Littleton, Judge,
delivered the opinion of the court:
Plaintiff and defendant, represented by ■ its contracting officer, Oliver G. Taylor, Chief of the Eastern Engineering Division, National Parks, Buildings, and Eeservations, Department of Interior, entered into a contract dated July 19, 1933, under which plaintiff agreed to construct “(a) Five Naval Badio Station Buildings, having plumbing, heating, and electrical systems; all complete and ready for use, (b) A complete water supply system, including pump, motor and pipe lines from Government well to Apartment Building and Intercept Building, (c) Electric service lines to the five Naval Radio Station Buildings and the two Radio Towers from the Main Panel board in the Power House.” The contract was signed by plaintiff shortly before August 1, 1933; it was signed by defendant by the contracting officer and approved by the head of the department August 1, 1933. The executed contract was delivered to plaintiff August 4, 1933, and notice to proceed with the work was thereafter given.
The buildings, systems, and installations referred to, including the excavations and other work in connection therewith, to be done by plaintiff and by defendant were described and explained in those provisions of the specifications referred to in the findings herein. The site of the structures was on Big Moose Island at the southern end of Schoodic Peninsula, on the coast of Maine, and their [461]*461locations were from 750 to 1400 feet northwest from the coastline at the mouth of Arey Cove. The terrain had an upward slope from the coastline, and the area where the buildings were to be constructed was covered with a very thick growth of spruce woods. Outcroppings of ledge rock are common on Big Moose Island, and fragments of ledge rock were at places exposed on the surface of the ground at or near the site of the Apartment Building, which was the largest structure called for by the contract.
Plaintiff sues to recover $3,555.30 allowed by the contracting officer and the head of the department as an extra under the contract for 507.9 cubic yards of rock excavated by plaintiff at a unit price of $7.00 per cubic yard; and the question presented is whether, under the terms and conditions of the contract, specifications, and drawings, as written and as intended by the parties, this allowance or any part of it was authorized and proper.
After approval by the head of the department on March 19, 1934, of Extra Work Order No. 2, quoted in finding 23, the Government through the contracting officer paid plaintiff by monthly payment vouchers approved under art. 16 (a) of the contract for all the rock excavated within the dimensions and lines shown on the drawings at the contract unit price of $7.00 per cubic yard. The total amount so excavated was 507.9 cubic yards, and the total of the amounts so paid was $3,555.30. On November 2, 1934, after the contract work had been completed and accepted on September 22, plaintiff and the contracting officer prepared and signed a final voucher for payment of $12,829.82 representing the retained percentage on previous monthly payments under art. 16 (b).
This final payment voucher, which also disclosed all payments which had been made under change orders and extra work orders, was sent to the General Accounting Office for preaudit before payment of the amount of retained percentage. The Comptroller General disallowed, as being unauthorized, the entire amount of $3,555.30 and deducted it from the $12,829.82 shown on the vouchers. The Comptroller General wrote three opinions, the first set forth in finding 27. He held that Extra Work Order No. 2 was [462]*462unauthorized and without consideration “in view of the plain and unambiguous requirements of the specifications.” He lightly passed over par. 11 of the specifications, saying, in effect, that the absence of any indication on the drawings as to conditions of the rock rendered par. 11 of no consequence. He relied upon the preceding paragraph, numbered 10, and concluded since that provision, as well as others, mentioned rock and stated that the contractor should remove all rock to the depths shown, and that since such depths were shown on the drawings, such rock excavation as might become necessary was required to be included in the lump-sum bids and lump-sum contract price for all work complete, and that if plaintiff did not include the cost of the rock excavation in its lump-sum bids it had simply submitted bids that were too low and the Government could not be held responsible therefor. Counsel for defendant seek to sustain the Comptroller General’s decision.
The formal printed contract signed by the parties, which made the specifications and drawings a part of it, was the Standard Government Form of Construction Contract. The defendant’s specifications and drawings were prepared especially for this construction project and in view of the language and the many provisions of the specifications concerning excavation, including rock, to the depths shown for the basements and foundations of the buildings and facilities, and the fact that none of the drawings relating to excavations contained any note, tracing, or indication as to “rock conditions,” the intention of the parties to the contract concerning the matter of payment for rock excavation becomes important, i. e., whether they intended by the provisions of the contract documents that such payment was required to be included in the lump-sum bids for each building and in the total lump-sum contract price, or whether such rock excavation as might be found to be necessary in order to conform to the excavation lines and dimensions shown on the drawings should be paid for as an extra at the unit price of $7.00 per cubic yard bid and included in the contract in connection with excavation of rock. The specifications are clear that the contractor would be required to perform the specified excavation work, whether it con[463]*463sisted of earth or rock, and it is also clear from the language of the specifications that they anticipated or contemplated that some rock excavation would probably be necessary. This, however, does not, as the Comptroller General thought, answer the question presented. The specifications and drawings were not clear as to the matter of whether the lump-sum bids required for each of the five buildings and each of the two systems should be based upon and include the amounts to be paid for excavation of all material, whether earth or rock, to the depths shown; or whether the lump-sum bids might or should be based on ■excavation of earth, leaving the matter of payment for such rock excavation as might be found necessary to adjustment -on the basis of the unit price called for and submitted with the lump-sum bids.
After examining the site and considering the specifications and the drawings, plaintiff interpreted them as last .above mentioned and computed his seven lump-sum bids, totaling $123,760, on the basis of earth excavation only to rthe depths shown according to the lines and dimensions entered on the excavation drawings, the total amount included for such excavation being $1,500; and under the unit-price provisions of the specifications and bid form, plaintiff submitted, among others, a unit-price bid of $7.00 per cubic yard •for excavation of rock. We think this interpretation of the •contract documents was a reasonable one.
The specification provisions most directly pertinent to the matter of excavation and as to how the bids might be computed and made are paragraphs numbered 9 to 13, in- • elusive; 16 and 17 relating to the Apartment Building; and 41 of the General Conditions.
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Littleton, Judge,
delivered the opinion of the court:
Plaintiff and defendant, represented by ■ its contracting officer, Oliver G. Taylor, Chief of the Eastern Engineering Division, National Parks, Buildings, and Eeservations, Department of Interior, entered into a contract dated July 19, 1933, under which plaintiff agreed to construct “(a) Five Naval Badio Station Buildings, having plumbing, heating, and electrical systems; all complete and ready for use, (b) A complete water supply system, including pump, motor and pipe lines from Government well to Apartment Building and Intercept Building, (c) Electric service lines to the five Naval Radio Station Buildings and the two Radio Towers from the Main Panel board in the Power House.” The contract was signed by plaintiff shortly before August 1, 1933; it was signed by defendant by the contracting officer and approved by the head of the department August 1, 1933. The executed contract was delivered to plaintiff August 4, 1933, and notice to proceed with the work was thereafter given.
The buildings, systems, and installations referred to, including the excavations and other work in connection therewith, to be done by plaintiff and by defendant were described and explained in those provisions of the specifications referred to in the findings herein. The site of the structures was on Big Moose Island at the southern end of Schoodic Peninsula, on the coast of Maine, and their [461]*461locations were from 750 to 1400 feet northwest from the coastline at the mouth of Arey Cove. The terrain had an upward slope from the coastline, and the area where the buildings were to be constructed was covered with a very thick growth of spruce woods. Outcroppings of ledge rock are common on Big Moose Island, and fragments of ledge rock were at places exposed on the surface of the ground at or near the site of the Apartment Building, which was the largest structure called for by the contract.
Plaintiff sues to recover $3,555.30 allowed by the contracting officer and the head of the department as an extra under the contract for 507.9 cubic yards of rock excavated by plaintiff at a unit price of $7.00 per cubic yard; and the question presented is whether, under the terms and conditions of the contract, specifications, and drawings, as written and as intended by the parties, this allowance or any part of it was authorized and proper.
After approval by the head of the department on March 19, 1934, of Extra Work Order No. 2, quoted in finding 23, the Government through the contracting officer paid plaintiff by monthly payment vouchers approved under art. 16 (a) of the contract for all the rock excavated within the dimensions and lines shown on the drawings at the contract unit price of $7.00 per cubic yard. The total amount so excavated was 507.9 cubic yards, and the total of the amounts so paid was $3,555.30. On November 2, 1934, after the contract work had been completed and accepted on September 22, plaintiff and the contracting officer prepared and signed a final voucher for payment of $12,829.82 representing the retained percentage on previous monthly payments under art. 16 (b).
This final payment voucher, which also disclosed all payments which had been made under change orders and extra work orders, was sent to the General Accounting Office for preaudit before payment of the amount of retained percentage. The Comptroller General disallowed, as being unauthorized, the entire amount of $3,555.30 and deducted it from the $12,829.82 shown on the vouchers. The Comptroller General wrote three opinions, the first set forth in finding 27. He held that Extra Work Order No. 2 was [462]*462unauthorized and without consideration “in view of the plain and unambiguous requirements of the specifications.” He lightly passed over par. 11 of the specifications, saying, in effect, that the absence of any indication on the drawings as to conditions of the rock rendered par. 11 of no consequence. He relied upon the preceding paragraph, numbered 10, and concluded since that provision, as well as others, mentioned rock and stated that the contractor should remove all rock to the depths shown, and that since such depths were shown on the drawings, such rock excavation as might become necessary was required to be included in the lump-sum bids and lump-sum contract price for all work complete, and that if plaintiff did not include the cost of the rock excavation in its lump-sum bids it had simply submitted bids that were too low and the Government could not be held responsible therefor. Counsel for defendant seek to sustain the Comptroller General’s decision.
The formal printed contract signed by the parties, which made the specifications and drawings a part of it, was the Standard Government Form of Construction Contract. The defendant’s specifications and drawings were prepared especially for this construction project and in view of the language and the many provisions of the specifications concerning excavation, including rock, to the depths shown for the basements and foundations of the buildings and facilities, and the fact that none of the drawings relating to excavations contained any note, tracing, or indication as to “rock conditions,” the intention of the parties to the contract concerning the matter of payment for rock excavation becomes important, i. e., whether they intended by the provisions of the contract documents that such payment was required to be included in the lump-sum bids for each building and in the total lump-sum contract price, or whether such rock excavation as might be found to be necessary in order to conform to the excavation lines and dimensions shown on the drawings should be paid for as an extra at the unit price of $7.00 per cubic yard bid and included in the contract in connection with excavation of rock. The specifications are clear that the contractor would be required to perform the specified excavation work, whether it con[463]*463sisted of earth or rock, and it is also clear from the language of the specifications that they anticipated or contemplated that some rock excavation would probably be necessary. This, however, does not, as the Comptroller General thought, answer the question presented. The specifications and drawings were not clear as to the matter of whether the lump-sum bids required for each of the five buildings and each of the two systems should be based upon and include the amounts to be paid for excavation of all material, whether earth or rock, to the depths shown; or whether the lump-sum bids might or should be based on ■excavation of earth, leaving the matter of payment for such rock excavation as might be found necessary to adjustment -on the basis of the unit price called for and submitted with the lump-sum bids.
After examining the site and considering the specifications and the drawings, plaintiff interpreted them as last .above mentioned and computed his seven lump-sum bids, totaling $123,760, on the basis of earth excavation only to rthe depths shown according to the lines and dimensions entered on the excavation drawings, the total amount included for such excavation being $1,500; and under the unit-price provisions of the specifications and bid form, plaintiff submitted, among others, a unit-price bid of $7.00 per cubic yard •for excavation of rock. We think this interpretation of the •contract documents was a reasonable one.
The specification provisions most directly pertinent to the matter of excavation and as to how the bids might be computed and made are paragraphs numbered 9 to 13, in- • elusive; 16 and 17 relating to the Apartment Building; and 41 of the General Conditions. These paragraphs are as ■.follows:
EXCAVATION
9. Remove all vegetable matter (top soil) from the area occupied by the building and stack at the site where directed.
10. Remove all rock to depths as shown, in all cases at least 6 inches below the existing grade of ledge rock, to provide level, clean beds to support the foundations, and 5 inches below finished floors of the Basement.
[464]*46411. In case the actual conditions of rdck differ from those shown on the drawings, an adjustment in the contract price will be made, based on a unit price basis to be submitted with the estimate.
12. This Contractor shall excavate to the dimensions and depths indicated or necessary for all foundation walls, interior bearing walls, pier footings and trenches for interior piping as shown on the Plumbing Drawings.
13. Excavate for the footing drains shown along the North East side.
SUPERFLUOUS EARTH
16. This Contractor shall spread or dump all superfluous excavated material around the immediate vicinity of the building at a distance not greater than 80 feet as directed.
TOPSOIL
17. Material from the excavation suitable for topsoil shall be deposited in piles separate from the other excavated material. Piles of topsoil shall be located so that the material can be readily used .for finished surface grading and shall be protected and maintained until the completion of the General Contract.
UNIT PRICES
41. (a) The Contractor shall submit with his bid the following unit prices for use upon any or all work.
a. Excavation (earth) in bulk per cu. yd.
b. Excavation of rock and boulders over % cu. yd. per cu. yd.
c. Concrete in piers and walls, per cu. yd.
d. Keinforcement rods per pound.
e. Concrete wall forms per sq. ft.
f. Concrete pier forms per sq. ft.
(b) Such prices will be used as a basis for correlation with articles 3 and 4 of the Standard Government Form of Contract.
The drawings applicable to excavations for the different structures and installations showed the dimensions and depths of excavations, which, so far as required of-plaintiff, were from six inches to 5% feet for building, and from 4 to 6 feet [465]*465for sewer trench adjacent to Apartment Building, but none of the drawings showed or indicated “conditions of rock” by a note, tracing, or statement. The specifications were apparently written before the defendant had examined the site and dug the test pits. Par. 11 rather clearly indicates that its intention was that the drawing would indicate the rock conditions to the extent that the contractor should include same in his lump-sum bids called for in the Bid Form, and that rock conditions not so indicated which might be encountered would be paid for as an extra at the contract unit price called for in the bid. (See art. 1 of the contract, finding 2.)
A reading of paragraphs 10 and 11 together, as they must be read because both were dealing with rock conditions, and a consideration of the excavation drawings in the light of the natural meaning of the language of those paragraphs reasonably supports plaintiff’s interpretation that the absence of any indication on the drawings as to. rock conditions meant that if rock should be encountered and had to be excavated, such “actual conditions of rock” would “differ from those shown on the drawings,” and would call for “an adjustment in the contract price * * *, based on the unit price basis to be submitted with the estimate.”
. The contracting officer and the head of the department agreed with plaintiff’s interpretation of the intent and meaning of the specifications and drawings, and any ambiguity which might otherwise appear on the face of the documents is therefore now of no moment. The interpretation of a contract by the parties to it before it becomes the subject of controversy is deemed by the courts to be of great, if not controlling, weight. Baltimore v. Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Co., 10 Wall. 543; Brooklyn Insurance Co. of New York v. Dutcher, 95 U. S. 269; Old Colony Trust Company v. City of Omaha, 230 U. S. 100. “ * * * the meaning of the contracting parties is the agreement.” Whitney v. Wyman, 101 U. S. 892, 396. “The intent of the parties is the contract, and whenever that is ascertained, however inartificially expressed, it is the duty of the courts to give it effect.” George v. Tate, 102 U. S. 564, 570; North Pacific Emergency Export Association v. United States, 95 C. Cls. 430, 448, 449.
[466]*466Aside from the interpretation of the contract as evidenced by the issuance of Extra Work Order No. 2, there is other direct evidence which shows such intent. When plaintiff encounterd rock and found that a considerable amount would have to be removed in excavating to the dimensions and depths shown on the drawings, it made claim for payment therefor as an “extra,” and the acting contracting officer promptly replied and, after quoting the substance of par. 10 of the specifications, stated that “The limit of excavation as shown on the elevations of the buildings, therefore, indicates, in line with this article [para.] 10, the rock conditions, referred to in art. [para.] 11, that were expected to be encountered.” Further in this letter he stated that “When the plans [drawings] were drawn the depths of foundations were determined by the elevation of rock as shown by a series of test pits. These pits were afterwards left uncovered with rock exposed to serve as a guide to bidders in calculating the amount of rock that would be necessary.” This letter indicates why the Government did not insert on the drawings any note or tracing of “conditions of rock” as contemplated by par. 11, and that this omission was because the depths of foundations were determined by the test pits. Plaintiff’s president was uncertain in his testimony how deep these test pits were; he stated that they were from about two to three feet deep, but the above letter indicates that some of them were probably five feet deep. The maximum depth of excavations required of plaintiff was six feet, and for the most part the depths were from one and one-half to five and one-half feet.
In addition to the foregoing, the evidence shows that it is one of the recognized customs in the construction industry to base specifications and bids with reference to excavation on earth excavation, which is easy of calculation, leaving the matter of payment for such excavation of rock as may be necessary to adjustment on the basis of separate unit prices, or by some other method. It is obvious that the contracting officer considered this custom and the reasonableness of plaintiff’s interpretation of the specifications and drawings in reaching his decision to issue Change Order No. 2. The Government frequently adopts that practice. Dewey [467]*467Schmoll, et al. v. United States, 93 C. Cls. 572, 575; Union Engineering Co., Ltd., v. United States, 97 C. Cls. 424, 429, 430; John M. Whelan & Sons, Inc., v. United States, 98 C. Cls. 601, 617; Rego Buildmg Corp. v. United States, 99 C. Cls. 445, 452, 459.
The evidence further shows that when submitting the Extra Work Order No. 2 to the head of the department for approval, the statement was made that the order for payment as an extra “involves the excavation of rock in foundation which was not anticipated and not indicated on the drawings” and that the extra work order “is made solely in the interest of the Government.”
In view of the specific provisions of the specifications and the interpretation of the parties, the Standard “Examination of the site” provision, contained in par. 16 of the General Conditions of the Specifications, is not controlling here.
The allowance of payment for the 507.9 cubic yards of rock excavated as an extra does not result in a double payment to plaintiff for “excavation” since plaintiff based its bid on earth and gravel excavation. However, in view of the evidence, plaintiff is not entitled to recover the full amount of $3,555.30 claimed and computed at $7.00 per cubic yard since this rock excavation displaced an equal amount of earth excavation which plaintiff did include in its lump-sum bids and which it would have been required thereunder to excavate if rock had not been encountered within the dimensions and lines shown on the drawings. The deduction from the total of $3,555.30 of $304.75, representing 507.9 cubic yards of displaced earth at the unit price of sixty cents per cubic yard, gives plaintiff under the contract a net of $7.00 per cubic yard for rock, or $3,250.55 in addition to the lump-sum contract price. Rego Building Corporation v. United States, supra.
Judgment will be entered in favor of plaintiff for $3,250.55. It is so ordered.
Madden, Judge, and Whitaker, Judge, concur.