphold the drug testing policy as valid, and therefore the letters of August 3, 1994, constituted valid offers of employment.2
IV.
Eldeco next contends that some of the applicants were not bonafide employees under the Act because they were under the direction of the Union. Eldeco makes the argument that if one is paid by the Union and/or owes his allegiance to the Union, then the Union, rather than the employer, would control the actions of the employee; and thus, he could not be an employee under the act.
The Board adopted the ALJ’s findings that Mr. Maurice, the paid business manager of Local 342, and other union members who admittedly owed loyalty to the Union were bona fide applicants for employment and “employees” within the meaning of the Act. Subsequent to the ALJ’s decision, the Supreme Court issued its opinion in NLRB v. Town & Country Elec., Inc., in which the Court accepted the contention that paid Union organizers are employees within the meaning of -Section 2(3) of the Act:
The Board ... concluded that service to the Union for pay does not “involve abandonment of ... service” to the company. And, that conclusion seems correct. Common sense suggests that as a worker goes about his ordinary tasks during a working day, say, wiring sockets or laying cable, he or she is subject to the control of the company employer, whether or not the Union also pays the worker. The company, the worker, the Union, all would expect that to be so. And, that being so, that Union and company interests or control might sometimes differ should .make no difference.
516 U.S. 85, -, 116 S.Ct. 450, 456, 133 L.Ed.2d 371 (1995) (internal citations omitted).
In the present case, there is no evidence of any arrangement between the Union and the applicants which would have caused the Company to lose control over normal workplace tasks in the event it had hired them. Accordingly, we agree with the ALJ that Mr. Maurice and the others were employees entitled to protection under the Act.
V.
We next turn to the North Charleston job site and alter slightly the remedy ordered by the Board.
On March 1, 1994, Tom Flood, Sr., a member of Local 776, and seven other individuals affiliated with Local 776 — Tom Flood, Jr., James Anderson, Sean Taylor, Vernon Taylor, David Smith, Doug Michi, and James Michi — appeared together at the Company’s North Charleston office and applied for work as electricians (with the exception of Tom Flood, Jr., who was seeking an apprentice position). Tom Flood, Sr., introduced the group to the Company’s representatives as Union members. Chris Momeir, the Company’s director of operations, said that the Company would need 10-12 employees initially and that the Company also had work in Winston-Salem, North Carolina, and Harts-ville, South Carolina. Momeir told the group to come back on Friday, March 4, for interviews with General Superintendent Edward Ball. John Frazier also went by the office on March 1, 1994. He left his application and was told by the secretary that the Company was planning to hire about 10 men in two weeks.
The group, minus James Michi, returned on March 4,1994, and was informed that Mr. Ball had just left. Superintendent George Kelly told the group to leave their applica[1014]*1014tions, that the Company would be hiring about 20 men- and they would be contacted.
Subsequently, between March 1, 1994 and May 1, 1994, several of the applicants went by the Company’s office or the North Charleston job site to check about employment opportunities. None of them were hired. On May 2, 1994, Samuel Grimsley applied for work and was immediately hired. He was not a member of the Union and had no prior work history with Eldeeo.
The Union filed unfair labor charges against Eldeeo in North Charleston on May 6, 1994. Thereafter, in June 1994, the Company offered employment to several of the applicants listed in the complaint.
An employer violates Section 8(a)(1) and (a)(3) of the Act by refusing to consider applications or to hire applicants because of their Union sentiments, membership or activities. Here, the ALJ concluded, and the Board agreed, that by failing to consider the applications of the Union supporters at the North Charleston Office and by failing to hire them, the Company engaged in unfair labor practices under Section 8(a)(1) and (a)(3). Applying our deferential standard of review, we uphold the ALJ’s findings of fact, which are clearly supported by substantial evidence in the record. However, we disagree as to the extent of the violations and therefore limit the remedies accordingly.
On April 8, 1994, Tom Flood, Sr., gave a sworn statement in support of charges made against Eldeeo in a law suit pertaining to defective work at an unrelated project. The statement listed several code violations allegedly committed by Eldeeo and stated that Mr. Flood “feared for [his] life and could not sleep thinking of the danger to the public.”
On April 15, 1994, Tom Flood, Sr., went to Eldeco’s offices to cheek on his application. While there, he spoke with Richard Zeron, manager of Eldeco’s North Charleston branch, who questioned him about his criticisms of the unrelated project. Mr. Flood stated that Zeron was upset about the allegations. Zeron testified that he did not want to rehire Tom Flood, Sr., because he did not think it advisable to hire someone who was adverse to Eldeeo at the start. We find that Eldeeo had a valid non-discriminatory reason for not hiring Mr. Flood, Sr. Goldtex, 14 F.3d at 1011; see also NLRB v. Wright Line, a Division of Wright Line, Inc., 662 F.2d 899 (1st Cir.1981), cert. denied, 455 U.S. 989, 102 S.Ct. 1612, 71 L.Ed.2d 848 (1982).
However, Eldeeo could not have known about Mr. Flood’s statement prior to April 8, 1994. Also, Mr. Flood should have been high on Eldeco’s hiring list because he had worked for Eldeeo previously.3 The termination report that Eldeeo prepared was positive and stated that Eldeeo would rehire Mr. Flood. Therefore, the ALJ’s determination that Eldeeo failed to consider Mr. Flood, Sr.’s application and also failed to hire him is entitled to deference. Accordingly, we do not disturb the ALJ’s determination that Mr. Flood was discriminated against, however, we do limit his recovery to only those damages incurred prior to April 8,1994.
The Company also contends that it made valid offers of employment to some of the applicants. During June 1994, the Company called many of the applicants to inform them that Eldeeo had jobs for them. The ALJ noted that the calls came after the unfair labor practice charge had been filed and were questionable as to whether they constituted offers of employment. The ALJ left this issue to the compliance stage of the proceeding. We modify that ruling slightly to limit any alleged damages to the date that [1015]*1015an applicant was offered a job and did not accept it.
Eldeco further challenges the NLRB’s decision that Eldeeo’s refusal to hire Tom Flood, Jr., was based on discriminatory considerations. Tom Flood, Jr., was in high school when he applied with Eldeco on March 1,1994, and was looking for part-time work as an apprentice.4 Eldeco argues that, because Tom Flood, Jr., admitted in his testimony that he was not qualified or capable of performing the work of a helper, the Board’s conclusion is erroneous. The Board noted this testimony, but concluded that Mr. Flood, Jr.’s lack of qualifications was not the reason for Eldeco’s refusal to hire him; rather, the refusal was based on discriminatory considerations. The Board then left to the compliance stage of the proceeding the issues of whether the admission should operate to preclude reinstatement and/or toll back pay. We disagree. An applicant who is admittedly not qualified to perform the job for which he applied could not have been damaged from' a refusal to hire, whatever the reason. Accordingly, we preclude any reinstatement and toll any back pay. .
VI.
We therefore enforce the Board’s order with the exception of those provisions relating to Waco Cottingham, Stephen Pope, Tom Flood, Tom Flood, Jr.; the drug test policy, and the offers of employment. As to those matters, we deny enforcement.
ENFORCEMENT GRANTED IN PART AND DENIED IN PART.