LAND, J.
Plaintiffs sued the defendant to recover the sum of $15,160, damages for personal injuries suffered by their minor son, Albert, and sustained by them by reason of his death, alleged to have been occasioned by his falling through a hole in a defective bridge over the Mobile Street Canal. Plaintiffs alleged that they and their son were without fault.
The defendant is charged with negligence in not keeping the bridge in a-safe condition, and especially in permitting a dangerous hole in one of the passageways to remain open for some time.
The defendant pleaded the general issue.
The ease was tried, and the result was a verdict for $6,000 in favor of plaintiffs.
Defendant did not move for a new trial, but took an appeal from the judgment.
During the trial of the case the defendant’s counsel asked a witness on the stand the following question:
“Then that Mobile Bridge is the most unsafe of the two?” The question was objected to as irrelevant, and the court inquired what was the object of the question. Thereupon counsel for defendant made the following statement, viz.: “The object of the question is to show that there were two routes from the home of this boy to that school, and it was not necessary for him to take the route where this plank was out; that, being an intelligent, bright fellow, he had been warned that there was a hole there, and it had been there for three weeks, and there was another bridge where there was no hole like that, which would be more safe, and just as near for him to take to go to school.”
Whereupon, the trial judge ruled as follows, viz.: “That amounts to contributory negligence, and that has not been pleaded. [601]*601The objection is sustained.” Defendant’s •counsel reserved a bill of exception.
The question raised by this bill is one of great importance, and the decisions on the subject are confusing, conflicting, and un•satisfactory.
The weight of the more recent decisions is in favor of the proposition that “contributory negligence is a matter of defense, and, to be availed of, must be pleaded.” See Rapalje & Mack’s Digest, vol. 3, Nos. 75, 76, p. 281; Beach, infra.
It has been the uniform jurisprudence of the Supreme Court of the United States that the burden of proof is on defendant to show that the plaintiff was negligent, and that his negligence contributed to the injury. See Inland & Seaboard Coasting Co. v. Tolson, 139 U. S. 551, 11 Sup. Ct. 653, 35 L. Ed. 270; Washington & Georgetown R. Co. v. Harmon’s Adm’r, 147 U. S. 571, 13 Sup. Ct. 557, 37 L. Ed. 284.
If this be a correct proposition of law, it follows that defendant must plead what he is bound to prove. What a party does not allege, he cannot prove. Hennen’s Digest, vol. 2, p. 1155, No. 3.
Beach states that the rule adopted by the United States Supreme Court prevails in England, and 20 states of the Union, and that defendant, under this rule, must allege and prove the concurrent default of plaintiff. ■Cont. Neg. §§ 440-443.
The doctrine that the defendant may prove, without alleging, contributory negligence. rests on the premise that plaintiff must allege and prove, either affirmatively or by inference, that he was without fault. From this point of view, evidence that the injury was occasioned by the concurring fault of the plaintiff is admissible in rebuttal of the evidence adduced on his behalf to show that he exercised due care and caution. Several of our own state decisions enunciate this doctrine in a general way, but the clear-cut question is for the first time presented to this court by objections to the admissibility of testimony to prove contributory negligence. Where the evidence is all in without objection, it is unnecessary to pass on the question of the burden of proof. Ryan v. Railway, 44 La. Ann. 806, 11 South. 30. But in all cases the preponderance of the evidence as to contributory negligence must be on the side of the defendant. The law presumes, in the absence of evidence to the contrary, that plaintiff was free from negligence. Baltimore & Potomac R. Co. v. Landrigan, 191 U. S. 461, 24 Sup. Ct. 137, 48 L. Ed. 262.
In order to make out a prima facie case, the plaintiff must allege and prove that he was injured by the fault or negligence of the defendant. Civil Code 1838, art. 2315. It is true, as a general rule, that if the evidence shows that plaintiff was also in fault, and that the concurring fault of both parties produced the injury, plaintiff cannot recover. But it does not follow that plaintiff must allege and prove that he was without fault. Plaintiff is not required to prove that he was without negligence. Washington & Georgetown R. Co. v. Harmon’s Adm’r, 147 U. S. 571, 13 Sup. Ct. 557, 37 L. Ed. 284.
The defense or plea of contributory negligence is in the nature of a confession and avoidance. It, standing alone, necessarily admits that the plaintiff was injured by the negligence of defendant. Otherwise it is irrelevant.
Our opinion is that contributory negligence must be pleaded by defendant, and, in the absence of such plea, evidence is not admissible to show that plaintiff was guilty of negligence.
As the plaintiff is required to allege, with legal certainty, injury from the negligence of the defendant, there is no reason why the defendant should not be required to allege the concurring negligence of the plaintiff. Our decision, however, is confined to the particular question raised by the bill of [603]*603exception, and does not conclude the question of contributory negligence arising on evidence admitted -without objection, or where it is shown by plaintiff’s evidence.
The decisions or dicta of this court contrary to the views herein expressed are overruled.
The conclusions which we have reached are in accord with the settled jurisprudence of the Supreme Court of the United States, which, for the sake of uniformity, should have great and controlling weight in the decision of questions of this nature.
The law presumes that a child of tender age is incapax culpse, and we have held that the defendant must allege and prove exceptional capacity and maturity. Westerfield v. Levis, 43 La. Ann. 69, 9 South. 52.
The same principle applies to a case where the law presumes that the plaintiff is free from contributory negligence.
In this court defendant’s counsel contends, in his argument and brief, that the evidence does not show with reasonable certainty that plaintiff’s son fell through the hole in the bridge over the Mobile Street Canal.
The undisputed evidence is that on the day of the tragic accident, and for a week or more previously, there was a hole, some 3 feet in length and from 12 to 15 inches in width, in one of the footwalks of the bridge in question. The witnesses concur in the statement that the hole was large enough for a man to pass through, and that the general condition of the bridge was very bad.
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LAND, J.
Plaintiffs sued the defendant to recover the sum of $15,160, damages for personal injuries suffered by their minor son, Albert, and sustained by them by reason of his death, alleged to have been occasioned by his falling through a hole in a defective bridge over the Mobile Street Canal. Plaintiffs alleged that they and their son were without fault.
The defendant is charged with negligence in not keeping the bridge in a-safe condition, and especially in permitting a dangerous hole in one of the passageways to remain open for some time.
The defendant pleaded the general issue.
The ease was tried, and the result was a verdict for $6,000 in favor of plaintiffs.
Defendant did not move for a new trial, but took an appeal from the judgment.
During the trial of the case the defendant’s counsel asked a witness on the stand the following question:
“Then that Mobile Bridge is the most unsafe of the two?” The question was objected to as irrelevant, and the court inquired what was the object of the question. Thereupon counsel for defendant made the following statement, viz.: “The object of the question is to show that there were two routes from the home of this boy to that school, and it was not necessary for him to take the route where this plank was out; that, being an intelligent, bright fellow, he had been warned that there was a hole there, and it had been there for three weeks, and there was another bridge where there was no hole like that, which would be more safe, and just as near for him to take to go to school.”
Whereupon, the trial judge ruled as follows, viz.: “That amounts to contributory negligence, and that has not been pleaded. [601]*601The objection is sustained.” Defendant’s •counsel reserved a bill of exception.
The question raised by this bill is one of great importance, and the decisions on the subject are confusing, conflicting, and un•satisfactory.
The weight of the more recent decisions is in favor of the proposition that “contributory negligence is a matter of defense, and, to be availed of, must be pleaded.” See Rapalje & Mack’s Digest, vol. 3, Nos. 75, 76, p. 281; Beach, infra.
It has been the uniform jurisprudence of the Supreme Court of the United States that the burden of proof is on defendant to show that the plaintiff was negligent, and that his negligence contributed to the injury. See Inland & Seaboard Coasting Co. v. Tolson, 139 U. S. 551, 11 Sup. Ct. 653, 35 L. Ed. 270; Washington & Georgetown R. Co. v. Harmon’s Adm’r, 147 U. S. 571, 13 Sup. Ct. 557, 37 L. Ed. 284.
If this be a correct proposition of law, it follows that defendant must plead what he is bound to prove. What a party does not allege, he cannot prove. Hennen’s Digest, vol. 2, p. 1155, No. 3.
Beach states that the rule adopted by the United States Supreme Court prevails in England, and 20 states of the Union, and that defendant, under this rule, must allege and prove the concurrent default of plaintiff. ■Cont. Neg. §§ 440-443.
The doctrine that the defendant may prove, without alleging, contributory negligence. rests on the premise that plaintiff must allege and prove, either affirmatively or by inference, that he was without fault. From this point of view, evidence that the injury was occasioned by the concurring fault of the plaintiff is admissible in rebuttal of the evidence adduced on his behalf to show that he exercised due care and caution. Several of our own state decisions enunciate this doctrine in a general way, but the clear-cut question is for the first time presented to this court by objections to the admissibility of testimony to prove contributory negligence. Where the evidence is all in without objection, it is unnecessary to pass on the question of the burden of proof. Ryan v. Railway, 44 La. Ann. 806, 11 South. 30. But in all cases the preponderance of the evidence as to contributory negligence must be on the side of the defendant. The law presumes, in the absence of evidence to the contrary, that plaintiff was free from negligence. Baltimore & Potomac R. Co. v. Landrigan, 191 U. S. 461, 24 Sup. Ct. 137, 48 L. Ed. 262.
In order to make out a prima facie case, the plaintiff must allege and prove that he was injured by the fault or negligence of the defendant. Civil Code 1838, art. 2315. It is true, as a general rule, that if the evidence shows that plaintiff was also in fault, and that the concurring fault of both parties produced the injury, plaintiff cannot recover. But it does not follow that plaintiff must allege and prove that he was without fault. Plaintiff is not required to prove that he was without negligence. Washington & Georgetown R. Co. v. Harmon’s Adm’r, 147 U. S. 571, 13 Sup. Ct. 557, 37 L. Ed. 284.
The defense or plea of contributory negligence is in the nature of a confession and avoidance. It, standing alone, necessarily admits that the plaintiff was injured by the negligence of defendant. Otherwise it is irrelevant.
Our opinion is that contributory negligence must be pleaded by defendant, and, in the absence of such plea, evidence is not admissible to show that plaintiff was guilty of negligence.
As the plaintiff is required to allege, with legal certainty, injury from the negligence of the defendant, there is no reason why the defendant should not be required to allege the concurring negligence of the plaintiff. Our decision, however, is confined to the particular question raised by the bill of [603]*603exception, and does not conclude the question of contributory negligence arising on evidence admitted -without objection, or where it is shown by plaintiff’s evidence.
The decisions or dicta of this court contrary to the views herein expressed are overruled.
The conclusions which we have reached are in accord with the settled jurisprudence of the Supreme Court of the United States, which, for the sake of uniformity, should have great and controlling weight in the decision of questions of this nature.
The law presumes that a child of tender age is incapax culpse, and we have held that the defendant must allege and prove exceptional capacity and maturity. Westerfield v. Levis, 43 La. Ann. 69, 9 South. 52.
The same principle applies to a case where the law presumes that the plaintiff is free from contributory negligence.
In this court defendant’s counsel contends, in his argument and brief, that the evidence does not show with reasonable certainty that plaintiff’s son fell through the hole in the bridge over the Mobile Street Canal.
The undisputed evidence is that on the day of the tragic accident, and for a week or more previously, there was a hole, some 3 feet in length and from 12 to 15 inches in width, in one of the footwalks of the bridge in question. The witnesses concur in the statement that the hole was large enough for a man to pass through, and that the general condition of the bridge was very bad.
A sergeant of police testified that this condition had been reported to the proper authorities.
The child was drowned, in all probability, about noon. His body was recovered early in the evening of the same day. It was found immediately beneath the hole in the bridge. The water was shallow and stagnant, and the mud beneath was soft and deep.
One of the witnesses said: “When we-pulled that boy up, mud and everything-came up. The child was underneath the mud.”
The witnesses testified to bruises and cuts on the body that might have been readily produced by a fall through the hole in the bridge. Several of them testify to seeming flesh marks on a large nail or spike which was on the inner edge of the hole. All the-circumstances point to the conclusion that the child fell through the bridge. The stagnant condition of the water and the deep mud repel the inference that the child fell in the canal at some other point and was borne by current or struggled through the mud and water to the place beneath the bridge where the body was found. Falling through the hole, the impetus of the descent would naturally bury the body in the ooze beneath. There is no circumstance suggesting that the boy met with violence when he was returning home from school on that bright day in June.
We are of opinion that the finding of the jury that the boy fell through the hole in the bridge is sustained by the evidence.
There was no plea of contributory negligence. If defendant desired to show that the child was of exceptional capacity and maturity the matter should have been pleaded in the answer. Westerfield v. Levis Bros., 43 La. Ann. 69, 9 South. 52.
The boy was between eight and nine years of age. There is no evidence whatever tending to show how the accident happened, and there is no sufficient proof that the boy knew of the existence of the hole.
He crossed the bridge a number of times, but usually with his eider brother, and they may have used the other footwalk or the driveway in the center. It was a question of fact for the jury to determine, considering his maturity and capacity and the circumstances of the case, whether he was guilty of negligence in not seeing and avoiding the [605]*605danger. 43 Ann. 61, and eases therein cited. Even an adult has the right to presume that a public passage way is safe, and is not negligent for not looking for an unlawful obstruction. See Beach, supra, § 36.
It needs no extended citation of authorities to show that the city owed to the public the duty of keeping the bridge in a safe condition, and is liable for special injuries resulting from neglect to perform this duty. 2 Dillon’s Munic. Corp. (3d Ed.) § 1017, p. 1036.
The ruinous condition of the bridge was notorious, and it was a trap for the unwary.
The verdict is not assailed as excessive in amount.
It is therefore ordered, adjudged, and decreed. that the judgment appealed from be affirmed, defendant and appellant to pay costs of appeal.