SUMMARY ORDER
Plaintiffs-Appellants Alki Partners, L.P., and Alki Fund, Ltd., appeal the grant of the defendants’ motions to dismiss the complaint. We assume the parties’ familiarity with the underlying factual allegations, the procedural history of the case, and the issues on appeal.
Like the district court, we assume the truth of the well-pleaded factual allegations in the First Amended Complaint, as well as the allegations that Plaintiffs argue they would include in a putative second amended complaint.
Plaintiffs argue on appeal that the district court erred in analyzing their misrepresentation claim as a market-manipulation claim. But it is clear from the face of the complaint that Plaintiffs’ claim for relief was for market manipulation — not for misrepresentation, as they now urge. Because a plaintiff cannot amend the complaint through an appellate brief,
Cody v. Harris,
409 F.3d 853, 859 (7th Cir.2005) (quoting
Kennedy v. Venrock Assocs.,
348 F.3d 584, 594 (7th Cir.2003));
Daury v. Smith,
842 F.2d 9, 15 (1st Cir.1988), Plaintiffs cannot assert a different claim on appeal by arguing it in their appellate brief.
Even if Plaintiffs had asserted a claim for misrepresentation, their allegations would still fail to state an actionable claim for relief. The requisite elements of a securities fraud claim involving statements or omissions are: (1) a material misrepresentation or omission, (2) scienter, (3) a connection with the purchase or sale of a security, (4) reliance, (5) economic loss, and (6) loss causation.
Dura Pharm., Inc. v. Broudo,
544 U.S. 336, 341-42, 125 S.Ct. 1627, 161 L.Ed.2d 577 (2005).
Plaintiffs have not alleged any fact to show that Hersov made any statement to them that was materially false or misleading. The First Amended Complaint has no factual allegation at all regarding statements made by Hersov.
See Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly,
550 U.S. 544, 555, 570, 127 S.Ct. 1955, 167 L.Ed.2d 929 (2007) (holding that a complaint must plead “enough facts” to “raise a right to relief above the speculative level” and state a “plausible” claim);
accord Ashcroft v. Iqbal,
556 U.S. 662, 129 S.Ct. 1937, 1949, 173 L.Ed.2d 868 (2009) (holding that “ ‘naked assertion[s]’ devoid of ‘further factual enhancement,”’ and “unadorned, the-defendant-unlawfully-harmed-me accusation[s]” are insufficient to state a claim for relief that is plausible).
Similarly, the First Amended Complaint is devoid of any factual allegation regarding any allegedly false statement made by Ogrisek. The only potentially relevant allegation bout him was that he was one of the managing directors of Vatas; but that is insufficient to make him personally liable absent a link between him and the fraudulent misstatement or omission.
See Mills v. Polar Molecular Corp.,
12 F.3d 1170, 1175 (2d Cir.1993). Plaintiffs’ new allegations against Ogrisek — that he signed two Schedule 13G reports and one Schedule 13D report relating to RMDX stock held by Vatas — are also insufficient because Plaintiffs have not alleged facts showing that those reports were materially false and have not established the “requisite proximate relationship]” between those statements and Plaintiffs’ purchases of RMDX stock.
See Stoneridge Inv. Partners, LLC v. Scientific-Atlanta, Inc.,
552 U.S. 148, 158, 128 S.Ct. 761, 169 L.Ed.2d 627 (2008).
Likewise, Plaintiffs have failed to allege facts sufficient to show that Windhorst made any materially false - statement. Plaintiffs allege that Windhorst’s assurance that Vatas would buy the shares from Plaintiffs was false because Vatas did not ultimately buy all of Plaintiffs’ shares. But the failure to perform a promise “does not constitute fraud if the promise was made with a good faith expectation that it would be carried out.”
Luce v. Edelstein,
802 F.2d 49, 56 (2d Cir.1986);
accord Mills,
12 F.3d at 1176. Plaintiffs have not alleged facts tending to demonstrate that Windhorst’s statement was made in bad faith — nor could they, because Vatas initially purchased the shares as per the agreement.
See Elliott Assocs., L.P. v. Hayes,
141 F.Supp.2d 344, 355-56 (S.D.N.Y.2000) (reasoning that the defendant’s initial performance is “compelling evidence ... [that] negat[es] any inference of fraudulent intent”),
aff'd
26 Fed.Appx. 83 (2d Cir.2002) (summary order).
The conclusory allegation that Vatas was “undercapitalized” is not entitled to the assumption of truth,
Twombly,
550 U.S. at 555, 127 S.Ct. 1955, and Plaintiffs have alleged no facts supporting the conclusion that Vatas was undercapitalized (other than its eventual bankruptcy). More importantly, Plaintiffs have not alleged any facts that Windhorst knew that Vatas was undercapitalized.
Plaintiffs allege that Windhorst falsely stated that Vatas could not buy the RMDX shares on the open market. But no facts are alleged to establish falsehood. In any event, the alleged statement was not material. Plaintiffs entered into this arrangement because Vatas promised to pay Plaintiffs $0.05 to $0.10 profit for every share that Plaintiffs purchased. It did not matter whether Vatas’s charter precluded it from making its own open-market purchases of the shares.
See Mills,
12 F.3d at 1175 (holding that a “statement cannot be fraudulent if it did not affect an investment decision of the plaintiff’).
Plaintiffs allege that they were not informed that other investors were also involved in the alleged scheme to manipulate the market. This allegation does not state a claim. Plaintiffs participated in the scheme because of the per-share profit they were guaranteed under the agreement with Vatas. That other investors were allegedly also making that same profit (or more, or less) was immaterial.
Plaintiffs have not stated a fraud claim against Credit Suisse and its employee, Ruiz. Plaintiffs allege that they were not informed that Vatas’s account had been frozen; but they have not established that Credit Suisse was under any obligation to inform them of a client’s account status.
Even if Plaintiffs sufficiently alleged materially false statements by Credit Suisse and Ruiz, the claim would still fail for lack of scienter: “intent to deceive, manipulate, or defraud.”
Tellabs, Inc. v. Makor Issues & Rights, Ltd.,
551 U.S. 308, 319, 127 S.Ct. 2499, 168 L.Ed.2d 179 (2007) (quotation marks omitted).
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SUMMARY ORDER
Plaintiffs-Appellants Alki Partners, L.P., and Alki Fund, Ltd., appeal the grant of the defendants’ motions to dismiss the complaint. We assume the parties’ familiarity with the underlying factual allegations, the procedural history of the case, and the issues on appeal.
Like the district court, we assume the truth of the well-pleaded factual allegations in the First Amended Complaint, as well as the allegations that Plaintiffs argue they would include in a putative second amended complaint.
Plaintiffs argue on appeal that the district court erred in analyzing their misrepresentation claim as a market-manipulation claim. But it is clear from the face of the complaint that Plaintiffs’ claim for relief was for market manipulation — not for misrepresentation, as they now urge. Because a plaintiff cannot amend the complaint through an appellate brief,
Cody v. Harris,
409 F.3d 853, 859 (7th Cir.2005) (quoting
Kennedy v. Venrock Assocs.,
348 F.3d 584, 594 (7th Cir.2003));
Daury v. Smith,
842 F.2d 9, 15 (1st Cir.1988), Plaintiffs cannot assert a different claim on appeal by arguing it in their appellate brief.
Even if Plaintiffs had asserted a claim for misrepresentation, their allegations would still fail to state an actionable claim for relief. The requisite elements of a securities fraud claim involving statements or omissions are: (1) a material misrepresentation or omission, (2) scienter, (3) a connection with the purchase or sale of a security, (4) reliance, (5) economic loss, and (6) loss causation.
Dura Pharm., Inc. v. Broudo,
544 U.S. 336, 341-42, 125 S.Ct. 1627, 161 L.Ed.2d 577 (2005).
Plaintiffs have not alleged any fact to show that Hersov made any statement to them that was materially false or misleading. The First Amended Complaint has no factual allegation at all regarding statements made by Hersov.
See Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly,
550 U.S. 544, 555, 570, 127 S.Ct. 1955, 167 L.Ed.2d 929 (2007) (holding that a complaint must plead “enough facts” to “raise a right to relief above the speculative level” and state a “plausible” claim);
accord Ashcroft v. Iqbal,
556 U.S. 662, 129 S.Ct. 1937, 1949, 173 L.Ed.2d 868 (2009) (holding that “ ‘naked assertion[s]’ devoid of ‘further factual enhancement,”’ and “unadorned, the-defendant-unlawfully-harmed-me accusation[s]” are insufficient to state a claim for relief that is plausible).
Similarly, the First Amended Complaint is devoid of any factual allegation regarding any allegedly false statement made by Ogrisek. The only potentially relevant allegation bout him was that he was one of the managing directors of Vatas; but that is insufficient to make him personally liable absent a link between him and the fraudulent misstatement or omission.
See Mills v. Polar Molecular Corp.,
12 F.3d 1170, 1175 (2d Cir.1993). Plaintiffs’ new allegations against Ogrisek — that he signed two Schedule 13G reports and one Schedule 13D report relating to RMDX stock held by Vatas — are also insufficient because Plaintiffs have not alleged facts showing that those reports were materially false and have not established the “requisite proximate relationship]” between those statements and Plaintiffs’ purchases of RMDX stock.
See Stoneridge Inv. Partners, LLC v. Scientific-Atlanta, Inc.,
552 U.S. 148, 158, 128 S.Ct. 761, 169 L.Ed.2d 627 (2008).
Likewise, Plaintiffs have failed to allege facts sufficient to show that Windhorst made any materially false - statement. Plaintiffs allege that Windhorst’s assurance that Vatas would buy the shares from Plaintiffs was false because Vatas did not ultimately buy all of Plaintiffs’ shares. But the failure to perform a promise “does not constitute fraud if the promise was made with a good faith expectation that it would be carried out.”
Luce v. Edelstein,
802 F.2d 49, 56 (2d Cir.1986);
accord Mills,
12 F.3d at 1176. Plaintiffs have not alleged facts tending to demonstrate that Windhorst’s statement was made in bad faith — nor could they, because Vatas initially purchased the shares as per the agreement.
See Elliott Assocs., L.P. v. Hayes,
141 F.Supp.2d 344, 355-56 (S.D.N.Y.2000) (reasoning that the defendant’s initial performance is “compelling evidence ... [that] negat[es] any inference of fraudulent intent”),
aff'd
26 Fed.Appx. 83 (2d Cir.2002) (summary order).
The conclusory allegation that Vatas was “undercapitalized” is not entitled to the assumption of truth,
Twombly,
550 U.S. at 555, 127 S.Ct. 1955, and Plaintiffs have alleged no facts supporting the conclusion that Vatas was undercapitalized (other than its eventual bankruptcy). More importantly, Plaintiffs have not alleged any facts that Windhorst knew that Vatas was undercapitalized.
Plaintiffs allege that Windhorst falsely stated that Vatas could not buy the RMDX shares on the open market. But no facts are alleged to establish falsehood. In any event, the alleged statement was not material. Plaintiffs entered into this arrangement because Vatas promised to pay Plaintiffs $0.05 to $0.10 profit for every share that Plaintiffs purchased. It did not matter whether Vatas’s charter precluded it from making its own open-market purchases of the shares.
See Mills,
12 F.3d at 1175 (holding that a “statement cannot be fraudulent if it did not affect an investment decision of the plaintiff’).
Plaintiffs allege that they were not informed that other investors were also involved in the alleged scheme to manipulate the market. This allegation does not state a claim. Plaintiffs participated in the scheme because of the per-share profit they were guaranteed under the agreement with Vatas. That other investors were allegedly also making that same profit (or more, or less) was immaterial.
Plaintiffs have not stated a fraud claim against Credit Suisse and its employee, Ruiz. Plaintiffs allege that they were not informed that Vatas’s account had been frozen; but they have not established that Credit Suisse was under any obligation to inform them of a client’s account status.
Even if Plaintiffs sufficiently alleged materially false statements by Credit Suisse and Ruiz, the claim would still fail for lack of scienter: “intent to deceive, manipulate, or defraud.”
Tellabs, Inc. v. Makor Issues & Rights, Ltd.,
551 U.S. 308, 319, 127 S.Ct. 2499, 168 L.Ed.2d 179 (2007) (quotation marks omitted). To plead scienter, a plaintiff must “state with particularity facts giving rise to a strong inference that the defendant acted with the required state of
mind”
— ie., fraudulent intent. 15 U.S.C. § 78u-4(b)(2)(A). To plead scienter, a plaintiff must allege facts that “show either (1) that defendants had the motive and opportunity to commit fraud, or (2) strong circumstantial evidence of conscious misbehavior or recklessness.”
ECA, Local 134 IBEW Joint Pension Trust v. JP Morgan Chase Co.,
553 F.3d 187, 198 (2d Cir.2009). Plaintiffs argue that Credit Suisse and Ruiz were motivated to earn the fees from the transactions and maintain a good relationship with large clients, but neither a desire to earn transactional fees
nor a desire to cultivate business relations
is sufficient to establish scienter. Since Plaintiffs have also not alleged circumstances strongly evidencing conscious misbehavior or recklessness, the claim against Credit Suisse and Ruiz fails.
The district court did not err in denying Plaintiffs leave to amend their complaint. The district court considered the “new” factual allegations Plaintiffs might include in a second amended complaint and concluded that those allegations
were still insufficient. We agree that Plaintiffs’ amendment would have been futile.
See Dougherty v. Town of N. Hempstead Bd. of Zoning Appeals,
282 F.3d 83, 88 (2d Cir.2002) (holding that amendment is futile if the proposed additional facts do not state a claim upon which relief can be granted).
We have considered all of Plaintiffs’ other arguments and find them to be without merit. Accordingly, the judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED.