OPINION
ROBERT G. JAMES, UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE
This action was initiated by Plaintiffs CenturyTel of Chatham LLC; CenturyTel of North Louisiana LLC; CenturyTel of East Louisiana, LLC; CenturyTel of Central Louisiana, LLC; CenturyTel of Ring-gold, LLC; CenturyTel of Southeast Louisiana, LLC; CenturyTel of Southwest Louisiana, LLC; CenturyTel of Evangeline, LLC; CenturyTel of Missouri, LLC; Mebtel, Inc.; CenturyTel of Idaho, Inc.; Gallatin River Communications, LLC; CenturyTel of Northwest Louisiana, Inc.; CenturyTel of Lake Dallas, Inc.; Century-Tel of Port Aransas, Inc.; CenturyTel of San Marcos, Inc.; Spectra Communications Group, LLC; CenturyTel of Arkansas, Inc.; CenturyTel of Mountain Home, Inc.; CenturyTel of Redfield, Inc.; Centu-ryTel of Northwest Arkansas, LLC; Cen-turyTel of Central Arkansas, LLC; Centu-ryTel of South Arkansas, Inc.; CenturyTel of North Mississippi, Inc.; Gulf Telephone Co.; CenturyTel of Alabama, LLC; Centu-ryTel of Adamsville, Inc.; CenturyTel of Claiborne, Inc.; CenturyTel of Ooltewah Collegedale, Inc.; CenturyTel of Ohio, Inc.; CenturyTel of Central Indiana, Inc.; [934]*934CenturyTel of Odon, Inc.; CenturyTel of Michigan, Inc.; CenturyTel of Upper Michigan, Inc.; CenturyTel of Northern Michigan, Inc.; CenturyTel Midwest Michigan, Inc.; CenturyTel of Wisconsin, LLC; Telephone USA of Wisconsin, LLC; Cen-turyTel of Northern Wisconsin, LLC; CenturyTel of Northwest Wisconsin, LLC; CenturyTel of Central Wisconsin, LLC; CenturyTel of Midwest Kendall, LLC; CenturyTel of Midwest Wisconsin, LLC; CenturyTel of Fairwater Brandon Alto, LLC; CenturyTel of Larsen-Readfield, LLC; CenturyTel of Forestville, LLC; CenturyTel of Monroe County, LLC; Cen-turyTel of Southern Wisconsin, LLC; Cen-turyTel of Minnesota, Inc.; CenturyTel of Chester, Inc.; CenturyTel of Postville, Inc.; CenturyTel of Colorado, Inc.; Centu-ryTel of Eagle, Inc,; CenturyTel of the Southwest, Inc.; CenturyTel of Gem State, Inc.; CenturyTel of Montana, Inc.; Centu-ryTel of Wyoming, Inc.; CenturyTel of Oregon, Inc.; CenturyTel of Eastern Oregon, Inc.; CenturyTel of Washington, Inc.; Cen-turyTel of Cowiche, Inc.; and CenturyTel of Inter-Island, Inc., all of which are entities incorporated and doing business in various states as local exchange carriers.1 (Plaintiffs will be referred to hereinafter as “CenturyLink”). CenturyLink brought this action against Defendant Sprint Communications Company, L.P. (“Sprint”) to collect money damages, costs, and attorneys’ fees based on Sprint’s refusal to pay $8,765,402.46 to CenturyLink in access charges under the federal and state tar-iffed rates for the termination of voice over internet protocol traffic to CenturyL-ink’s local exchange customers and subsequent use of self help to recoup amounts previously paid to CenturyLink. Sprint responded by asserting counterclaims seeking a judicial declaration and other relief, including attorneys’ fees. Sprint sought a declaration that it had no obligation to pay the federal and state tariff rates. In the alternative, Sprint sought a declaration that, if the voice over internet protocol calls were telecommunications services, they were jurisdictionally interstate and compensable only at the federal tariff rate.
A bench trial was held in this matter on February 2-3, 2016. The Court took the case under advisement. The parties submitted initial post-trial briefs on March 24, 2016 [Doc. Nos. 206 & 207] and response briefs on April 7, 2016. [Doc. Nos. 208 & 209].
The Court hereby enters the following findings of fact and conclusions of law. To the extent that any finding of fact constitutes a conclusion of law, the Court hereby adopts it as such, and to the extent that any conclusion of law constitutes a finding of fact, the Court hereby adopts it as such.
I. FINDINGS OF FACT
Sprint is a limited partnership organized under the laws of the State of Delaware and with its principal place of business in Kansas. Sprint acts as a telecommunicar tions carrier providing telecommunications [935]*935services as a common carrier2 and as an interexchange -carrier • (“IXC”). It is Sprint’s role as an IXC that is at issue in this case. An IXC is “a telephone company that provides telephone toll service. An [IXC] does not include commercial mobile radio service providers as defined by federal law.” 47 C.F.R. § 64.4001(d).
During the relevant time period of August 2007 to October 2011 (“the Dispute Period”), Sprint delivered traffic or calls3 originating from both TDM (time division multiplexing) and VoIP (voice over internet protocol) technology4 to CenturyLink, which then transmitted and delivered the calls to end users on CenturyLihk’s local exchange networks. The parties’ dispute is limited to the VoIP-originated calls.5
Beginning in 2004, Sprint entered into wholesale contracts with various cable television companies to deliver (or “terminate”) their customers’ calls to telecommunications networks across the country, including CenturyLirik’s local exchange carriers (“LECs”). VoIP technology is commonly used by cable companies to provide voice services to their subscribers, so that they can make and receive calls. Cable company subscribers make VoIP-originated calls by speaking into analog phones; The phones convert their speech into data packets. The phones are connected to internet protocol (“IP”)-compati-ble multi-media terminal equipment (“MMT”) at their locations. The MMT sends the data packets out as IP. Because there was IP and a data connection, cable customers could: obtain other services, including a do not disturb feature, caller ID on the subscriber’s television screen, and the ability for incoming calls to ring on their home telephone and another designated telephone (e.g. cell phone) at the same time. However, all of these additional services are available only at the subscriber’s location, that is, for incoming calls.
In its role with the cable companies, Sprint converts the VoIP-originated calls to TDM using a soft switch, which is a voice switch that has the ability to operate interiorly with an IP network and handle [936]*936VoIP traffic and to also do a protocol conversion of that VoIP traffic to TDM. Sprint then uses a trunk (the connection between two switches) to deliver the calls to CenturyLink and other LECs in TDM.
CenturyLink must then deliver the calls to the end users, its customers. Sprint pays “access charges” or tariffed charges to CenturyLink for providing this so-called switched access services, i.e., delivering the voice calls to its subscribers/end users/customers.6 Sprint delivers both local and long distance calls to CenturyLink. Because CenturyLink had properly filed with the Federal Communications Commission (“FCC”) one or more tariffs for the provision of interstate switched access service, its federal tariffs were legally binding during the Dispute Period. Its state tariffs were also legally binding because CenturyLink had also filed one or more tariffs for the provision of intrastate switched access service with the respective state public utility commissions where the LECs operated.
The federal and state tariffs set the rates and terms for “terminating access service.” Tariffs generally specify certain information, that the customer must provide to complete a request for service, so that it is possible for the carrier (that is, CenturyLink) to determine the tariff under which the carrier’s facilities are provisioned and billed. The information provided did not include the origination of the call.
During the Dispute Period, CenturyLink made no distinction based on the form in which calls originated. Prior to January 2012, CenturyLink’s Federal and State Access Tariffs did not require CenturyLink’s customers to specify whether the calls originated in VoIP or any other format, and Sprint was charged the same rates for TDM- and VoIP-originated calls. Sprint delivered calls to CenturyLink’s LECs in TDM, regardless whether the calls originated in TDM or VoIP, and the calls came across the same facilities. The VoIP-origi-nated calls were thus in the same format as and intermingled with traditional TDM-originated calls. Before July 2009, Sprint did not identify the portion of the traffic delivered to CenturyLink that originated in VoIP, and CenturyLink provided Sprint with industry-standard signaling and call detail information, which did not identify the format in which a call was originated. The calls Sprint delivered to CenturyLink and which CenturyLink terminated to its subscribers during the Dispute Period used the same CenturyLink equipment and processes regardless of whether the call originated in TDM or VoIP.
CenturyLink billed Sprint the per minute access charges that are set forth in the Federal and State Access Tariffs for calls it delivered, including VoIP-originated calls. Prior to August 2009, Sprint never provided CenturyLink with the exact or estimated minutes of VoIP-originated calls that it was delivering to CenturyLink for termination. Instead, Sprint paid the federal and state access charges to CenturyL-ink, without dispute, for both TDM- and VoIP- originated calls.
Beginning in July 2009, as invoices came due for payment, Sprint filed written disputes with CenturyLink for charges that Sprint calculated as associated with cable company calls that had originated in VoIP. Sprint disputed the access charges as[937]*937sessed on VoIP-originated calls that Sprint delivered to CenturyLink customers (“the Disputed Calls”). For both the current period (August 2009) and the prior periods (August 2007-July 2009), Sprint refused to pay the tariffed rates and instead compensated CenturyLink at the rate of $.0007 per minute. Sprint’s initial dispute stated:
This dispute informs you that a portion of the terminating traffic on which CENTURYTEL has assessed interstate and intrastate access charges were originated using Voice-over-Internet Protocol (VoIP traffic). To date, although the FCC has asserted jurisdiction over VoIP services and has determined that information services are not subject to access, the FCC has not yet rendered a determination as to the applicable inter-carrier compensation for VoIP traffic. Absent such a ruling, SprintNextel is willing to pay $.0007 (the only rate the FCC has established for a certain subset of information services)7 for termination of VoIP services. In order to recognize its objection to CENTURYTEL’S assessment of switched access charges on VoIP traffic for the past 24 month period 08/07 through 07/09, SprintNextel hereby files a dispute claim and demands a credit of $4,822,593. This amount represents the differential between the rate of $.0007 and the access rates CENTURYTEL charged on VoIP traffic.
The $0.0007 rate amount was not listed in CenturyLink’s Federal or State Access Tariffs, and CenturyLink did not agree or acquiesce to Sprint’s payment of this rate for VoIP-originated calls and disputes the applicability of this rate. Following the submission of the initial dispute, Sprint continued to use the same general language in its subsequent disputes.
In addition to filing its written dispute, Sprint unilaterally withheld payments due to CenturyLink in order to recover amounts paid to CenturyLink during the Dispute Period over the $.0007 per minute rate. The withheld amounts included amounts that Sprint calculated as associated with the Disputed Calls and billed on the Post-August 2009 Invoices and amounts that Sprint calculated as having been billed and paid for Disputed Calls between August 2007 and July 2009 (the “Retroactive Dispute”).8 Sprint’s engineer reviewed calls during the month of February 2009 and used the VoIP-originated call information from that month to estimate the number of VoIP calls delivered to Cen-turyLink during the Retroactive Period and Sprint’s alleged overpayment to Cen-turyLink based on those calls. Sprint then applied its Retroactive Dispute against approved charges to reduce the amount remitted to CenturyLink in payment of Post-August 2009 Invoices, including amounts owed to CenturyLink for non-VoIP calls. Sprint referred to its action as an “Account Payable Debit Balance.” Sprint continued this action for each CenturyLink billing account number until the amount of the Retroactive Dispute for that billing account number had been reduced to $0. Thereafter, Sprint remitted amounts associated with its approved charges (the tar-iffed amounts for non-VoIP-originated calls and the .0007 rate for VoIP-originat-ed calls) to CenturyLink.
[938]*938CenturyLink’s Federal and State Access Tariffs require ordering facilities. Access Service Requests (“ASRs”) are the industry standard form for ordering switched access. Sprint submitted ASRs to Centu-ryLink coded to indicate that it was requesting the establishment of switched access, but did not indicate that the switched access would be used to deliver calls that originated in VoIP. Sprint paid charges for the facilities ordered through ASRs, and through which some of the disputed calls were delivered by CenturyLink.
After July 2009, Sprint began identifying the portion of the traffic delivered to CenturyLink for termination that had originated in VoIP. During the Dispute Period, Sprint continued to deliver VoIP-originat-ed calls to CenturyLink, and CenturyLink continued to deliver those calls to end users.9
The amount of access charges on VoIP-originated traffic that Sprint disputed as of December 31, 2011, totaled $8,755,402.46 before late payment charges. Sprint holds this entire amount. If interstate access charges applied to the VoIP-originated traffic in dispute, then Sprint was a customer of switched access service under CenturyLink’s Federal Tariffs when it delivered those calls. Likewise, if intrastate access charges applied to the VoIP-origi-nated traffic in dispute, then Sprint was a customer of switched access service under CenturyLink’s State Tariffs when it delivered those calls. Federal and State Access Tariffs impose late payment charges on customers who fail to timely pay, and those charges accrue on a daily basis. As of February 2, 2016, the late payment charges totaled $3,805,343.00.
After January 1, 2012, CenturyLink has applied the dictates of the FCC’s 2011 Comprehensive Reform Order and charges only interstate rates to Sprint for VoIP-originated calls. See In the Matter of Connect America Fund, Report and Order and Further Notice of Proposed Rulemaking, 26 FCC Red. 4554 (2011), available at https://apps.fcc.gov/edocs-public/ attachmatch/FCC-ll-161Al.pdf (the “Comprehensive Reform Order”). CenturyLink relies on Sprint to identify those calls since it still has no way to distinguish calls that are converted from VoIP to TDM from those who were in TDM to begin with.
II. CONCLUSIONS OF LAW
A. Jurisdiction
The Court has subject matter jurisdiction over this case pursuant to 28 U.S.C. §§ 1331 and 1337 because CenturyLink’s claims in Count I assert violations of the federal access tariffs filed with the FCC and its claims in Count III assert violations of Section 201 of the Communications Act of 1934, 47 U.S.C. § 201.10 The Court also has supplemental jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1367(a) over CenturyLink’s claims in Count IV regarding violations of the intrastate access tariffs because these claims arise out of the same transactions and occurrences and are part of the same case or controversy as the federal law claims.
Likewise, the Court has subject matter jurisdiction over Count I of Sprint’s counterclaims seeking a declaration regarding interstate access charges and VoIP traffic because those claims arise under the Constitution and laws of the United States, [939]*939including the Supremacy Clause (art. VI, cl.2) and the Communications Act, 47 U.S.C. § 151, et seq. The Court has jurisdiction over Count' II for unlawful imposition of charges for interstate services and Count IV for recoupment of charges for VoIP calls pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1331 and 47 U.S.C. § §§ 206 and 207 because they arise under and allege violations of the Communications Act and also seek relief under interstate access tariffs filed with the FCC. The Court has supplemental jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1367(a) over that portion of Sprint’s Count I and all of Count III which assert that Centu-ryLink breached its state tariff obligations.11
B. The Tariff Claims
CenturyLink asserts that Sprint violated the applicable Federal Access Tariffs (Count I) and State Access Tariffs (Count IV) by failing to pay the invoiced access charges. [Doc. No. 1]. Sprint makes corresponding counterclaims in its Counts I and III. In Count I, Sprint seeks a declaratory judgment that the Federal and State Access Tariffs did not apply to VoIP Calls between 2007 and January 1, 2012, and, alternatively, that the VoIP calls were ju-risdictionally interstate and thus, compen-sable, if at all, at the interstate (Federal Access Tariff) rate. [Doc. No. 66]. In Count III, Sprint seeks a declaration that Centu-ryLink violated the applicable state laws by applying its State Access Tariffs to the VoIP calls and prays for a refund of all amounts over billed if Sprint is ultimately ordered to return withheld amounts to CenturyLink, plus interest, costs, and attorney’s fees.
To prevail on each of its tariff counts, CenturyLink must prove (1) that it operated under tariffs properly filed with the FCC and state authorities, respectively, and (2) that it provided Sprint the services at issue in this case under those tariffs. See Verizon New York Inc. v. Global NAPS, Inc., 463 F.Supp.2d 330, 345 (E.D.N.Y. 2006) (federal); Alliance Commc’ns Coop., Inc. v. Global Crossing Telecommc’ns, Inc., Civ. 06-4221, 2007 WL 1964271, at *2-3, 2007 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 48091, at *12 (D.S.D. July 2, 2007) (state).12
The parties stipulated that CenturyLink operated under Federal Access Tariffs filed with the FCC and under State Access Tariffs filed with applicable state authorities, so CenturyLink has met the required showing on the first element. [Doc. No. 181, ¶¶ 11, 12, & 16]. The parties dispute the second element of the claims: whether the Federal and State Access Tariffs applied to the VoIP-originated traffic that Sprint delivered to CenturyLink.
During the Dispute Period, CenturyL-ink’s Federal and State Access Tariffs made no distinction between TDM- and VoIP-originated calls, Sprint delivered the calls to CenturyLink in TDM, the VoIP and TDM calls were intermingled, and pri- or to August 2009, the calls were, in effect, indistinguishable to CenturyLink. Under [940]*940the facts, CenturyLink contends that its access charge applied. Additionally, Centu-ryLink contends that Sprint issued ASRs to CenturyLink for switched access facilities that were used to deliver some of these calls, and they are presumed to receive what they ordered under the tariffs pursuant to the constructive ordering doctrine. Finally, if the access charges were properly invoiced to Sprint, the Court cannot change the rates set forth in the Federal and State Access Tariffs under the filed rate doctrine, but must apply the rates filed with the FCC and state authorities.
Sprint contends that it provided net protocol information services, not telecommunications services, for VoIP-originated calls and, thus, CenturyLink’s Federal and State Access Tariffs for per-minute usage did not apply. If the tariffs did not apply, then the per-minute usage charges could not be invoiced, and neither the filed rate or constructive ordering doctrine is applicable. Sprint further contends that it was not required to prove the exact amount of over billing, but need only make a reasonable estimate, which it did. In the alternative, if the Court finds the VoIP-originated calls were telecommunications services, Sprint contends that they were jurisdic-tionally interstate and subject to billing only at interstate/federal rates.
1. Whether Federal Access Charges Are Due
The FCC has not expressly answered whether Federal Access Tariffs applied to VoIP-originated traffic before 2012. In its 2011 Comprehensive Reform Order, the FCC declined to make retroactive changes to the rates governing inter-carrier compensation for VoIP-originated calls. Thus, the FCC left the pre-existing regulatory scheme in place. The Court must, therefore, determine whether federal access charges are due under the prior scheme.
Until 1996, LECs historically held monopolies over the provision of local telephone service. See generally AT&T Corp. v. Iowa Utilities Bd., 525 U.S. 366, 371, 119 S.Ct. 721, 142 L.Ed.2d 835 (1999). The IXCs (the long-distance carriers) would deliver calls between LECs, generally over Feature Group D facilities, which is the trunk that is used as the interconnection between carriers. For example, when an end user in Louisiana called an end user in California, the calling party’s LEC in Louisiana would route the call to an IXC selected by the end user, which in turn would route the call to the appropriate LEC in California for “termination” to the called party. As part of this last step, the IXC would pay the LEC in California an “access charge” to compensate the LEC for the termination service. See In re IntraMTA, 2015 WL 7252948, at *2 (N.D.Tex.2015).
In 1996, Congress ended the local monopoly system by passing the Telecommunications Act. See generally AT&T Corp. v. Iowa Utilities Board, 525 U.S. at 371, 119 S.Ct. 721; In re IntraMTA 2015 WL 7252948, at *2, 4-5. Among other changes, the 1996 Telecommunications Act obligated incumbent LECs to share their networks with new, competing LECs. See 47 U.S.C. § 251(c)(2)(A) (imposing on LECs a “duty to provide ... interconnection with the [LEC] ’s network ... for the transmission and routing of telephone exchange service and exchange access”). However, even after the Telecommunications Act, some key aspects of the regulatory regime remained in place, including the access charge regime — whereby LECs continued to have the right to charge IXCs or information services providers access charges [941]*941for providing access services13 — unless and until the regime was superseded by the FCC. 47 U.S.C. § 251(g)14; see also In re IntraMTA, 2015 WL 7252948, at *4-5. That is, an IXC or information services provider was obligated to pay access charges to LECs which provided “exchange access, information access, [or] exchange services.” Id.
The proper methodology for addressing this issue under § 251(g) is to review the baseline practice in 1996 and then determine whether that practice has been superseded. In re IntraMTA, 2015 WL 7252948, at *11. If an IXC’s delivery of VoIP-originated traffic to a LEC for termination would not have qualified for access charges before February 8,1996, then Sprint’s delivery of such calls to CenturyL-ink also would not have been subject to access charges after that date. Even if access charges applied before February 8, 1996, Sprint’s delivery of calls to Centu-ryLink would still be exempt from the access charge regime, if the FCC prescribed regulations after that date which “explicitly superseded” the preexisting regime.
It is clear that the FCC did not explicitly supersede the access charge regime until the 2011 Comprehensive Reform Order. In the 752-page Comprehensive Reform Order issued in late 2011, the FCC comprehensively reformed and modernized its universal service and intercarrier compensation systems. As part of that reform, the FCC clarified that VoIP-originated traffic would thereafter be subject to access charges only at interstate rates. See Order, Sprint Commc’ns Co. v. Bernsten, Case 4:11-ev-183, 152 F.Supp.3d 1144, 1146-47, 2015 WL 9914589, at *2 (S.D.Iowa) (filed Dec. 30, 2015) (Trial Exhibit 124). However, this order only applies prospectively, not retroactively.
Thus, the Court must determine whether an IXC’s (Sprint’s) delivery of VoIP-originated traffic to a LEC (Centu-ryLink) for termination would have qualified for federal access charges before February 8,1996.
Sprint argues that the Court must determine whether the calls were “information services or telecommunications services” and that if, as it contends, the calls were information services, the rates did not apply. Sprint Commc’ns Co., L.P. v. Jacobs, 798 F.3d 705, 708 (8th Cir.2015). CenturyLink contends that the calls were telecommunications services, but that, regardless of classification, they were subject to the access charges.
[942]*942The Court need not reach the determination as to the classification of the calls. Although the FCC has not previously classified VoIP as telecommunications services, during the 2011 rulemaking, it “reject[ed] the claim that intercarrier compensation for VoIPPSTN traffic is categorically excluded from section 251(g).” Comprehensive Reform Order, ¶956 n. 1952. The FCC explained that— regardless of whether VoIP-originated traffic is considered to be an “information service” — such traffic was still subject to access charges before 1996:
Regardless of whether particular VoIP services are telecommunications services or information services, there are pre-1996 Act obligations regarding LECs’ compensation for the provision of exchange access to an IXC or information service provider. Indeed, the Commission has already found that toll telecommunications services transmitted (although not originated or terminated) in IP were subject to the access charge regime, and the same would be true to the extent that telecommunications services originated or terminated in IP.
Comprehensive Reform Order, ¶ 957 (citations and quotations omitted and emphasis added); see also id. at n. 1955 (“Interex-change VoIP-PSTN traffic is subject to the access regime regardless of whether the underlying communication contained information-service elements.”); See Sprint Commc’ns Co. v. Bernsten, No. 11-CV-183-JAJ, 152 F.Supp.3d 1144, 1151, 2015 WL 9914589, at *6 (“... all parties concede the facts necessary to classify Sprint as an [IXC]: they agree that Sprint received traffic from one telephone exchange and transported it to a different exchange. Sprint argues that it was an ‘information services provider,’ because the traffic it carried came from an information service. Addressing that question is unnecessary. Using either classification, 251(g) applied to the traffic at issue here.”).
This finding is consistent with the regulatory policy the FCC expressed in its Comprehensive Reform Order. In that Order, the FCC set forth a “transitional framework for VoIP intercarrier compensation.” Comp. Reform Order ¶40. Effective January 1, 2012, intercarrier compensation for calls that originated in VoIP and terminated in TDM would be equal to the interstate rates applicable to non-VoIP traffic. Id. ¶933. These interstate rates may be tariffed through both federal and state tariffs. Id. ¶ 934. However, access charges in general will be phased out over the next several years and, by July 1, 2020, replaced with a “bill and keep” system whereby carriers will deliver and terminate calls to and from another at no charge. Id. ¶801. In adopting these reforms, the FCC was “mindful of the need for a measured transition for carriers that receive substantial revenues from intercar-rier compensation.” Id. ¶ 935. Such transition would not have been needed had VoIP-originated calls been exempt from access charges prior to this time.
CenturyLink properly provided Sprint with the switched access service which was detailed in the Federal Access Tariffs and properly charged Sprint the rate identified in the tariff. Therefore, the Court finds that Sprint was obligated to pay the federal access charges due for VoIP-originated interstate calls delivered to CenturyLink for termination to its customers during the Dispute Period. To this extent, Judgment will be entered in favor of CenturyLink on Count I and against Sprint on Counts II and IV and the applicable portion of Count I.
2. Whether State Access Charges Are Due
Generally, the Court’s analysis on the federal access charges also applies to the [943]*943state access charges. CenturyLink properly provided Sprint with the switched access service which was detailed in the State Access Taxdffs and filed with the public utilities commissions and charged Sprint the identified rate.
However, Sprint argues, in the alternative, that even if an IXC’s delivery of VoIP-originated calls to a LEC for termination to end'users-is subject to access charges, then any state regulation of such traffic has been preempted by the FCC, and Sprint is liable at the federal access rates, rather than-the higher state access rates. ■ .
In this case, more than one-third of the disputed charges — $3,106,087.32 of the total $8,755.402.46 — concerns charges for intrastate traffic in Missothi Under Missouri law, VoIP-originated traffic is expressly subject ’ to intrastate access charges. See Mo. Rev. Stat. 392.550(2) (“Interconnected voice over internet protocol service shall be subject to appropriate exchange access-charges to' the same extent that telecommunications services are subject to such charges.”). •
If correct, Sprint’s alternative argument would mean- that Missouri state law— which unambiguously makes VoIP-origi-nated traffic subject to state access charges — is ■ preempted and therefore unenforceable, and Sprint need only pay CenturyLink the lower, interstate access rates, rather than the state tariff rates filed with the respective public utility commissions in each state where the Centu-ryLink LECs operate.
“The burden' of persuasion in preemption cases 'lies with the party seeking annulment of the. state statute.” AT&T Corp. v. Pub. Util Comm’n of Texas, 373 F.3d 641, 645 (5th Cir.2004). “Preemption is not lightly found.” Iberia Credit Bureau, Inc. v. Cingular Wireless, 668 F.Supp.2d 831, 837 (W.D.La.2009). A decision by a federal regulatory agency will be deemed to preempt state laws only if the agency “intend[ed]” to preempt the state laws in question. First Gibraltar Bank, FSB v. Morales, 42 F.3d 895, 898 (5th Cir.1995).
Sprint cites the Court to dictum in the FCC’s 2004 administrative ruling in Vonage Holdings Corp. Petition for Declaratory Ruling Concerning an Order of the Minn. Pub. Util. Comm’n, 19 FCC Red. 22,404 (2004). In that decision, the FCC preempted certain Minnesota Public Utility Commission regulations that purported to apply to “nomadic” (or portable) VoIP calls. See id. (concurring Statement of Chairman Powell). Given the inherently portable nature of nomadic VoIP technology, the FCC explained that it was simply impossible to track the jurisdictional confines (i.e., where the calls begin and end) of such nomadic VoIP calls. On the basis of that technological impossibility, the FCC found preemption of Minnesota’s regulation of the nomadic VoIP service at issue in that case. Id. ¶31. In dicta in that decision, the FCC added that, beyond preempting state regulations of nomadic VoIP, “to the extent other entities, such as cable companies, provide VoIP services, we would preempt state regulation to an extent comparable to what we have done in this Order.” 19 FCC Red. at ¶ 32.
Sprint argues that, because the VoIP-originated traffic at issue here came from cable companies and was otherwise comparable to the services the FCC described in this dictum, the FCC therefore has preempted state regulations over the VoIP-originated calls at issue here. Sprint’s Pretrial Mem. (Rec. Doc. 165) at pp. 14-15.
However, CenturyLink argues that the cited Vonage decision is inapplicable, and the dictum was later reversed. It is undisputed that nomadic VoIP service is not at [944]*944issue in this case. Further, soon after the 2004 Vonage decision, technology evolved to enable companies to track the jurisdictional confínes of “fixed” (or non-portable) VoIP-originated calls, such as the calls at issue in this case. Based on this change in technology, the FCC expressly reversed its Vonage dictum just two years later:
[A]n interconnected VoIP provider with the capability to track the jurisdictional confínes of customer calls would no longer qualify for the preemptive effects of our Vonage Order and would be subject to state regulation. This is because the central rationale justifying preemption set forth in the Vonage Order would no longer be applicable to such an interconnected VoIP provider.
In the Matter of Universal Service Contribution Methodology, Report and Order and NPRM, 21 FCC Red. 7518, ¶56 (2006). This rejection was specifically acknowledged in an appeal of the Vonage case to the Eighth Circuit Court of Appeals. See Minn. Public Util. Comm’n v. FCC, 483 F.3d 570, 582-83 (8th Cir.2007) (The [Vonage] order only suggests the FCC, if faced with the precise issue, would preempt fixed VoIP service. Nonetheless, the order does not purport to actually do so and until that day comes it is only a mere prediction. ... Indeed, ... the FCC has since indicated VoIP providers who can track the geographic endpoints of their calls do not qualify for the preemptive effects of the Vonage order). Therefore, before the Dispute Period at issue in this case, the FCC had already rejected the distinction on which Sprint relies in arguing preemption.
Sprint did not distinguish the FCC’s reversal of the 2004 Vonage dictum in In the Matter of Universal Service Contribution Methodology, the FCC’s abandonment of the dictum in briefing before the Eighth Circuit, or the Eighth Circuit’s acceptance of the FCC’s abandonment of the dictum. 15
Finally, CenturyLink points to the FCC’s Comprehensive Reform Order itself that state regulations of VoIP-originated traffic are not preempted. See Comprehensive Reform Order ¶934 (“[W]e are not persuaded on this record that all VoIP-PSTN traffic must be subject exclusively to federal regulation.”); id. ¶ 959 (“[W]e do not rely on the contention that the Commission has legal authority to adopt this regime because all VoIP-PSTN traffic should be treated as interstate.”). Instead, the Comprehensive Reform Order held that the “tariffing of charges for toll VoIP-PSTN traffic can occur through both federal and state tariffs.”
Sprint cited the Court to two district court cases, PAETEC Communications, Inc. v. CommPartners LLC, Civ. 08-0397, 2010 WL 1767193, 2010 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 51926 (D.D.C. Feb. 18, 2010), and Southwestern Bell Tel. L.P. v. Missouri Public Service Commission, 461 F.Supp.2d 1055, 1079 (E.D.Mo.2006), which support its position. However, the FCC specifically disa[945]*945greed with those decisions which issued prior to the 2011 Comprehensive Reform Order. Comprehensive Reform Order ¶ 956 n. 1953 (noting that both PAETEC and Southwestern Bell “reached a different conclusion than our statutory analysis .... [W]e are not bound by those prior decisions, and find our statutory analysis above to be most appropriate.”).
“A court’s prior judicial construction of a statute trumps 'an agency construction otherwise entitled to Chevron deference only if the prior court decision holds that its construction follows from the unambiguous terms of the statute and thus leaves no room for agency discretion.” National Cable & Telecommc’ns Ass’n v. Brand X Internet Servs., 545 U.S. 967, 982, 125 S.Ct. 2688, 162 L.Ed.2d 820 (2005). However, as CenturyLink pointed out, both the prior decisions were based on the courts’ educated' guesses about how the FCC might regulate VoIP if given the opportunity. See Southwestern Bell, 461 F.Supp.2d at 1081 (while “the FCC has not yet ruled on whether IPPSTN is [an information] service, the orders it has issued lead to the conclusion that” it is); PAE-TEC, 2010 WL 1767193, at *3, 2010 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 51926, at *7 n. 3 (“If the service evolves, the Commission could revisit its decision in [a previous FCC] order. It could — but it hasn’t.” (quotation omitted)).
The Court finds that the state access tariff rates are not preempted. The FCC has spoken on this issue, its decision is entitled to deference, and the Court finds that decision to be consistent with the statute. Applying the express law in Missouri and the filed rate doctrine, Sprint was required to pay the state access tariff rates for VoIP calls during the Dispute Period. To this extent, the Court will enter judgment in favor of CenturyLink on Count IV and against Sprint on Count III and the applicable portion of Count I.
C. Section 201 of the Communications Act
CenturyLink’s Count III alleges that Sprint engaged in an unjust and unreasonable telecommunications practice in violation of 47 U.S.C. § 201(b) when Sprint undertook self-help by withholding payments to CenturyLink for tariffed services about which Sprint had raised no dispute.
In relevant part, 47 U.S.C. § 201(b) provides that any “practice” in connection with providing a communications services “that is unjust or unreasonable is hereby declared to be unlawful.” 47 U.S.C. § 201(b). To be liable for a violation of 47 U.S.C. § 201(b), a carrier must either violate the Communications Act or engage in an action the FCC has deemed to be an “unjust and unreasonable practice.” Global Crossing Telecomms., Inc. v. Metrophanes Telecomms., Inc., 550 U.S. 45, 53-54, 127 S.Ct. 1513, 167 L.Ed.2d 422 (2007); ECF 36, Ruling, at 2 (Jan. 25, 2011) (“the FCC has not issued an order that establishes a statutory violation”).
As the Supreme Court has recognized, “persons injured by § 201(b) violations” have a private right of action under 47 U.S.C. § 207 “to bring federal-court damages actions.” Global Crossing Telecommunications, Inc. v. Metrophanes Telecommunications, Inc., 550 U.S. 45, 53, 127 S.Ct. 1513, 167 L.Ed.2d 422 (2007). Moreover, “[i]nsofar as the statute’s language is concerned, to violate a regulation that lawfully implements § 201(b)’s requirements is to violate the statute.” Id. at 54, 127 S.Ct. 1513 (emphasis in original).
The FCC has recognized that self-help is an unlawful telecommunications practice. See, e.g., In the Matter of Business WATS, Inc., 7 FCC Red. 7942 (1992) (“[A] custom[946]*946er ... is not entitled to the self-help measure of withholding payment for tariffed services duly performed but should first pay, under protest, the amount allegedly due and then seek redress .... ”); In the Matter of MCI Telecommunications Corp., 62 FCC 2dFCC 2d 703, 706 (1976) (“We cannot condone MCI’s refusal to pay the tariffed rate for voluntarily ordered services. ... [S]elf-help is not an acceptable remedy —”).
The Court has found that CenturyLink properly billed Sprint for VoIP calls between August 2007-July 2009. Therefore, Sprint unjustly and unreasonably withheld payments due to CenturyLink to reduce its retroactive refund claim. By doing so, Sprint violated § 201(b). Judgment is entered in favor of CenturyLink and against Sprint on Count III. CenturyLink may not recover double damages, but may recover reasonable attorneys’ fees under 47 U.S.C. § 206 and prejudgment interest.
C. Sprint’s Count II — VoIP Calls— Unlawful Imposition of Charges for Interstate Services, 47 U.S.C. §§ 201(b), 203
In Count II, Sprint alleges that Centu-ryLink committed an unjust and unreasonable telecommunications practice in violation of 47 U.S.C. §§ 201(b) and 203 when it collected access charges that were allegedly not authorized by the terms of Centu-ryLink’s Federal Access Tariffs. Given the Court’s Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law, judgment on this claim will be entered against Sprint and in favor of Cen-turyLink.
D. Sprint’s Count IV (Recoupment)
Sprint asserts this alternative claim in the event that the Court determines Sprint’s entitlement to a recoupment more properly designated as a counterclaim. Sprint contends that CenturyLink’s claims must be reduced, in full or in part, by the amounts that CenturyLink overbilled Sprint for VoIP Calls, under the tariffs described in the Complaint, between mid-2007 and mid-2009.
Given the Court’s Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law, judgment on this claim will be entered against Sprint and in favor of CenturyLink.
III. CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, the Court finds that Judgment should be rendered in favor of CenturyLink on Counts I, III, and IV of CenturyLink’s Complaint and against Sprint on Counts I, II, III, and IV of Sprint’s Counterclaims. Judgment is further rendered in favor of CenturyLink and against Sprint in the amount of $8,755,402.46 for access charges, late payment fees of $3,805,343.00 as of February 2, 2016, and additional late payment fees accrued since that date.
CenturyLink is also awarded attorneys’ fees, costs, and prejudgment interest. Cen-turyLink shall make appropriate filings within fourteen (14) days of the date of this Judgment in support of attorneys’ fees, costs, and prejudgment interest. Sprint shall have fourteen (14) days from the date of CenturyLink’s filings to file an opposition memorandum.