Bryant v. Wyeth

879 F. Supp. 2d 1214, 2012 WL 2951976, 2012 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 100684

• Court: District Court, W.D. Washington
• Decided: July 19, 2012
• Docket: Case No. C04-1706 TSZ
• Status: Published

Opinion

ORDER

THOMAS S. ZILLY, District Judge.

THIS MATTER comes before the Court on Defendants Pharmacia Inc., Pharmacia and Upjohn Corporation (“Upjohn”), Wyeth LLC and Wyeth Pharmaceuticals, Inc.’s (together “Wyeth”) Motion for Summary Judgment, docket no. 89.¹ Having reviewed the memoranda, declarations, and exhibits submitted by the parties, the Court enters the following order:

I. Background

This is a prescription drug product liability case in which Plaintiff, Faye Bryant, alleges that she developed breast cancer as a result of ingesting combined hormone replacement therapy (CHRT) drugs manufactured by the Defendants. CHRT consists of two medications, estrogen and progestin (“E + P”) that are prescribed in combination to treat symptoms of menopause. This case involves four drugs, Premarin, Provera, Cycrin, and Prempro. Premarin, an estrogen, Cycrin, a synthetic progestin with the generic name medroxyprogesterone acetate (“MPA”), and Prempro, an estrogen and progestin combination, are manufactured by Wyeth. Provera, an MPA, is manufactured by Upjohn.

Mrs. Bryant alleges that she took Premarin and Provera from 1994 until 1999, and the combination drug Prempro from 2000 to 2003, to treat symptoms of menopause. Mrs. Bryant was diagnosed with breast cancer in 2004, and thereafter instituted this action on July 2, 2004. Mrs. Bryant had breast surgery, underwent radiation chemotherapy, and used the anti-estrogen drug Tamoxifen.

Mrs. Bryant is a resident of Washington. She was prescribed and ingested the drugs in Washington, and developed breast cancer in Washington.² Wyeth is incorporated in Delaware and does business in Washington, but its headquarters, sales team, and women’s health research facility are located in Pennsylvania.³

Mrs. Bryant’s Third Amended Complaint claims negligence and breach of express warranty under the Washington Product Liability Act (‘WPLA”) and fraud, and requests general and punitive damages.⁴ The pending motion seeks to dismiss the (1) punitive damages claim as to Defendant Wyeth, (2) all claims against Defendant Upjohn for failure of proof on product identification, (3) the fraud claim, and (4) breach of express warranty claim under the WPLA. The Court defers ruling on the fraud claim at this time and addresses the remaining arguments below.

II. Standard of Review

The Court may grant summary judgment if no genuine dispute of material fact exists and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Fed. R.Civ.P. 56(a). The moving party bears the initial burden of demonstrating the absence of a genuine issue of material fact. Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 323, 106 S.Ct. 2548, 91 L.Ed.2d 265 (1986). A fact is material if it might affect the outcome of the suit under the governing law. Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248, 106 S.Ct. 2505, 91 L.Ed.2d 202 (1986). In support of its motion for summary judgment, the moving party need not negate the opponent’s claim, Celotex, 477 U.S. at 323, 106 S.Ct. 2548; rather, the moving party is entitled to judgment if the evidence is not sufficient for a jury to return a verdict in favor of the opponent, Anderson, 477 U.S. at 249, 106 S.Ct. 2505. To survive summary judgment, a non-moving party must “show through specific evidence that a triable issue of fact remains on issues for which the nonmovant bears the burden of proof at trial.” Walker v. Shansky, 28 F.3d 666, 670-71 (7th Cir. 1994), aff'd sub nom. Walker v. Ghoudy, 51 F.3d 276 (7th Cir.1995); see also Celotex, 477 U.S. at 324, 106 S.Ct. 2548. The adverse party must present affirmative evidence, which “is to be believed” and from which all “justifiable inferences” are to be favorably drawn. Id. at 255, 257, 106 S.Ct. 2505. When the record, taken as a whole, could not lead a rational trier of fact to find for the non-moving party, summary judgment is warranted. See, e.g., Beard v. Banks, 548 U.S. 521, 529, 126 S.Ct. 2572, 165 L.Ed.2d 697 (2006).

1.

III. Discussion Punitive Damages

Mrs. Bryant requests punitive damages only against defendant Wyeth. Because Washington law prohibits punitive damages, Mrs. Bryant argues that Pennsylvania’s punitive damages law applies to her fraud claim against Wyeth.⁵ . Wyeth moves for summary judgment as to punitive damages, arguing that Washington law applies.

(a) Applicable Choice of Law Rules

In determining which state’s law applies in a diversity action, federal courts must apply the forum state’s choice-of-law rules. Fields v. Legacy Health Sys., 413 F.3d 943, 950 (9th Cir.2005) (quoting Patton v. Cox, 276 F.3d 493, 495 (9th Cir. 2002)). Under Washington’s choice-of-law rules, local law applies unless it conflicts with the laws or interests of another state. Seizer v. Sessions, 132 Wash.2d 642, 648-49, 940 P.2d 261 (1997). A court “may be required to apply the law of one forum to one issue while applying the law of a different forum to another issue in the same case.” Brewer v. Dodson Aviation, 447 F.Supp.2d 1166, 1175 (W.D.Wash.2006) (quoting 1 Kelly Kunsch, Washington Practice § 2.21 (4th ed.2006)). If a conflict exists, Washington courts apply the law of the state that has the most significant relationship to the parties and occurrences with respect to a specific issue. Johnson v. Spider Staging Corp., 87 Wash.2d 577, 580, 555 P.2d 997 (1976).

The “most significant relationship” test consists of two steps. First, the Court must consider the following contacts: (a) the place where the injury occurred, (b) the place where the conduct causing the injury occurred, (c) the domicile, residence, nationality, place of incorporation and place of business of the parties, and (d) the place where the relationship, if any, between the parties is centered. Johnson, 87 Wash.2d at 581, 555 P.2d 997 (citing Restatement (Second) of Conflict of Laws § 145 (1971)). Washington courts’ “approach is not merely to count contacts, but rather to consider which contacts are most significant and to determine where these contacts are found.” Id. The Court “must evaluate the contacts both quantitatively and qualitatively....” Martin v. Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co., 114 Wash.App. 823, 830, 61 P.3d 1196 (2003), while applying the following principles:

(a) the needs of the interstate and international systems, (b) the relevant policies of the forum, (c) the relevant policies of other interested states and the relative interests of those states in the determination of the particular issue, (d) the protection of justified expectations, (e) the basic policies underlying the particular field of law, (f) certainty, predictability and uniformity of result, and (g) ease in the determination and application of the law to be applied.

Restatement (Second) of Conflict of Laws § 6 (1971).

If these contacts are balanced, the second step is to consider “the interests and public policies” of the concerned states. Johnson, 87 Wash.2d at 582, 555 P.2d 997. “The extent of the interest of each potentially interested state should be determined on the basis, among other things, of the purpose sought to be achieved by their relevant local law rules and the particular issue involved.”⁶ Southwell v. Widing Transp., Inc., 101 Wash.2d 200, 204, 676 P.2d 477 (1984); see also Zenaida-Garcia v. Recovery Sys. Tech., Inc., 128 Wash. App. 256, 263-64, 115 P.3d 1017 (2005).

(b) Actual Conflict

There is an actual conflict between the law of Washington and the law of Pennsylvania with respect to punitive damages. Washington does not allow punitive damages unless expressly authorized by the legislature. Barr v. Interbay Citizens Bank of Tampa, Fla., 96 Wash.2d 692, 697, 635 P.2d 441 (1981) amended, 96 Wash.2d 692, 649 P.2d 827 (1982) (amending holding as it pertains to jurisdictional issues, not choice of law). Pennsylvania, on the other hand, permits punitive damages for “conduct that is outrageous, because of the defendant’s evil motive or his reckless indifference to the rights of others.” Hutchison ex rel. Hutchison v. Luddy, 582 Pa. 114, 121, 870 A.2d 766 (2005).⁷

(c) Most Significant Relationship

i. Place Where the Injury Occurred

In cases of personal injuries, Washington courts presume that the law of the place of injury applies unless another contact is more significant. Martin, 114 WashApp. at 830, 61 P.3d 1196 (citing Restatement (Second) of Conflict of Laws § 146 (1971)). But in cases of fraud and misrepresentation, the place of injury is often fortuitous, and “there may be little reason in logic or persuasiveness to say that one state rather than another is the place of injury....” Kelley v. Microsoft Corp., 251 F.R.D. 544 (W.D.Wash.2008) (quoting Restatement (Second) of Conflict of Laws § 145 cmt. e (1971)). In Kelley, class action plaintiffs alleged that Microsoft falsely advertised computers as ‘Windows Vista Capable” when, in fact, the computers had more limited functions. Id. at 548, 553. The Court found that the place of injury was fortuitous because Microsoft’s “allegedly unfair or deceptive acts caused injury throughout the country.”⁸ Id. at 552. As a result, the Court applied the law of Washington, “where Defendant resides and created the allegedly unfair or deceptive marketing scheme.” Id.

Here, Wyeth’s allegedly fraudulent conduct in marketing and labeling its CHRT drugs originated in Pennsylvania and caused harm throughout the country.⁹ For instance, Mrs. Bryant alleges Wyeth knew that studies showed “an increased risk of breast cancer in women on [C]HRT [at] any dose,”¹⁰ but “shift[ed] media focus” and recruited “credible third parties]” to “undermine/cast doubt on” studies that suggested an increased cancer risk.¹¹ Moreover, Mrs. Bryant alleges that Wyeth obstructed research with tactics such as creating a task force to ensure that the International Agency for Research on Cancer “does not develop a position on a definitive relationship between breast cancer and estrogen therapy....”¹² Thus, while Mrs. Bryant suffered her personal injury in Washington, the harm caused by Wyeth’s nationwide marketing practices could have happened anywhere. The place of injury is therefore fortuitous, shifting the focus to the location where the conduct causing the harm occurred.

ii. Place Where the Conduct Occurred

In Washington, the location where fraudulent conduct occurred is the most significant contact for the issue of punitive damages. See Kammerer, 96 Wash.2d at 422-23, 635 P.2d 708; Singh v. Edwards Lifesciences Corp., 151 Wash.App. 137, 145, 210 P.3d 337 (2009). In Kammerer, a Washington company traveled to California and made fraudulent representations while negotiating patent rights with the California-based plaintiffs. 96 Wash.2d at 422-423, 635 P.2d 708. Washington’s Supreme Court applied California’s punitive damages law because “California was the site of all negotiations between the parties and the place where any fraudulent representations were made____” Id. at 422, 635 P.2d 708.

In a case even more on point, Washington’s Court of Appeals, Division One, applied California’s punitive damages law against a California company whose fraudulent conduct resulted in personal injury in Washington. Singh, 151 Wash.App. at 140, 210 P.3d 337. In Singh, the defendant designed and manufactured a heart monitor that malfunctioned and destroyed the plaintiffs heart during surgery. The plaintiff sued for products liability, and the hospital filed a cross-claim against the defendant for fraud. The plaintiff resided in Washington and was injured at a Washington hospital. But the defendant company learned of the defect through research conducted in California and decided in California not to warn the product’s users of the defect. The court held that California law applied because the “significant factor in Kammerer was the jurisdiction in which the bad behavior — fraudulent misrepresentation — occurred.” Id. at 145, 210 P.3d 337.

Like the California conduct in Singh, Wyeth allegedly committed fraud in Pennsylvania, resulting in personal injury to Mrs. Bryant in Washington.

In an attempt to distinguish Singh, Wyeth argues that this case is more similar to Barr v. Interbay Citizens Bank, which was decided by the Washington’s Supreme Court on the same day as Kammerer. Barr, 96 Wash.2d at 692, 635 P.2d 441. There, the Washington plaintiff sued a Florida bank for wrongfully repossessing his car and sought punitive damages under Florida law. The court declined to apply Florida’s punitive damages law because the “actual conduct and the acts which might warrant punitive damages were restricted to Nevada and Washington.” Id. at 699, 635 P.2d 441. The court explained that the bank hired persons in Nevada who repossessed and then failed to timely return the car in Washington.

Here, Mrs. Bryant alleges that Wyeth sales representatives misrepresented off-label benefits of HT drugs to her doctors in Washington. Wyeth denies that its representatives were untruthful but nonetheless asserts that these allegations are a significant Washington contact, like the location of the repossession in Barr. But the representations of Wyeth’s sales representatives are, at most, a minor component of the fraudulent behavior alleged by Mrs. Bryant. For example, Dr. Cuda testified that sales representatives were a source of information “generally speaking,” but did not remember specific fraudulent statements or otherwise credit sales representatives with informing her of incorrect information regarding the benefits of E + P.¹³ Dr. McGill testified that Wyeth sales representatives recommended Prempro for both controlling symptoms of menopause and for off-label cardiovascular and osteoporosis benefits, but confirmed that information from sales representatives was only “one of the things that [he] considered in making [his] calculus as to the risks and benefits of the drug.”¹⁴

Instead, the bulk of the conduct at issue is the extensive fraudulent misrepresentations allegedly made from Wyeth’s Pennsylvania headquarters. Wyeth created its product labels¹⁵ and marketing strategies ¹⁶ in Pennsylvania. For example, the FDA told Wyeth to update the breast cancer warnings on its Prempro label,¹⁷ but Wyeth allegedly continued to misrepresent the drug’s risks and responded to the FDA by paying a doctor to object to the FDA’s proposed warnings without disclosing the doctor’s financial relationship with Wyeth.¹⁸ Notably, the FDA letter was sent to Wyeth in Pennsylvania.¹⁹ In sum, any contact between Wyeth sales representatives and doctors in Washington does not provide a compelling basis to distinguish this case from Singh.20

iii. Domicile, Place of Business of the Parties

The domiciles of the parties to this case are balanced. Wyeth is incorporated in Delaware with its principle place of business in Pennsylvania. Mrs. Bryant is domiciled in Washington.

iv. Where the Relationship is Centered

In Washington, the “relationship between the parties, if any, must center around the cause of action....” Brewer, 447 F.Supp.2d at 1180 (quoting Perry v. Aggregate Plant Prods., 786 S.W.2d 21, 25 (Tex.App.1990)). The place where the relationship is centered is therefore often “the same as the place where the conduct causing [the] injury occurred.” Brewer, 447 F.Supp.2d at 1179-80 (citing Zenaidar-Garcia, 128 Wash.App. at 263, 115 P.3d 1017). For example, in Zenaida-Garcia, an Oregon resident was killed in Oregon by a trommel that was manufactured by the defendant in Washington. Id. The defendant argued that Oregon’s shorter statute of repose should apply to bar the claim and the plaintiff argued that Washington’s longer statute of repose should apply. The court applied Washington’s statute of repose, concluding that the relationship between the parties was centered where the trommel was designed and manufactured because “the cause of action is negligent and unsafe design of the trommel.” Id. at 263, 115 P.3d 1017. Here, the cause of action is fraud, stemming from wide-spread dissemination of allegedly false information. Wyeth disseminated this information from Pennsylvania, centering the parties’ relationship there for the issue of punitive damages.

The Court concludes that Pennsylvania law applies to the issue of punitive damages because the location of the conduct that caused Mrs. Bryant’s injury is the most significant contact for this fraud claim.

(d) Interests of Each State

The Court finds that the policy interests of the two states also favors the application of Pennsylvania law. “The extent of the interest of each potentially interested state should be determined on the basis, among other things, of the purpose sought to be achieved by their relevant local law rules and the particular issue involved.” Southwell v. Widing Tramp., Inc., 101 Wash.2d 200, 204, 676 P.2d 477 (1984) (citing Johnson, 87 Wash.2d at 582, 555 P.2d 997).

In Pennsylvania, the “purpose of punitive damages is to punish a tortfeasor for outrageous conduct and to deter him or others like him from similar conduct.” Hutchison ex rel., 582 Pa. at 121-22, 870 A.2d 766 (citations omitted). This defendant-focused rationale solidifies the place where the conduct occurred as the most significant contact. See Specialty Surplus, 2006 WL 581024, at *2. In Specialty Surplus, this Court applied New York’s punitive damages law to an insurance bad faith claim even though it was “arguable that the only ‘contact’ with New York is the location of the adjusters used to oversee the claims.” Id. The court reasoned that “since in the context of punitive damages it is clear that the defendant is the focus of the analysis, the Court finds that the location of the conduct causing harm is the most significant contact and outweighs the other contacts.” Id.

Pennsylvania has a strong interest in punishing Pennsylvania companies that commit fraudulent conduct within its borders. Washington has a strong policy against punitive damages, but “it has no interest in protecting companies that commit fraud.” Singh, 151 Wash.App. at 140, 148, 210 P.3d 337; see also Kammerer, 96 Wash.2d at 422, 635 P.2d 708. The conduct that “serves as the basis of the punitive damage award,” occurred in Pennsylvania, Singh, 151 Wash.App. at 148, 210 P.3d 337, and “Washington has no interests superior to or inconsistent with the interests of [Pennsylvania] in this controversy .... ” Kammerer, 96 Wash.2d at 422, 635 P.2d 708 (citing Kammerer v. W. Gear Corp., 27 Wash.App. 512, 520-21, 618 P.2d 1330 (1980)). Thus, Pennsylvania punitive damages law applies to Mrs. Bryant’s fraud claim against Wyeth.

2. Failure of Proof on Product Identification as to Defendant Upjohn

Upjohn moves for summary judgment, arguing that Mrs. Bryant has failed to offer evidence that she ingested Upjohn’s Provera rather than a generic MPA manufactured by another company. Specifically» Upjohn argues that Mrs. Bryant has not produced any pharmacy records demonstrating that she received Provera and points to the deposition testimony of one of her physicians stating that he “typically give[s] a generic medroxyprogesterone if [he is] using that product.” Deposition of Dr. Bynum at 55 (docket no. 89, ex. 13). Upjohn argues that Mrs. Bryant must produce evidence that she actually received and ingested Provera. Reply in Support of Defs’ Motion for Summary Judgment at 11 (docket no. 162).

“[U]nder traditional product liability theory, the plaintiff must establish a reasonable connection between the injury, the product causing the injury, and the manufacturer of that product.” Braaten v. Saberhagen Holdings, 165 Wash.2d 373, 396, 198 P.3d 493 (2008). Thus, Mrs. Bryant must set forth some detailed facts or other evidence to support her claim that she was harmed by Upjohn’s product.

Mrs. Bryant testified at deposition that she remembered taking Provera. Bryant Deposition at 151 (docket 146, ex. 23) (“Q And do you remember that you were taking both Premarin and Provera? A Yes.”). She stated in an affidavit that she recalled the label on the Provera pill bottle and the shape and color of the pill. Bryant Affidavit at 1-2 (docket 146, ex. 84). Mrs. Bryant also produced medical notes from two office visits with Dr. Cuda that state she was taking Provera at the time of those visits. Docket 146, ex. 83. Viewing the record in the light most favorable to the plaintiff, genuine issues of material fact exist as to whether Mrs. Bryant ingested Provera. As a result, the motion to dismiss the claims against Upjohn for failure of proof is denied.

3. Breach of Express Warranty

The WPLA provides for strict liability if a “claimant’s harm was proximately caused by the fact that the product was ... not reasonably safe because it did not conform to the manufacturer’s express warranty.” RCW 7.72.030(2). In her complaint, Mrs. Bryant alleges that

[defendants, through description, affirmation of fact, and promise expressly warranted to the FDA, prescribing physicians, and the general public, including the plaintiff, that their hormone therapy products were both efficacious and safe for the intended use.

Third Amended Complaint at 49 (docket no. 163). She claims that these warranties came in the form of publicly made written and verbal assurances, press releases, media interviews, promotional pamphlets and brochures directed to consumers, advertisements, and the product information included in the Physicians Desk Reference. Id. at 49-50.

Washington law defines an express warranty, inter alia, as “any affirmation of fact or promise.” RCW § 62A.2-313(a). To state a claim for express warranty under the WPLA, Plaintiffs must show that (1) the warranty was made part of the basis of the bargain; (2) the warranty relates to a material fact concerning the product; and (3) the warranty turns out to be untrue. 7.72.030(2)(b).

Defendants’ argue that the Court should dismiss this claim because Mrs. Bryant has failed to offer evidence that Defendants’ made any express warranty that was part of the “basis of the bargain” and “later proved to be untrue.” Defendants’ also argue that Mrs. Bryant has provided no evidence that any of her doctors relied on an express warranty in prescribing E+P. See Reece v. Good Samaritan Hosp., 90 Wash.App. 574, 585, 953 P.2d 117 (1998) (breach of express warranty claim legally insufficient where there was “no evidence that [the plaintiff] relied on the alleged express warranty”).

Mrs. Bryant does not respond directly to this argument in her summary judgment response. Reading the Third Amended Complaint and Mrs. Bryant’s response brief together in the light most favorable to her, she appears to argue that Defendants expressly warranted that CHRT was safe for use by women suffering from menopause through their advertising, marketing, and product labeling. Again, taken in the light most favorable to Mrs. Bryant, she appears to argue that Defendants breached their warranties by providing her with prescription medications that were in fact more dangerous and detrimental to her than she expected.

The only specific statement identified by Mrs. Bryant that the Court believes could reasonably be construed as an express warranty is the warning label appended to the medications and included in the Physicians Desk Reference.²¹ That statement reads, in relevant part,

Some studies have reported a moderately increased risk of breast cancer (relative risk of 1.3 to 2.0) in those women on estrogen replacement therapy taking higher doses, or in those taking lower doses for prolonged periods of time, especially in excess of 10 years. The majority of studies, however, have not shown an association in women who have ever used estrogen replacement therapy. The effect of added progestins on the risk of breast cancer is unknown, although a moderately increased risk in taking combination estrogen/progestin therapy has been reported. Other studies have not shown this relationship. In a one-year clinical trial of PREMPRO, PREMPHASE and Premarin alone, 5 new cases of breast cancer were detected among 1377 women who received the combination treatments, while no new cases were detected among 347 women who received Premarin alone. The overall incidence of breast cancer in this clinical trial does not exceed that expected in the general population.

See Third Amended Complaint at 35 (docket no. 163).

Generally, an “ ‘express warranty’ is an affirmation of fact which may tend to induce buyer to purchase, or a promise by the seller upon which buyer relies when making the purchase.” McDonald Credit Service, Inc. v. Church, 49 Wash.2d 400, 301 P.2d 1082 (1956). The Court concludes that the above label cannot fairly be said to be an “affirmation of fact” or a “promise by the seller.” The label provides general statistical information about the risk of breast cancer from CHRT, not a promise or factual representation about its safety.

Moreover, Mrs. Bryant fails to demonstrate that any warranty was part of the “basis of the bargain.” She points to no evidence that she or her physicians decided to use E + P because the Defendants’ “warranted” the safety of their product in a particular way, or, that her physicians would not have prescribed the drugs without this alleged express warranty. For the above reasons, and because Mrs. Bryant makes no argument to the contrary, the Court concludes that the CHRT warning label does not constitute an express warranty. Plaintiffs cause of action as to express warranty is dismissed.

4. Conclusion

For the foregoing reasons, the Court GRANTS in part, DENIES in part, and DEFERS in part Defendants’ Motion for Summary Judgment (docket no. 89). The Court concludes that Pennsylvania law applies to any claim for punitive damages based on fraud against Wyeth and DENIES Defendants’ motion to dismiss the claim for punitive damages. The Court concludes that Mrs. Bryant has produced sufficient evidence of product identification with respect to Defendant Upjohn to create an issue of material fact for trial and DENIES Defendants’ motion as to that issue. Plaintiff has not demonstrated that the product label or other affirmative action of Defendants constitutes an express warranty and the Court therefore GRANTS Defendants’ motion to dismiss Plaintiffs claim for breach of express warranty under the WPLA as to all defendants. The Court DEFERS the question of whether Plaintiffs fraud claim should be dismissed. The Court will allow oral argument on that issue at the hearing now scheduled for September 10, 2012. The Court renotes the motion to dismiss, docket no. 89, to September 10, 2012.

IT IS SO ORDERED.

1 . Pfizer Inc. was originally a party to the motion, but has since been dismissed as a defendant. (Docket no. 188).

2 . See Declaration of Wendy S. Dowse at 138, 141 (docket no. 90, ex. 12).

3 . See Deposition of Andrew Panagy at 37-41 (docket no. 146, ex. 5) (stating the executives, directors, and marketing teams responsible for HT drugs are “all based in Collegeville, Pennsylvania”); Testimony of Bernard Poussot, Nelson II v. Wyeth, 1/23/07, at 67-68 (docket no. 146, ex. 3) (stating that Wyeth's principal office is in Pennsylvania) and "a very important research center in women’s health in particular is headquartered ... in Collegeville, [Pennsylvania].”

4 . This motion for summaiy judgment and a prior motion for dismissal under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure (FRCP) 9(b) and 12(b)(6) where filed by Defendants based on Mrs. Bryant’s Second Amended Complaint. See docket nos. 70, 89. In response to the Defendants’ motion to dismiss the Second Amended Complaint, the Court dismissed Mrs. Bryant’s negligence and negligent misrepresentation claims, but ruled that she could file an amended complaint pleading a single cause of action for these claims under the WPLA. Docket no. 118 at 1. Plaintiff has filed the Third Amended Complaint. Docket no. 163. The Third Amended Complaint contains the same allegations concerning fraud and the request for punitive damages. This motion is moot with respect to the claims for negligence and negligent misrepresentation alleged in the Second Amended Complaint. See docket no. 118.

5 . Mrs. Bryant also requests punitive damages for her WPLA claims. Third Am. Compl. ¶ 111. But Mrs. Bryant cites no authority to support the application of Pennsylvania’s punitive damages law to claims other than fraud. The Court therefore concludes that Washington’s prohibition on punitive damages applies to the WPLA claims.

6 . This second step often overlaps with the first step’s consideration of the Restatement principles. See Kammerer v. W. Gear Corp., 96 Wash.2d 416, 422, 635 P.2d 708 (1981) (reasoning that California had an interest in punishing the defendant because the fraudulent conduct that caused the injury occurred in California).

7 . The parties have not briefed whether the Court should apply Pennsylvania or Washington law to the substantive fraud claim. “Where Washington law does not actually conflict with the foreign jurisdiction’s law except on the issue of damages, it may be appropriate to apply Washington substantive law to the liability analysis while applying a foreign jurisdiction’s law with respect to damages.” Specialty Surplus Ins. Co. v. Second Chance, Inc., C03-0927C, 2006 WL 581024, at *1 (W.D.Wash. Mar. 8, 2006) (citing ReSTATEMENT (SECOND) OF CONFLICT OF LAWS § 171 reporter’s note, cmt. d (1971)). Here, it appears that Pennsylvania and Washington both require proof of the same essential elements of fraud by clear and convincing evidence. Compare Elcon Const., Inc. v. E. Washington Univ., 174 Wash.2d 157, 166, 273 P.3d 965 (2012); with Ellison v. Lopez, 959 A.2d 395, 398 (Pa.Super.Ct.2008). This issue has not been addressed by the pending motion and is deferred.

8 .The class was later decertified in Kelley v. Microsoft Corp., C07-0475 MJP, 2009 WL 413509 (W.D.Wash. Feb. 18, 2009). However, the Court found that the location of the injury was fortuitous regardless of whether the class was certified. Kelley, 251 F.R.D. at 552.

9 . See In re Prempro Products Liability Litigation, 230 F.R.D. 555, 573 (E.D.Ark.2005) (denying class action certification to multidistrict litigation plaintiffs from around the country who alleged that Wyeth committed fraud because each plaintiff had individual issues of law and fact).

10 . Internal Correspondence, (docket no. 146, ex. 38) (a letter between Wyeth employees discussing the results of a recent study).

11 . Confidential Memorandum, (docket no. 146, ex. 69) (discussing public relations response to a recent study).

12 . Internal Correspondence, (docket no. 146, ex. 68) (emphasis in original)

13 . Dr. Cuda testified that she believed HT drugs "decreased the risk of heart attacks” and Alzheimer's. Deposition of Dr. Cuda at 155-156 (docket no. 146, ex. 77). However, Dr. Cuda does not connect her belief about off-label benefits to information from sales representatives in Washington. Id. at 173.

14 . Deposition of Charles L. McGill, M.D., at 74-75 (docket no. 146, ex. 79).

15 . Deposition of Alfons Leander Fontaine, 3/30/05, at 188 (docket no. 146, ex. 11) (testifying that the "core labeling team” for hormone therapy is located in Pennsylvania).

16 .See Deposition of Gail Ludmerer, 5/26/05, at 556-557 (docket no. 146, ex. 10) (testifying that she holds the position of Wyeth’s Senior Director of Market Research and her business address is in Pennsylvania); Memorandum in Support of Wyeth's Motion to Certify Question to Minnesota Supreme Court and Motion for Summary Judgment Re Statute of Limitations, No. 4:03-CV-1507, In re: Prempro Products Liability Litigation (Fleeger v. Wyeth, et al.) at 3, (E.D.Ark. Oct. 20, 2008) (stating that Pennsylvania is the location of "the employees who have principal responsibility for testing, warning about, and marketing hormone therapy”).

17 . FDA Letter to Joseph S. Sonic, Ph.D., Senior Director, Women's Health Care Products (docket no. 146, ex. 75).

18 . Declaration and Expert Report of Suzanne Parisian, M.D., at 23 (docket no. 146, ex. 36).

19 . FDA Letter to Joseph S. Sonic, Ph.D., Senior Director, Women's Health Care Products (docket no. 146, ex. 75).

20 . Contrary to Wyeth's argument, this case is distinguishable from Sadler v. State Fann Mut. Auto. Ins. Co., C07-995Z, 2007 WL 2778257 (W.D.Wash. Sept. 20, 2007), where “the bulk of the conduct allegedly causing the injury took place in Washington.” There, Washington plaintiffs claimed breach of fiduciary duty, intentional misrepresentation, and the tort of outrage against an Illinois-based insurance company. Id. at *2-4. The Court dismissed the claim for punitive damages under Illinois law because the plaintiff did not allege a sufficient connection between the nationwide policy decisions made in Illinois and the plaintiff’s harm in Washington. Id. at *6. In contrast, Mrs. Bryant's fraud claim relates directly to conduct that occurred in Pennsylvania.

21 . The Court notes that Mrs. Bryant does not actually argue anywhere in her brief that this is an express warranty.