JON O. NEWMAN, Circuit Judge:
In Eastway Construction Corp. v. City of New York, 762 F.2d 243 (2d Cir.1985) (“Eastway I”), a panel of this Court determined that the prevailing municipal defendants should receive an award of “a reasonable attorney’s fee” and remanded the case for the determination of the appropriate amount. On remand, Chief Judge Weinstein concluded that, although the lodestar amount of a fee based on the hours reasonably expended by defendants’ counsel and the market rate for their services was $52,-912.50, the fee to be awarded would be $1,000. 637 F.Supp. 558 (E.D.N.Y.1986). We have concluded that the award falls below even the range within which a district judge may exercise his considerable discretion in such matters, and we therefore modify the award to the amount at the lower limit of the range appropriate for this case, $10,000.
The circumstances of the litigation are fully set forth in our prior opinion and the opinion of the District Court on remand. Suffice it to recount here only that the litigation involved a civil rights claim and an antitrust claim, both of which were determined in Eastway I to be frivolous, thereby creating liability for an award of a reasonable attorney’s fee to the municipal defendants under both 42 U.S.C. § 1988 (1982) and Rule 11 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. The defendants have returned to this Court with two objections to the fee award made by the District Court. First, they contend that it was an abuse of discretion to award anything less than the full lodestar amount. Second, they urge that the appropriate award, in whatever amount, should not have been imposed solely on the plaintiffs but should have been imposed upon their counsel and perhaps also upon the plaintiffs.
1. The Amount of the Fee Award
We recognized in Eastway I that “the district courts retain broad discretion in fashioning sanctions, and apportioning fees between attorney and client.” 762 F.2d at 254 n. 7. The “specifics” of an attorney’s fee award, we observed, would be reviewed under an “ ‘abuse of discretion’ standard.” Id.
It is arguable that the discretion of district judges under Rule 11 should focus primarily if not exclusively upon the choice of sanctions that might be selected after a court has determined that the Rule has been violated. Under this view, once the sanction of a reasonable attorney’s fee has been chosen, the amount of that fee should be determined by the lodestar method, now commonly used in determining a reasonable fee appropriate for a prevailing plaintiff under section 1988. The opposing view proceeds from the fact that an award of attorney’s fees to a prevailing defendant, under either section 1988 or Rule 11, serves not only as compensation for the defendant but also as a sanction against the plaintiff and, sometimes under Rule 11, against his attorney. It is of the essence of decision-making with regard to sanctions that their severity be carefully calibrated by those entrusted with the responsibility for imposing them. Though some discretion is always exercised in selecting from among the sanctions available under Rule 11, use of the lodestar amount whenever a court elects to award a defendant an attorney’s fee might lead some judges to impose an excessive sanction upon some plaintiffs and might inhibit other judges from ever selecting an attorney’s fee as the appropriate sanction.
Each of these opposing views has force, and, were the slate clean, we would have to assess them with some care. Indeed, one member of the panel, Judge Pratt, holds the view that an attorney’s fee, whenever awarded to a prevailing defendant, should normally be the lodestar amount. But a majority of the panel is persuaded that however we might weigh the competing considerations were we formulating Rule 11, the course of the law concerning use of attorney’s fees as one of an array of sanctions against frivolous litigation has recognized that a lodestar amount need not be routinely awarded.
[123]*123In Faraci v. Hickey-Freeman Co., 607 F.2d 1025 (2d Cir.1979), we applied a flexible approach to a defendant’s fee award under the fee-shifting provision of Title VII, 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-5(k), a provision we have construed to authorize a defendant’s fee award where the plaintiff’s claim is frivolous. Carrion v. Yeshiva University, 535 F.2d 722, 727 (2d Cir.1976). See Christiansburg Garment Co. v. E.E.O.C., 434 U.S. 412, 421, 98 S.Ct. 694, 700, 54 L.Ed.2d 648 (1978). The standards for awarding fees to prevailing defendants under Title VII and section 1988 are the same. Hughes v. Rowe, 449 U.S. 5, 14, 101 S.Ct. 173, 178, 66 L.Ed.2d 163 (1980). In Farad, the defendant’s legal fees amounted to $11,500. The District Judge exercised his discretion to allow only $2,500. On appeal, we concluded that under all the circumstances a fee award of only $200 was appropriate. See also Carrion v. Yeshiva University, supra, 535 F.2d at 728 (defendant “certainly not made whole” by fee award of $5,000). We have also awarded prevailing defendants less than the lodestar amount of a legal fee in exercising our authority under Rule 38 of the Federal Rules of Appellate Procedure in determining what amount of legal fees are to be awarded as a sanction for a frivolous appeal. See, e.g., United States v. Potamkin Cadillac Corp., 697 F.2d 491, 495 (2d Cir.) (double costs plus $500 attorney’s fee), cert. denied, 462 U.S. 1144, 103 S.Ct. 3128, 77 L.Ed.2d 1379 (1983); In re Hartford Textile Corp., 659 F.2d 299, 306 (2d Cir. 1981) (double costs plus $5,000 attorney’s fee), cert. denied, 455 U.S. 1018, 102 S.Ct. 1714, 72 L.Ed.2d 136 (1982).
The case law under Rule 11 also reflects the exercise of discretion to award only that portion of a defendant’s attorney’s fee thought reasonable to serve the sanctioning purpose of the Rule. E.g., Nixon v. Individual Head of St. Joseph Mortgage Co., Inc., 612 F.Supp. 253, 256 (N.D.Ind. 1985) ($250 for each of defendants’ two attorneys), aff'd, 787 F.2d 595 (7th Cir. 1986) ; Fox v. Boucher, 603 F.Supp. 216, 220 (S.D.N.Y.1985) ($3,000), aff'd, 794 F.2d 34 (2d Cir.1986); Index Fund v. Hagopian, 107 F.R.D. 95, 99 (S.D.N.Y.1985) ($100); Weisman v. Rivlin, 598 F.Supp. 724, 726-27 (D.D.C.1984) ($200); Heimbaugh v. City of San Francisco, 591 F.Supp. 1573, 1277 (N.D.Cal.1984) ($50). See also S.M. Kassin, An Empirical Study of Rule 11 Sanctions 6, n.
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JON O. NEWMAN, Circuit Judge:
In Eastway Construction Corp. v. City of New York, 762 F.2d 243 (2d Cir.1985) (“Eastway I”), a panel of this Court determined that the prevailing municipal defendants should receive an award of “a reasonable attorney’s fee” and remanded the case for the determination of the appropriate amount. On remand, Chief Judge Weinstein concluded that, although the lodestar amount of a fee based on the hours reasonably expended by defendants’ counsel and the market rate for their services was $52,-912.50, the fee to be awarded would be $1,000. 637 F.Supp. 558 (E.D.N.Y.1986). We have concluded that the award falls below even the range within which a district judge may exercise his considerable discretion in such matters, and we therefore modify the award to the amount at the lower limit of the range appropriate for this case, $10,000.
The circumstances of the litigation are fully set forth in our prior opinion and the opinion of the District Court on remand. Suffice it to recount here only that the litigation involved a civil rights claim and an antitrust claim, both of which were determined in Eastway I to be frivolous, thereby creating liability for an award of a reasonable attorney’s fee to the municipal defendants under both 42 U.S.C. § 1988 (1982) and Rule 11 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. The defendants have returned to this Court with two objections to the fee award made by the District Court. First, they contend that it was an abuse of discretion to award anything less than the full lodestar amount. Second, they urge that the appropriate award, in whatever amount, should not have been imposed solely on the plaintiffs but should have been imposed upon their counsel and perhaps also upon the plaintiffs.
1. The Amount of the Fee Award
We recognized in Eastway I that “the district courts retain broad discretion in fashioning sanctions, and apportioning fees between attorney and client.” 762 F.2d at 254 n. 7. The “specifics” of an attorney’s fee award, we observed, would be reviewed under an “ ‘abuse of discretion’ standard.” Id.
It is arguable that the discretion of district judges under Rule 11 should focus primarily if not exclusively upon the choice of sanctions that might be selected after a court has determined that the Rule has been violated. Under this view, once the sanction of a reasonable attorney’s fee has been chosen, the amount of that fee should be determined by the lodestar method, now commonly used in determining a reasonable fee appropriate for a prevailing plaintiff under section 1988. The opposing view proceeds from the fact that an award of attorney’s fees to a prevailing defendant, under either section 1988 or Rule 11, serves not only as compensation for the defendant but also as a sanction against the plaintiff and, sometimes under Rule 11, against his attorney. It is of the essence of decision-making with regard to sanctions that their severity be carefully calibrated by those entrusted with the responsibility for imposing them. Though some discretion is always exercised in selecting from among the sanctions available under Rule 11, use of the lodestar amount whenever a court elects to award a defendant an attorney’s fee might lead some judges to impose an excessive sanction upon some plaintiffs and might inhibit other judges from ever selecting an attorney’s fee as the appropriate sanction.
Each of these opposing views has force, and, were the slate clean, we would have to assess them with some care. Indeed, one member of the panel, Judge Pratt, holds the view that an attorney’s fee, whenever awarded to a prevailing defendant, should normally be the lodestar amount. But a majority of the panel is persuaded that however we might weigh the competing considerations were we formulating Rule 11, the course of the law concerning use of attorney’s fees as one of an array of sanctions against frivolous litigation has recognized that a lodestar amount need not be routinely awarded.
[123]*123In Faraci v. Hickey-Freeman Co., 607 F.2d 1025 (2d Cir.1979), we applied a flexible approach to a defendant’s fee award under the fee-shifting provision of Title VII, 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-5(k), a provision we have construed to authorize a defendant’s fee award where the plaintiff’s claim is frivolous. Carrion v. Yeshiva University, 535 F.2d 722, 727 (2d Cir.1976). See Christiansburg Garment Co. v. E.E.O.C., 434 U.S. 412, 421, 98 S.Ct. 694, 700, 54 L.Ed.2d 648 (1978). The standards for awarding fees to prevailing defendants under Title VII and section 1988 are the same. Hughes v. Rowe, 449 U.S. 5, 14, 101 S.Ct. 173, 178, 66 L.Ed.2d 163 (1980). In Farad, the defendant’s legal fees amounted to $11,500. The District Judge exercised his discretion to allow only $2,500. On appeal, we concluded that under all the circumstances a fee award of only $200 was appropriate. See also Carrion v. Yeshiva University, supra, 535 F.2d at 728 (defendant “certainly not made whole” by fee award of $5,000). We have also awarded prevailing defendants less than the lodestar amount of a legal fee in exercising our authority under Rule 38 of the Federal Rules of Appellate Procedure in determining what amount of legal fees are to be awarded as a sanction for a frivolous appeal. See, e.g., United States v. Potamkin Cadillac Corp., 697 F.2d 491, 495 (2d Cir.) (double costs plus $500 attorney’s fee), cert. denied, 462 U.S. 1144, 103 S.Ct. 3128, 77 L.Ed.2d 1379 (1983); In re Hartford Textile Corp., 659 F.2d 299, 306 (2d Cir. 1981) (double costs plus $5,000 attorney’s fee), cert. denied, 455 U.S. 1018, 102 S.Ct. 1714, 72 L.Ed.2d 136 (1982).
The case law under Rule 11 also reflects the exercise of discretion to award only that portion of a defendant’s attorney’s fee thought reasonable to serve the sanctioning purpose of the Rule. E.g., Nixon v. Individual Head of St. Joseph Mortgage Co., Inc., 612 F.Supp. 253, 256 (N.D.Ind. 1985) ($250 for each of defendants’ two attorneys), aff'd, 787 F.2d 595 (7th Cir. 1986) ; Fox v. Boucher, 603 F.Supp. 216, 220 (S.D.N.Y.1985) ($3,000), aff'd, 794 F.2d 34 (2d Cir.1986); Index Fund v. Hagopian, 107 F.R.D. 95, 99 (S.D.N.Y.1985) ($100); Weisman v. Rivlin, 598 F.Supp. 724, 726-27 (D.D.C.1984) ($200); Heimbaugh v. City of San Francisco, 591 F.Supp. 1573, 1277 (N.D.Cal.1984) ($50). See also S.M. Kassin, An Empirical Study of Rule 11 Sanctions 6, n. 20, and accompanying text (Federal Judicial Center 1985) (reporting 65 cases in which “some portion” of defendant’s attorney’s fees has been awarded under Rule 11). Fees far below the lodestar amount have frequently been awarded to prevailing defendants under section 1988. E.g., Kostiuk v. Town of Riverhead, 570 F.Supp. 603, 612-13 n. 4 (E.D.N.Y.1983) ($250).
To recognize that district judges have discretion in determining the amount of a defendant’s fee that would be reasonable to serve as a sanction is not, however, to forgo traditional appellate review of the exercise of such discretion. All discretion is to be exercised within reasonable limits. The concept of discretion implies that a decision is lawful at any point within the outer limits of the range of choices appropriate to the issue at hand; at the same time, a decision outside those limits exceeds or, as it is infelicitously said, “abuses” allowable discretion. See Stormy Clime Ltd. v. ProGroup, Inc., 809 F.2d 971, 974 (2d Cir.1987); Friendly, Indiscretion About Discretion, 31 Emory L. Rev. 747, 773-78 (1982).
In this case, Chief Judge Weinstein has thoughtfully considered a variety of factors bearing on the appropriate amount of a fee to be awarded as a sanction. Without necessarily endorsing the pertinence of each factor, we agree with his general conclusion that a fee substantially less than the lodestar amount is permissible. However, discharging our responsibilities to monitor the outer limits of discretion in such matters, we have concluded that the bottom of the range of discretion appropriate to this case is a fee of $10,000. We therefore conclude that the $1,000 awarded by the District Judge must be revised upwards to the lowest point of permissible discretion.
2. Allocation of the Fee Award
Section 1988 contemplates fee shifting between parties and makes no provision [124]*124for imposing upon plaintiffs counsel the burden of fees awarded to a prevailing defendant. See Davidson v. Allis-Chalmers Corp., 567 F.Supp. 1532, 1537-38 (W.D.Mo.1983). Rule 11, on the other hand, authorizes assessment of a fee against counsel, a party, or both. Upon remand in this case, Chief Judge Weinstein understood Eastway I to authorize a fee award to the defendant under Rule 11 only with respect to the defense of the antitrust' claim, with a fee award under section 1988 for defense of the civil rights claim. In order to allocate the burden of a fee award between the plaintiffs and their counsel, that understanding of Eastway I would have required an initial allocation of the fee according to the time spent defending each claim. The difficulty of making that initial allocation, a difficulty acknowledged by the municipal defendants, persuaded Chief Judge Weinstein “in the interests of efficiency, fairness and policy” to forgo any allocation and impose the fee award solely against the plaintiffs. 637 F.Supp. at 584.
Though some language in Eastway I appears to limit the Rule 11 discussion to the antitrust claim, we believe the opinion, read as a whole, authorizes a fee award under Rule 11 with respect to both the civil rights and the antitrust claims. It is therefore unnecessary to allocate the time of defendants’ counsel between the two claims. What remains is allocation of the revised fee award of $10,000 between plaintiffs and their counsel. Normally that is a task within the discretion of a district court. There are occasions, however, where reviewing courts resolve issues normally decided by lower courts in order to bring protracted litigation to a close. See, e.g., Consolo v. Federal Maritime Commission, 383 U.S. 607, 621, 86 S.Ct. 1018, 1027, 16 L.Ed.2d 131 (1966); O’Leary v. Brown-Pacific-Maxon, Inc., 340 U.S. 504, 508, 71 S.Ct. 470, 472, 95 L.Ed. 483 (1951); Chris-Craft Industries, Inc. v. Piper Aircraft Corp., 516 F.2d 172, 186-87 (2d Cir.1975), rev’d on other grounds, 430 U.S. 1, 97 S.Ct. 926, 51 L.Ed.2d 124 (1977); Georgia-Pacific Corp. v. U.S. Plywood-Champion Papers, Inc., 446 F.2d 295, 299 (2d Cir.), cert. denied, 404 U.S. 870, 92 S.Ct. 105, 30 L.Ed.2d 114 (1971). This is simply an exercise of an appellate court’s authority to “direct the entry of such appropriate judgment ... as may be just under the circumstances.” 28 U.S.C. § 2106 (1982). It is also what Holmes called, in a related context, a “concession to the shortness of life.” Reeve v. Dennett, 145 Mass. 23, 28, 11 N.E. 938, 944 (1887).
We deem it appropriate to resolve the allocation issue. Having examined the parties’ contentions, the prior proceedings, and the observations of the District Judge, we have concluded that one half of the fee award should be imposed jointly and severally upon the plaintiffs and one half should be imposed upon plaintiffs’ counsel. We also conclude that no other fees are to be awarded with respect to proceedings in either the District Court or this Court, and no appellate costs are to be awarded with respect to this appeal. In short, upon the entry of a judgment in conformity to our mandate, this litigation is ended.
Accordingly, the order of the District Court is modified and the cause remanded with directions to enter an order awarding the municipal defendants legal fees of $10,-000, $5,000 imposed upon the plaintiffs jointly and severally and $5,000 imposed upon plaintiffs’ counsel.