USCA4 Appeal: 25-1412 Doc: 44 Filed: 03/19/2026 Pg: 1 of 13
PUBLISHED
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT
No. 25-1412
BLOOSURF, LLC,
Plaintiff – Appellant,
v.
T-MOBILE USA, INCORPORATED; TDI ACQUISITION SUB, LLC,
Defendants – Appellees.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the District of Maryland, at Baltimore. Richard D. Bennett, Senior District Judge. (1:24-cv-01047-RDB)
Argued: January 28, 2026 Decided: March 19, 2026
Before KING, AGEE, and HEYTENS, Circuit Judges.
Affirmed by published opinion. Judge Heytens wrote the opinion, which Judge King and Judge Agee joined.
ARGUED: John Chapman Petersen, CHAP PETERSEN & ASSOCIATES PLC, Fairfax, Virginia, for Appellant. Charles McCloud, WILLIAMS & CONNOLLY LLP, Washington, D.C., for Appellee. ON BRIEF: Patrick R. Corish, Federico J. Zablah, CHAP PETERSEN & ASSOCIATES, PLC, Fairfax, Virginia, for Appellant. Kenneth J. Brown, Teresa M. Wogoman, Dana B. Kinel, WILLIAMS & CONNOLLY LLP, Washington, D.C., for Appellees. USCA4 Appeal: 25-1412 Doc: 44 Filed: 03/19/2026 Pg: 2 of 13
TOBY HEYTENS, Circuit Judge:
When a telecommunications provider harms someone, the Federal Communications
Act and state law can offer redress. But both the Act and general principles of federal
litigation impose rules parties must follow and courts must enforce. For example, an injured
party may sue for damages under the Act or file a complaint with the Federal
Communications Commission (FCC), but it cannot do both. See 47 U.S.C. § 207. In
addition, while the Act expressly preserves some state-law claims, see § 414, it expressly
preempts others, see § 332(c)(3)(A). Finally, appellate courts may not—subject to rare
exceptions—overturn a district court judgment based on arguments never presented to that
court. See, e.g., Hicks v. Ferreyra, 965 F.3d 302, 311 (4th Cir. 2020).
This case implicates all three rules. First, plaintiff Bloosurf, LLC’s Communications
Act claim is barred by that statute’s election-of-remedies provision. Second, the Act
expressly preempts Bloosurf’s state-law tort claims premised on network interference.
Third, the district court committed no reversible error in dismissing Bloosurf’s one
non-preempted state-law claim because Bloosurf forfeited the only argument it now makes
on appeal. We thus affirm the dismissal of Bloosurf’s complaint.
I.
Bloosurf provides internet and phone services on the Delmarva Peninsula—a
180-mile-long strip of land that contains parts of Delaware, Maryland, and Virginia. After
customers complained about slow and unreliable service, Bloosurf investigated and
discovered “mysterious” and “persistent” signal interference throughout its network.
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JA 630.
Bloosurf claims defendant T-Mobile USA, Inc. and one of its subsidiaries
(collectively, T-Mobile) caused that interference in three ways. First, T-Mobile
“transmitt[ed] outside of its allotted frequency band” and T-Mobile’s “excessive
bandwidth bled over into Bloosurf ’s frequency range and disrupted its coverage.” JA 633
¶ 64. Second, T-Mobile’s transmissions were too “loud,” which interfered with Bloosurf ’s
broadcasts. Id. And third, T-Mobile began transmitting 5G signals on infrastructure that
impeded Bloosurf ’s 4G transmissions. All this, the complaint alleges, was T-Mobile’s
“attempt[] to eliminate Bloosurf as a rival” and secure “a wider hold on the region’s
spectrum.” JA 638 ¶ 104.
The complaint asserts that T-Mobile did not stop at network interference but also
disrupted some of Bloosurf ’s most important relationships. Bloosurf does not have FCC
licenses to use the radio frequencies on which it broadcasts; instead, Bloosurf leases those
frequencies from three FCC-licensee universities. With Bloosurf hobbled by ongoing
network interference, T-Mobile began negotiating with the universities to buy their FCC
licenses. Even though the sales never materialized, the complaint alleges the universities
violated their lease terms and “ceased all interest in continuing their relationship with
Bloosurf ” because of T-Mobile’s meddling. JA 641 ¶ 121.
After unsuccessfully trying to resolve the network interference issue, Bloosurf filed
an informal complaint asking the FCC to intervene. The FCC dismissed the complaint.
See T-Mobile License LLC, Application for 2.5 Ghz Band Licenses, Auction No. 108,
39 FCC Rcd. 1398, 1404 n.54 (2024). Bloosurf sought reconsideration, requesting—
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among other forms of relief—that the agency “require T-Mobile to pay all costs . . . to
implement an interference solution, including any costs required to upgrade Bloosurf ’s
network.” JA 535. 1 As far as we know, that request remains pending.
With FCC proceedings still underway, Bloosurf sued T-Mobile in federal district
court. Count 1 asserts that T-Mobile violated the Communications Act by interfering with
Bloosurf’s network. Counts 3 through 6 claim that same interference also violated
Maryland law. Finally, Count 2 alleges that T-Mobile tortiously interfered with Bloosurf ’s
business relationship with the universities, again in violation of Maryland law.
The district court granted T-Mobile’s motion to dismiss the complaint. We review
that decision de novo, “accepting the complaint’s factual allegations as true and drawing
all reasonable inferences in favor of the plaintiff.” In re Marriott Int’l, Inc., 31 F.4th 898,
901 (4th Cir. 2022).
II.
We start, as we must, with jurisdiction. See, e.g., Steel Co. v. Citizens for a Better
Env’t, 523 U.S. 83, 94–95 (1998). As it did before the district court, T-Mobile asserts the
court lacked “subject matter jurisdiction” to hear Bloosurf ’s network interference claims
(Counts 1 and 3–6) because the FCC has “exclusive jurisdiction” over such matters.
1 The complaint conspicuously fails to mention Bloosurf’s initial FCC complaint or its request for reconsideration. But we conclude—and Bloosurf does not dispute—that we may consider and take judicial notice of both because the contents of the FCC complaint and reconsideration request “can be accurately and readily determined from sources whose accuracy cannot be reasonably questioned.” Fed. R. Evid. 201(b)(2); accord North Carolina Ins. Guar. Ass’n v. Becerra, 55 F.4th 428, 435 n.6 (4th Cir. 2022).
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Although we agree Bloosurf’s network interference claims fail as a matter of law, see infra
Parts III–IV, we underscore that none of T-Mobile’s arguments has anything to do with a
federal court’s subject matter jurisdiction.
Although “[j]urisdiction” is a word of “many, too many, meanings,” Kontrick v.
Ryan, 540 U.S. 443, 454 (2004) (quotation marks removed), both the Supreme Court and
this one have worked in recent years to bring greater discipline to labeling issues
“jurisdictional,” see, e.g., Wilkins v. United States, 598 U.S. 152, 159–60 (2023). Properly
understood, subject matter jurisdiction refers to a court’s “authority to adjudicate the
cause,” Sinochem Int’l Co. v. Malaysia Int’l Shipping Corp., 549 U.S. 422, 425 (2007),
rather than whether a plaintiff has a valid cause of action or a defendant has a meritorious
defense. See, e.g., Bell v. Hood, 327 U.S. 678, 682 (1946) (holding that a federal district
court had subject matter jurisdiction to hear plaintiffs’ claims for damages under the Fourth
and Fifth Amendments decades before the Court recognized such a cause of action).
As relevant here, Congress has given federal district courts “original jurisdiction of
all civil actions arising under the . . . laws . . . of the United States,” 28 U.S.C. § 1331, as
well as “all civil actions where the matter in controversy exceeds the sum or value of
$75,000, . . . and is between . . . citizens of different States,” § 1332(a). Bloosurf ’s
Communications Act claim arises under federal law. See, e.g., Louisville & Nash. R.R. Co.
v. Mottley, 211 U.S. 149, 152–53 (1908) (discussing the well-pleaded complaint rule). In
addition, the complaint seeks far more than $75,000, and Bloosurf shares no citizenship
with any defendant. For that reason—and even without getting into supplemental
jurisdiction, see 28 U.S.C. § 1367—it appears the district court had subject matter
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jurisdiction over Bloosurf’s claims.
True, lower federal courts have only the jurisdiction Congress has given them, and
what Congress has given, it also may take away. See U.S. Const. art. III, § 1; Patchak v.
Zinke, 583 U.S. 244, 252 (2018); cf. 9 U.S.C. § 4 (restricting a federal district court’s
authority to entertain a petition to compel arbitration under the Federal Arbitration Act);
28 U.S.C. § 1445 (forbidding removal of certain suits from state to federal court that
otherwise would be removable). But T-Mobile cites no provision of the Communications
Act that strips Article III courts of authority to adjudicate network interference claims, nor
does it identify any case saying Congress has done so. To the contrary, as we will explain
below, see infra Part III, Congress has expressly authorized plaintiffs to bring
Communications Act lawsuits in federal court in at least some circumstances.
See 47 U.S.C. § 207.
Instead, T-Mobile points to a line of cases addressing a different question: whether
(and if so, when) States and state agencies have the power to regulate network interference
given the FCC’s predominant role in that area. But all the federal court decisions T-Mobile
cites are Article VI preemption cases, not Article III jurisdiction ones. And T-Mobile errs
in suggesting that this Court “has not affirmatively addressed whether a dismissal on
preemption grounds is based on a lack of subject matter jurisdiction or failure to state a
claim.” T-Mobile Br. 38 n.6 (quotation marks removed). To the contrary, this Court has
long held that the sort of “ordinary preemption” at issue here is not a “jurisdictional
doctrine” because it “simply declares the primacy of federal law, regardless of the forum.”
Lontz v. Tharp, 413 F.3d 435, 440 (4th Cir. 2005) (quotation marks removed); see Johnson
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v. American Towers, LLC, 781 F.3d 693, 701–03 (4th Cir. 2015) (so holding about
preemption claims based on the Communications Act). We thus reject T-Mobile’s assertion
that the district court lacked subject matter jurisdiction over Bloosurf’s network
interference claims.
III.
The district court correctly dismissed Count 1, which asserts that T-Mobile violated
47 U.S.C. § 333. In the district court’s view, that claim failed because Bloosurf lacks a
private right of action to enforce that provision. We need not—and thus do not—reach that
question. Instead, we affirm the district court’s dismissal of Count 1 because the
Communications Act’s election-of-remedies provision bars any otherwise-valid claim.
Under the Act, “[a]ny person” who claims to have been injured “by any common
carrier” that is “subject to the provisions of” Chapter 5 of that Act (of which Section 333
is a part) has an important choice to make. 47 U.S.C. § 207. Option #1: “make [a] complaint
to the” FCC as described in the Act’s other provisions. Id. Option #2: “bring [a] suit for
the recovery of the damages for which such common carrier may be liable under the [Act],
in any district court of the United States of competent jurisdiction.” Id. But the same
provision that offers that choice makes clear—both through its use of the words “may
either” and in its final clause—that an injured party “shall not have the right to pursue both
such remedies.” Id. (emphasis added). So “once an election is made by either filing a
complaint with the FCC or filing a complaint in federal court, a party may not thereafter
file a complaint on the same issues in the alternative forum, regardless of the status of the
complaint.” Premiere Network Servs., Inc. v. SBC Commc’ns, Inc., 440 F.3d 683, 688
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(5th Cir. 2006).
Yet that is what Bloosurf tried to do here. In November 2022—nearly a year and a
half before filing this lawsuit—Bloosurf asked the FCC to “investigate” T-Mobile’s
conduct and “require” T-Mobile to do certain things. JA 261–62. At least three of our sister
circuits have held this sort of ‘informal’ complaint triggers Section 207’s
election-of-remedies provision, 2 and Bloosurf does not contend otherwise. And, just like
Count 1 of Bloosurf’s current complaint, Bloosurf’s FCC complaint asserted that
T-Mobile harmed Bloosurf by: (a) broadcasting outside its bandwidth; (b) broadcasting too
loudly; and (c) deploying 5G technology that interfered with Bloosurf’s own
transmissions. Compare JA 268–69, 272 (FCC complaint), with JA 31–34, 650–52
(district court complaint).
Bloosurf’s response—that there is no election-of-remedies problem because it
sought different remedies from the FCC and the district court—gets both the facts and the
law wrong. As to the facts: Despite Bloosurf ’s attempts to claim otherwise, it asked both
the FCC and the district court for damages. Compare JA 535 (asking the FCC to “require
T-Mobile to pay all costs . . . to implement an interference solution, including any costs
required to upgrade Bloosurf ’s network”), and JA 518 (similar), with JA 664 (seeking
“compensatory damages” from the district court).
As to the law: Section 207 does not permit a party to bring parallel proceedings for
2 See Digitel, Inc. v. MCI Worldcom, Inc., 239 F.3d 187, 190 (2d Cir. 2001) (per curiam); Stiles v. GTE Sw. Inc., 128 F.3d 904, 907 (5th Cir. 1997); Mexiport, Inc. v. Frontier Commc’ns Servs., Inc., 253 F.3d 573, 575 (11th Cir. 2001) (per curiam).
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the same violation simply because that party seeks different remedies from the FCC and a
federal court. The statute says an injured party “may either make [a] complaint to the [FCC]
as hereinafter provided for, or may bring [a] suit for the recovery of [the] damages.”
47 U.S.C. § 207. The statutory text thus addresses the forum in which the dispute will be
resolved, not the remedy the complaining party seeks. This straightforward reading is
confirmed just two sections later by a provision that makes clear that the FCC proceedings
referenced in Section 207 can result in a damages award. See § 209 (authorizing the FCC
to make “an award of damages” to a complaining party); cf. Arkansas Game & Fish
Comm’n v. United States, 568 U.S. 23, 36 (2012) (“[T]he first rule of . . . statutory
interpretation is: Read on.”).
Bloosurf cites no court of appeals decision adopting its atextual interpretation of
Section 207, and we will not be the first. 3 Instead, we hold the district court correctly
dismissed Count 1 because it seeks to litigate the “same issues” raised by an earlier-filed
FCC complaint and is thus barred by Section 207. Premiere Network Servs., Inc., 440 F.3d
at 688.
IV.
The district court correctly dismissed the state-law claims alleged in Counts 3–6
We are unpersuaded by the two—decades-old and out-of-circuit—district court 3
decisions cited in Bloosurf’s reply brief because neither explains how their results are consistent with the statutory text. And contrary to Bloosurf ’s suggestion otherwise, the Second Circuit has specifically reserved this question rather than deciding it in Bloosurf ’s favor. See Digitel, Inc., 239 F.3d at 191 (“[a]ssuming without deciding” that it matters whether “the FCC complainants have sought only equitable relief, in contrast to claims for money damages in federal court”).
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because they are preempted by the Communications Act.
Section 332(c)(3)(A) of the Act provides that—subject to one exception not
triggered here—“no State or local government shall have any authority to regulate the entry
of or the rates charged by any commercial mobile service or any private mobile service.”
Duties imposed by state tort law are a form of state regulation for Supremacy Clause
purposes. See, e.g., Riegel v. Medtronic, Inc., 552 U.S. 312, 324 (2008). And although the
statutory text is somewhat “unclear as to what precisely constitutes a barrier to entry,” this
Court has held that state laws—including common law tort duties—“regulate . . . entry”
under Section 332(c)(3)(A) if they “obstruct or burden a wireless service provider’s ability
to provide a network of wireless service coverage.” Pinney v. Nokia, Inc., 402 F.3d 430,
456 (4th Cir. 2005); accord Johnson v. American Towers, LLC, 781 F.3d 693, 706 (4th Cir.
2015).
That standard resolves this case. Counts 3–6 all boil down to an assertion that
T-Mobile should have acted differently in operating its transmissions. According to the
complaint, Maryland law required T-Mobile to broadcast only on its own frequencies;
transmit at a lower decibel; and transmit 5G signals differently (or not at all). Allowing
state law to regulate T-Mobile’s conduct in those ways would burden T-Mobile’s provision
of wireless service coverage—just like state-law-imposed duties to “actively monitor
wireless networks and prevent” certain categories of calls from going through would have
done in Johnson, 781 F.3d at 706. For that reason, Section 332 preempts Counts 3–6.
Bloosurf offers two primary counterarguments. Neither persuades us.
First, Bloosurf insists Counts 3–6 are saved by the Communications Act’s general
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saving clause, which reads: “Nothing in this chapter contained shall in any way abridge or
alter the remedies now existing at common law or by statute, but the provisions of this
chapter are in addition to such remedies.” 47 U.S.C. § 414. But the Supreme Court has held
that provision “preserves only those [state-law] rights that are not inconsistent with” other
provisions of the Communications Act. American Tel. & Tel. Co. v. Central Off. Tel., Inc.,
524 U.S. 214, 227 (1998) (emphasis added). And because the state-law tort duties Bloosurf
invokes here would “have the effect of regulating . . . market entry” under this Court’s
precedent, such duties are “expressly preempted by § 332(c)(3)(A) and thus beyond the
scope of § 414.” Telesaurus VPC, LLC v. Power, 623 F.3d 998, 1011 (9th Cir. 2010).
Second, Bloosurf asserts that because federal law already requires T-Mobile to “stay
in its lane” (that is, broadcast only on its own frequencies) state tort claims that merely
require the same thing “supplement[]” rather than “conflict with” the Communications Act.
Bloosurf Br. 27, 29. For starters, that sounds like a defense to conflict preemption rather
than the sort of express preemption T-Mobile argues for here. See generally Cipollone v.
Liggett Grp., Inc., 505 U.S. 504, 516 (1992) (discussing different flavors of preemption).
But even assuming Bloosurf is right about how the relevant Maryland tort duties operate,
Counts 3–6 still would be preempted. The Act does not merely oust States from regulating
market entry in ways that are different from or inconsistent with federal law. Rather, it
provides that “no State or local government shall have any authority to regulate” such
matters at all. 47 U.S.C. § 332(c)(3)(A). For that reason, Section 332(c)(3)(A) does not
permit Maryland to impose damages on T-Mobile for violating a state-law duty, even if
another regulator (here, Congress or the FCC) already requires T-Mobile to do the same
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thing.
Finally, we affirm the district court’s dismissal of Count 2, which asserts that
T-Mobile tortiously interfered with Bloosurf ’s lease agreements with the universities in
violation of Maryland law.
“Maryland recognizes the tort action for wrongful interference with contractual or
business relationships in two general forms.” Alexander & Alexander Inc. v. B. Dixon
Evander & Assocs., Inc., 650 A.2d 260, 268 (Md. 1994). The first is “inducing the breach
of an existing contract,” while the second is “maliciously or wrongfully interfering with
economic relationships.” Id. (quotation marks removed). The district court applied
Maryland’s well-established test for the latter (malicious or wrongful interference with an
economic relationship) and dismissed Count 2 for failure to state a claim under that test.
On appeal, Bloosurf’s only argument is that the district court used “the wrong test”
and should instead have used the one that Maryland courts apply in situations involving
breach of an existing contract. Bloosurf Br. 33. There is no indication the district court
understood the “which test” question to be in dispute—and with good reason. Before the
district court, Bloosurf did not merely fail to argue that the court should apply the test it
now, on appeal, prefers. Instead, in both its amended complaint and district court briefing,
Bloosurf urged the district court to use the very test Bloosurf now insists was the wrong
one, and Bloosurf never modified or took back that suggestion before the district court.
That sort of whipsawing the district court is not allowed. At best, Bloosurf ’s
late-breaking argument is forfeited, and this Court can reverse “only if the newly raised
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argument establishes fundamental error or a denial of fundamental justice.” Hicks,
965 F.3d at 310 (quotation marks removed). 4 Bloosurf makes no attempt to show that high
bar is met here, which means any argument against forfeiture is forfeited too. See Grayson
O Co. v. Agadir Int’l LLC, 856 F.3d 307, 316 (4th Cir. 2017). 5 Because Bloosurf’s only
argument that the district court erred by dismissing Count 2 is thus doubly forfeited, we
affirm that decision as well.
* * *
The judgment is
AFFIRMED.
4 One could argue Bloosurf’s current argument is not just forfeited but waived because Bloosurf invited any error. See Bermeo v. Andis, 163 F.4th 87, 94 n.8 (4th Cir. 2025) (“Under the invited error doctrine, a court can not be asked by counsel to take a step in a case and later be convicted of error, because it has complied with such request.” (quotation marks removed)); see also Sullivan v. Commonwealth, 161 S.E. 297, 300 (Va. 1931) (stating an appellant may not “approbate and reprobate—invite error and then take advantage of his own wrong”). But T-Mobile’s brief framed the question as one of forfeiture, so we do the same. 5 Bloosurf’s belated assertion that it “can easily establish plain error,” Bloosurf Reply Br. 24, is not well taken. The plain-error standard comes from Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 52(b), see United States v. Olano, 507 U.S. 725, 727 (1993), which does not apply in civil cases. Our cases are clear: A civil litigant may not obtain relief on a forfeited claim absent “fundamental error or a denial of fundamental justice,” which is an even “more limited” standard “than the plain error standard that we apply in criminal cases.” In re Under Seal, 749 F.3d 276, 285 (4th Cir. 2014) (quotation marks removed).