Mr. Justice McKenna,
after stating the case, delivered the opinion of the court.
The correctness of the ruling in denying the motion to instruct the jury to find a-verdict for the plaintiffs in error depends upon the correctness of the ruling in granting or refusing the special instructions prayed. The principles embraced in them are but specifications of the legal propositions contained in the motion and upon which its soundness or unsoundness depended. ' If the ruling of the court was right on those instructions it was right on denying the motion. We proceed, therefore, to the consideration of the propositions embraced in the instructions.
The charge of the defendant in error is that the railroad companies were guilty of negligence. The railroads deny, this, and claim besides that the deceased came to his death by his own negligence, or by negligence which contributed to that result. As an element in the question of the entire innocence of the railroad companies there' is involved the construction and effect of the evidence in regard to the coupling of the cars and the sufficiency of the light upon the Pullman car to give notice and warning of its approach. In regard, however, to that evidence the instructions of the court are not questioned in this court. No error is assigned on them here, and whatever of argument is addressed to them or to the evidence is intended to show that those acts, even if they were act's of negligence, were not effective causes of the injury of the deceased, but that his own negligence was such cause. The determination -of the contentions of plaintiffs in error, therefore, depends upon the question of the negligence of the deceased, and the instructions given in relation thereto. At the request of the plaintiff in the action, defendant in error here, the court instructed the jury as follows:
“1. In the absence of all evidence tending to show whether the plaintiff’s intestate stopped, looked and listened before attempting to cross the south track, the presumption would
be that he did. But',- that, presumption may be rebutted by circumstantial' evidence, and it is a question • for the jury whether the facts and circumstances proved in this case rebut that presumption, and if they find that they do, they should find that he did not stop and look and. listen, but if the facts and circumstances fail to rebut such presumption then the jury should find that. he. did so stop and look and listen. In order to justify them in finding that he did not, all the evidence tending to show that should be weightier in the minds of the jury than that tending to show the contrary.
“2.
The jury are instructed that if they believe from the evidence that the gates at the crossing where the deceased received his injury were generally kept down at night from 10:30 or 11 o’clock until , the early morning, without regard to the approach-or presence of a car, a.train, or trains or locomotives, and shall further conclude from all the facts and circumstances of the case that the deceased had knowledge of that fact, then the circumstance that the gates at the intersection of South ' Capitol street were down at the time of the accident was not of itself a warning to him of the presence of danger, and contributory negligence cannot be imputed to him from that fact' ■ alone.
“3. While knowledge by the deceased of the presence of the Fenton engine on the north track or partly upon the South Capitol street crossing and the approach of No. 78 upon one of the central tracks at or near the time of the accident might or would indicate the presence of danger oil or near those tracks, it is for the jury to .determine upon all the facts of this case-whether it was a want of ordinary or reasonable cáre and prudence upon his part to be upon the south track, at the point upon- said last-named track at which .they shall find from the evidence the accident occurred.” ■ -
The defendants, plaintiffs in error here, submitted instructions to the court which were emphatic contraries of the instructions given at the request of the plaintiff, and expressed the law to be that the fact of the gates being down was of itself
a warning to the deceased; and further, if he disregarded the warning, he was guilty of contributory.negligence; and that the gates being down, they were “closed.or lowered for all trains, cars or engines which were moving or passing or which might move or pass upon all or any of said tracks at said crossing and were a warning of' danger which the plaintiff’s intestate •. was bound to heed, and if the jury shall find'that the plaintiffs intestate met his death by going under said gates and upon or so near to one of said tracks as to be struck by a car moving on said track, he was guilty of negligence contributing to the accident, and the plaintiff cannot recover in this action.”
The following instruction was also prayed:
“It appearing from the uncontradicted evidence in the case that the. defendants maintained at all hours of the night a gateman in charge of the gates at the crossing in question, who raised and lowered said gates as occasion might require, and it further appearing from such evidence that such gateman was accustomed to open or raise said gates for the passage of pedestrians or vehicles when it' was safe to do so, and it further appearing that the crossing in question being adjacent to the shifting, storage and engine yards of. said defendants and between such yards and their passenger and freight stations in the city of Washington, and that the main tracks leading to'and from said station also passed over the same, said crossing was an especially dangerous place, the jury are instructed that in the absence of any evidence tending to show that the plaintiff’s intestate, upon approaching said crossing and finding the gates between him and the tracks lowered or closed, made any request of the gateman to raise or open the same- or submitted any inquiry as to whether any engines, cars or trains were approaching said crossing before he went under said gates and entered upon the crossing within the same and thereby received the injuries which resulted in his death, said intestate was guilty of negligence directly contributing to his own misfortune and the plaintiff cannot recover.”
(1.) There was no error in instructing the jury that in the
absence of evidence to the contrary, there was a presumption that the deceased stopped, looked and listened. The law was so declared in
Texas & Pacific Railway Co.
v.
Gentry,
163 U. S. 353, 366. The case was a natural extension of prior cases. The presumption is founded on a law of nature. We know of no more universal instinct than that of self preservation — none that so insistently urges to care against injury. It has its motives to exercise in the fear of pain, maiming and death. There are few presumptions, based on human feelings or experience, that have surer foundation than that expressed in the instruction objected to. But notwithstanding the incentives to the contrary, men are soriietimes inattentive, careless or reckless of danger.
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Mr. Justice McKenna,
after stating the case, delivered the opinion of the court.
The correctness of the ruling in denying the motion to instruct the jury to find a-verdict for the plaintiffs in error depends upon the correctness of the ruling in granting or refusing the special instructions prayed. The principles embraced in them are but specifications of the legal propositions contained in the motion and upon which its soundness or unsoundness depended. ' If the ruling of the court was right on those instructions it was right on denying the motion. We proceed, therefore, to the consideration of the propositions embraced in the instructions.
The charge of the defendant in error is that the railroad companies were guilty of negligence. The railroads deny, this, and claim besides that the deceased came to his death by his own negligence, or by negligence which contributed to that result. As an element in the question of the entire innocence of the railroad companies there' is involved the construction and effect of the evidence in regard to the coupling of the cars and the sufficiency of the light upon the Pullman car to give notice and warning of its approach. In regard, however, to that evidence the instructions of the court are not questioned in this court. No error is assigned on them here, and whatever of argument is addressed to them or to the evidence is intended to show that those acts, even if they were act's of negligence, were not effective causes of the injury of the deceased, but that his own negligence was such cause. The determination -of the contentions of plaintiffs in error, therefore, depends upon the question of the negligence of the deceased, and the instructions given in relation thereto. At the request of the plaintiff in the action, defendant in error here, the court instructed the jury as follows:
“1. In the absence of all evidence tending to show whether the plaintiff’s intestate stopped, looked and listened before attempting to cross the south track, the presumption would
be that he did. But',- that, presumption may be rebutted by circumstantial' evidence, and it is a question • for the jury whether the facts and circumstances proved in this case rebut that presumption, and if they find that they do, they should find that he did not stop and look and. listen, but if the facts and circumstances fail to rebut such presumption then the jury should find that. he. did so stop and look and listen. In order to justify them in finding that he did not, all the evidence tending to show that should be weightier in the minds of the jury than that tending to show the contrary.
“2.
The jury are instructed that if they believe from the evidence that the gates at the crossing where the deceased received his injury were generally kept down at night from 10:30 or 11 o’clock until , the early morning, without regard to the approach-or presence of a car, a.train, or trains or locomotives, and shall further conclude from all the facts and circumstances of the case that the deceased had knowledge of that fact, then the circumstance that the gates at the intersection of South ' Capitol street were down at the time of the accident was not of itself a warning to him of the presence of danger, and contributory negligence cannot be imputed to him from that fact' ■ alone.
“3. While knowledge by the deceased of the presence of the Fenton engine on the north track or partly upon the South Capitol street crossing and the approach of No. 78 upon one of the central tracks at or near the time of the accident might or would indicate the presence of danger oil or near those tracks, it is for the jury to .determine upon all the facts of this case-whether it was a want of ordinary or reasonable cáre and prudence upon his part to be upon the south track, at the point upon- said last-named track at which .they shall find from the evidence the accident occurred.” ■ -
The defendants, plaintiffs in error here, submitted instructions to the court which were emphatic contraries of the instructions given at the request of the plaintiff, and expressed the law to be that the fact of the gates being down was of itself
a warning to the deceased; and further, if he disregarded the warning, he was guilty of contributory.negligence; and that the gates being down, they were “closed.or lowered for all trains, cars or engines which were moving or passing or which might move or pass upon all or any of said tracks at said crossing and were a warning of' danger which the plaintiff’s intestate •. was bound to heed, and if the jury shall find'that the plaintiffs intestate met his death by going under said gates and upon or so near to one of said tracks as to be struck by a car moving on said track, he was guilty of negligence contributing to the accident, and the plaintiff cannot recover in this action.”
The following instruction was also prayed:
“It appearing from the uncontradicted evidence in the case that the. defendants maintained at all hours of the night a gateman in charge of the gates at the crossing in question, who raised and lowered said gates as occasion might require, and it further appearing from such evidence that such gateman was accustomed to open or raise said gates for the passage of pedestrians or vehicles when it' was safe to do so, and it further appearing that the crossing in question being adjacent to the shifting, storage and engine yards of. said defendants and between such yards and their passenger and freight stations in the city of Washington, and that the main tracks leading to'and from said station also passed over the same, said crossing was an especially dangerous place, the jury are instructed that in the absence of any evidence tending to show that the plaintiff’s intestate, upon approaching said crossing and finding the gates between him and the tracks lowered or closed, made any request of the gateman to raise or open the same- or submitted any inquiry as to whether any engines, cars or trains were approaching said crossing before he went under said gates and entered upon the crossing within the same and thereby received the injuries which resulted in his death, said intestate was guilty of negligence directly contributing to his own misfortune and the plaintiff cannot recover.”
(1.) There was no error in instructing the jury that in the
absence of evidence to the contrary, there was a presumption that the deceased stopped, looked and listened. The law was so declared in
Texas & Pacific Railway Co.
v.
Gentry,
163 U. S. 353, 366. The case was a natural extension of prior cases. The presumption is founded on a law of nature. We know of no more universal instinct than that of self preservation — none that so insistently urges to care against injury. It has its motives to exercise in the fear of pain, maiming and death. There are few presumptions, based on human feelings or experience, that have surer foundation than that expressed in the instruction objected to. But notwithstanding the incentives to the contrary, men are soriietimes inattentive, careless or reckless of danger. These the law does not excuse nor does it distinguish between the degrees of negligence.
This was the ruling in
Northern Pacific Railroad Co.
v.
Freeman,
174 U. S. 379, the case which plaintiffs in error oppose to
Railway Co.
v.
Gentry.
In the
Freeman
case a man thirty-five years old, with no defect of eyesight or hearing, familiar with a railroad crossing and driving gentle horses which were accustomed to the cars, approached the crossing at a trot not faster than a brisk walk, with his head down looking at his horses, and drove upon the track, looking “straight before him without turning his head either way.” This was testified to by witnesses. There was direct evidence, therefore, of inattention. There is no such evidence in this case, and the instructions given must be judged accordingly. The court did not tell the jury that all those who cross railroad tracks, stop, look and listen, or that the deceased did so, but that, in'the absence of evidence to the contrary, he was presumed to have done so, and it was left to the jury to say'if there was such- evidence. The instruction was a recognition of “the common experience of men,” from which it was judged in the
Freeman
case that the deceased in that case had not looked or listened, and submitted to the jury that which it was their constitutional duty to decide. And there was enough evidence to justify dispute and from which different conclusions could be drawn.
(2.) We think there was no error in the instruction as to the effect of the gates as a notice of danger .under the practice of the companies. Indeed, the instruction is so obviously right that argument advanced to support it drops into truisms, i One thing or condition cannot be any certain evidence of another thing or condition unless they invariably co-exist. Of course, .two things may occasionally co-exist, but this furnishes no argument for plaintiffs in error. It only raises the query, when do the things co-exist, and, making an’ application to the pending case, when did the closed gates and passing trains co-exist? When were the former a witness of the latter? Always? The testimony answers, no. Between 10:30 and 11 o’clock at night, until morning, the gates were generally kept down without regard to passing trains. During that time, therefore, ■ they had no more relation to passing trains than the signal tower or any other inanimate object at or near the crossing. Gates at a railroad crossing have a useful purpose. Open, they proclaim safety to the passing public; closed, they proclaim danger; but, it is manifest, if they be open or closed, regardless of safety or danger, they cannot be notice of either. Counsel perceive this and extend their contention to urging that it is the duty of those who want to cross, be they pedestrians or those driving teams, to seek the gateman and not to attempt to cross until he raise the gates.
Those driving teams must do so if they pass at all, and a controversy such as this record presents could not occur as to them. But there are more who walk than ride, and every time their way is stopped by gates at a railroad crossing must they awake a sleeping gateman, or. seek an absent one, or be charged with negligence, and that despite the fact that the practice of the railroad company has made closed gates not necessarily an indication of danger? The contention makes the neglect of duty by the railroad as efficacious as the performance of duty. At times a railroad must have exclusive use of a crossing, but at such times it is its duty to close the gates. The use over it is its duty to open them, and it cannot
neglect that duty and claim the same consequence, as if it had been performed. The instructions' of the court were very guarded. It told the jury if the gates where the injury occurred were generally kept down at night from 10:30 or 11 .o’clock, without regard to the presence or absence of trains, and that deceased had knowledge of that fact, then “the circumstance that the gates at the intersection of South Capitol street"were down at the time of the accident was
not of itself
a warning to him of the presence .of danger, and contributory negligence cannot be imputed to him from that fact alone.”
The italics are burs, and the words italicized put a careful limitation upon the instruction, and, so limited, it was not erroneous.
(3.) It was' an issue in the case whether the deceased was struck and run over by the Pullman car or by the passenger express No. 78, and on that, issue the court instructed the jury that if the deceased was struck and run over by the passenger express, their verdict should be for the plaintiffs in error. This instruction is complained of. Plaintiffs in error contend that there was no evidence from which it could be determined that it was the Pullman car and not the passenger express train which injured the deceased, and it was error, therefore, to submit the issue to the jury. The action of the court was right. There was certainly evidence on the issue from which reasonable men might draw different conclusions.-
As we have already seen, the most direct evidence of the passing of the north bound'express was to the effect that “the runaway car passed the .southwest crossing before 78 (the passenger express) reached there; it struck.just the middle part of No. 78 as the train came by there; the runaway car had just about gotten across the crossing when the engine of 78 began to cross the crossing; it was almost about the same time.”
If it be admitted that this leaves the issue in doubt, and justifies no inference, there are circumstances to be considered. If the deceased was struck- by No. 78, it is difficult to understand how he got to the place and in the condition he was found.
Was he hurled there by the impact of the train? If that were possible, how came his legs to be crushed? • Not by the runaway car, because that had passed; not.by train 78, for he had been cast aside and away from that. The circumstances, therefore, seem to indicate that he was not struck by train 78, but' was run over by the runaway car, and; we think, there is nothing .inconsistent with that conclusion in his statement. His situation was horrible. If in our different situation we may venture to judge of it at all, we may wonder that he had or could retain any preception of. what had occurred; Certainly exact accuracy of statement could not have been expected of him, and to his shocked and almost overwhelmed, senses it. -might well have seemed that not one car only, but a train of cars had run over him. Finding- no error in the record, the judgment is
'
Affirmed