MOORE, Circuit Judge:
Some time between 6:30 and 7:00 A. M. on Sunday, February 18, 1968, John Hartel, a ticket agent for the Long Island Rail Road Company (LIRR) arrived at the Mineóla, Long Island, railroad station to open the ticket office. He entered the waiting room to open the steel shutter covering the ticket window. While so doing, one of three men with a gun stepped up behind him and announced a hold-up. When Hartel at[464]*464tempted to flee, he was shot in the back and killed.1
Plaintiff-appellant in this action, Hartel’s widow, sought to recover damages from her husband’s employer in her own right and as administratrix of her husband’s estate under the Federal Employers’ Liability Act (FELA) 45 U.S.C. § 51 et seq. The trial court found that plaintiff had “introduced no evidence showing that defendant should have reasonably foreseen the possibility of a holdup at the Mineóla Station”2 and granted defendant’s motion for a directed verdict. From the judgment dismissing the complaint, plaintiff appeals. In addition to charging error in directing a verdict in favor of the defendant, plaintiff asserts that four proffered items of evidence were improperly excluded.
An essential ingredient in plaintiff’s case was that she establish that the LIRR should have foreseen that a criminal attack (robbery and murder) might be made upon its ticket agent at the Mineóla station.
In reviewing this directed verdict this Court must view the evidence and all inferences therefrom in the light most favorable to the plaintiff. O’Connor v. Pennsylvania R. R., 308 F. 2d 911 (2d Cir. 1962). We have done this, and affirm the decision of the court below.
The FELA provides:
Every common carrier by railroad * * * shall be liable in damages to any person * * * or, in ease of the death of such employee, to his or her personal representative, * * * for such injury or death resulting in whole or in part from the negligence of any of the officers, agents, or employees of such carrier * * *. 45 U.S.C. § 51.
To establish her case plaintiff had to show that the danger to her husband from armed criminals was, or should have been foreseen by the defendant. Once this was shown, a further showing that defendant was negligent in whole or in part in failing to minimize this danger would have been required.
In attempting to demonstrate the foreseeability of the criminal assault which caused her husband’s death, plaintiff offered to prove that in the preceding four years there had been ten robberies or attempted robberies at defendant’s stations located between 4.7 and 29.8 miles from the Mineóla station.3 Two of these had occurred in the month immediately preceding the Mineóla holdup. Judge Levet refused to permit this proof. Plaintiff here argues that evidence of prior holdups should have been admitted to show that the LIRR did have knowledge of the dangers ticket agents faced. In each of the cases cited by plaintiff to support this position, however, the courts have specifically limited evidence of prior incidents to those occurring at the exact locus of the incident giving rise to the litigation. In addition, they have required that the circumstances under which such incidents occurred must have been substantially the same as those in the action brought. Thus, in Cahill v. New York, N. H. & H. R. R., 236 F.2d 410, 411 (2d Cir. 1956), the case most heavily relied upon by plaintiff, a listing of the collisions which had occurred at a particular intersection was admitted to show the railroad’s knowledge of the danger of such incidents at that place. In the instant case no prior robbery had occurred at the Mineóla station. Therefore, Judge Levet was correct in excluding the evidence of prior robberies. See also Plough v. Baltimore & O. R. R., 164 F.2d 254, 256 (2d Cir. 1947).
[465]*465Plaintiff also sought to introduce testimony concerning a conversation between herself and a staff attorney of the LIRR named Donnelly. Just before Hartel’s funeral Donnelly, who had been Hartel’s friend, told plaintiff that her husband had once mentioned to him that he was afraid of working at the Mineóla station. Direct testimony by Donnelly was not offered. In addition, it was not shown that Donnelly was authorized to receive notice of dangerous working conditions or that, by this conversation, Hartel had intended to give the LIRR such notice. Under these circumstances it was not error for Judge Levet to exclude such hearsay testimony. Schilling v. Delaware & H. R. R., 114 F. 2d 69, 71 (2d Cir. 1940).
By attempting to introduce correspondence and testimony as to conversations between the ticket agents’ union and the LIRR, which related to requests for increased protection for ticket clerks from the dangers of armed robbery, plaintiff sought to demonstrate defendant’s awareness of the risks its employees faced. When it was determined that neither this correspondence nor the union leader’s conversations with railroad management made specific reference to the Mineóla station, this evidence was excluded.
Plaintiff made no offer of evidence which would have shown that there was any unusual danger at the Mineóla station. To be admissible to show the foreseeability of a criminal assault upon an employee for which an employer could be held liable under the FELA, we think that the evidence must be such that it did in fact call, or should have called, to the employer’s attention the special dangers found at a particular location.
In this regard the case of Inman v. Baltimore & O. R.R., 361 U.S. 138, 80 S.Ct. 242, 4 L.Ed.2d 198 (1959) is instructive. There an intoxicated motorist was violating five traffic statutes when he ran down a train flagman. The Supreme Court affirmed the decision of the Ohio Court of Appeals reversing a jury verdict for plaintiff. In his concurring opinion Justice Whittaker emphasized the complete failure of the evidence to show that the negligence of the railroad had contributed in any way to the flagman’s injury.
Reduced to substance, the simple facts are that petitioner, a crossing flagman, while standing in a well-lighted intersection alongside a passing train in the nighttime and swinging a lighted red lantern in each hand, was struck, knocked down and run over by a drunken driver. What, I ask, did respondent do or omit that caused or contributed to cause that casualty? How could it have prevented the casualty? Petitioner says that respondent failed to provide him with “enough protection”.
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MOORE, Circuit Judge:
Some time between 6:30 and 7:00 A. M. on Sunday, February 18, 1968, John Hartel, a ticket agent for the Long Island Rail Road Company (LIRR) arrived at the Mineóla, Long Island, railroad station to open the ticket office. He entered the waiting room to open the steel shutter covering the ticket window. While so doing, one of three men with a gun stepped up behind him and announced a hold-up. When Hartel at[464]*464tempted to flee, he was shot in the back and killed.1
Plaintiff-appellant in this action, Hartel’s widow, sought to recover damages from her husband’s employer in her own right and as administratrix of her husband’s estate under the Federal Employers’ Liability Act (FELA) 45 U.S.C. § 51 et seq. The trial court found that plaintiff had “introduced no evidence showing that defendant should have reasonably foreseen the possibility of a holdup at the Mineóla Station”2 and granted defendant’s motion for a directed verdict. From the judgment dismissing the complaint, plaintiff appeals. In addition to charging error in directing a verdict in favor of the defendant, plaintiff asserts that four proffered items of evidence were improperly excluded.
An essential ingredient in plaintiff’s case was that she establish that the LIRR should have foreseen that a criminal attack (robbery and murder) might be made upon its ticket agent at the Mineóla station.
In reviewing this directed verdict this Court must view the evidence and all inferences therefrom in the light most favorable to the plaintiff. O’Connor v. Pennsylvania R. R., 308 F. 2d 911 (2d Cir. 1962). We have done this, and affirm the decision of the court below.
The FELA provides:
Every common carrier by railroad * * * shall be liable in damages to any person * * * or, in ease of the death of such employee, to his or her personal representative, * * * for such injury or death resulting in whole or in part from the negligence of any of the officers, agents, or employees of such carrier * * *. 45 U.S.C. § 51.
To establish her case plaintiff had to show that the danger to her husband from armed criminals was, or should have been foreseen by the defendant. Once this was shown, a further showing that defendant was negligent in whole or in part in failing to minimize this danger would have been required.
In attempting to demonstrate the foreseeability of the criminal assault which caused her husband’s death, plaintiff offered to prove that in the preceding four years there had been ten robberies or attempted robberies at defendant’s stations located between 4.7 and 29.8 miles from the Mineóla station.3 Two of these had occurred in the month immediately preceding the Mineóla holdup. Judge Levet refused to permit this proof. Plaintiff here argues that evidence of prior holdups should have been admitted to show that the LIRR did have knowledge of the dangers ticket agents faced. In each of the cases cited by plaintiff to support this position, however, the courts have specifically limited evidence of prior incidents to those occurring at the exact locus of the incident giving rise to the litigation. In addition, they have required that the circumstances under which such incidents occurred must have been substantially the same as those in the action brought. Thus, in Cahill v. New York, N. H. & H. R. R., 236 F.2d 410, 411 (2d Cir. 1956), the case most heavily relied upon by plaintiff, a listing of the collisions which had occurred at a particular intersection was admitted to show the railroad’s knowledge of the danger of such incidents at that place. In the instant case no prior robbery had occurred at the Mineóla station. Therefore, Judge Levet was correct in excluding the evidence of prior robberies. See also Plough v. Baltimore & O. R. R., 164 F.2d 254, 256 (2d Cir. 1947).
[465]*465Plaintiff also sought to introduce testimony concerning a conversation between herself and a staff attorney of the LIRR named Donnelly. Just before Hartel’s funeral Donnelly, who had been Hartel’s friend, told plaintiff that her husband had once mentioned to him that he was afraid of working at the Mineóla station. Direct testimony by Donnelly was not offered. In addition, it was not shown that Donnelly was authorized to receive notice of dangerous working conditions or that, by this conversation, Hartel had intended to give the LIRR such notice. Under these circumstances it was not error for Judge Levet to exclude such hearsay testimony. Schilling v. Delaware & H. R. R., 114 F. 2d 69, 71 (2d Cir. 1940).
By attempting to introduce correspondence and testimony as to conversations between the ticket agents’ union and the LIRR, which related to requests for increased protection for ticket clerks from the dangers of armed robbery, plaintiff sought to demonstrate defendant’s awareness of the risks its employees faced. When it was determined that neither this correspondence nor the union leader’s conversations with railroad management made specific reference to the Mineóla station, this evidence was excluded.
Plaintiff made no offer of evidence which would have shown that there was any unusual danger at the Mineóla station. To be admissible to show the foreseeability of a criminal assault upon an employee for which an employer could be held liable under the FELA, we think that the evidence must be such that it did in fact call, or should have called, to the employer’s attention the special dangers found at a particular location.
In this regard the case of Inman v. Baltimore & O. R.R., 361 U.S. 138, 80 S.Ct. 242, 4 L.Ed.2d 198 (1959) is instructive. There an intoxicated motorist was violating five traffic statutes when he ran down a train flagman. The Supreme Court affirmed the decision of the Ohio Court of Appeals reversing a jury verdict for plaintiff. In his concurring opinion Justice Whittaker emphasized the complete failure of the evidence to show that the negligence of the railroad had contributed in any way to the flagman’s injury.
Reduced to substance, the simple facts are that petitioner, a crossing flagman, while standing in a well-lighted intersection alongside a passing train in the nighttime and swinging a lighted red lantern in each hand, was struck, knocked down and run over by a drunken driver. What, I ask, did respondent do or omit that caused or contributed to cause that casualty? How could it have prevented the casualty? Petitioner says that respondent failed to provide him with “enough protection”. About the only way, as I perceive, that respondent could protect its crossing flagmen against injury from such lawless conduct by third persons would be to provide them with military tanks and make sure they stay in them while within or moving about crossing-intersections in the performance of their duties — and I am not even sure that this method, though ironclad, would be certain protection to a flagman against lawless injury by third persons, for someone might shoot him, an act not very different, it seems to me, from the drunken driver’s conduct which injured petitioner in this case, and for which injuries he insists, and four members of this Court agree, a jury should be permitted to require respondent to pay damages. How this can be thought to square with any known concept of “negligence” is beyond me.
361 U.S. at 142, 80 S.Ct. at 244.
Plaintiff’s final point is that a confession of one of the perpetrators of the felony murder of Hartel should have been admitted into evidence to show the circumstances under which the robbery occurred. In this case it was not error to refuse to admit any evidence detailing the circumstances of the robbery when [466]*466the foreseeability of the crime was not established.4
Although absent foreseeability, plaintiff’s case was deficient as a matter of law, the Trial Court also said: “[0]n judicial appraisal, I find that negligence on the part of the defendant railroad could have played no part in the death of plaintiff’s intestate.”5 We agree. Even if the LIRR had installed, as plaintiff now suggests, either a steel shutter opening from the inside or a peep-hole which might have enabled the agent to observe persons in the waiting room, these measures would not have protected him from assault and murder.
The judgment below, dismissing the complaint, is affirmed.