Justice PATTERSON
delivered the opinion of the Court.
In this appeal, we consider whether a plaintiff employee may rely on the testimony of a treating physician, who has not been designated as an expert witness, to demonstrate a disability in her discrimination claim under the Law Against Discrimination (LAD),
N.J.S.A.
10:5-1 to -42.
Plaintiff Patricia A. Delvecchio was employed by the Township of Bridgewater (Township) as a police dispatcher for the Township’s Police Department (Department). She alleged that she suffered from inflammatory bowel syndrome (IBS), and that her condition worsened when she was assigned to work the midnight shift. After repeatedly declining assignments to the midnight shift, plaintiff was asked to resign from her position. She then accepted a lower-paying job as a records clerk for the Township. Plaintiff used more than her allotted sick days, and the Township terminated her employment.
Plaintiff filed a LAD disability discrimination complaint against the Township, the Department, and individual defendants. She contended, among other claims, that her IBS constituted a disability for purposes of LAD, and that defendants failed to provide a reasonable accommodation for that disability when they set the schedule for her work as a police dispatcher. Plaintiff disclosed in pretrial discovery that, in support of her disability claim, she intended to present the testimony of her treating gastroenterologist, who had diagnosed her with IBS and had written several notes to the Township regarding her medical condition and her work schedule. She also advised defendants that she intended to present the testimony of her treating psychiatrist to substantiate her claim for non-economie damages.
The trial court barred the testimony of both treating physicians regarding plaintiffs diagnosis and treatment on the grounds that neither physician had been retained and designated as an expert witness and that neither witness had prepared a report. The jury determined that plaintiff had failed to establish that she had a disability that prevented her from working midnight shifts, and that she had not met her burden to prove retaliation. After the jury returned a verdict in favor of defendants, the trial court denied plaintiffs motion for a new trial. Plaintiff appealed, and an Appellate Division panel reversed the trial court’s judgment. It held that the trial court committed error when it limited the testimony of plaintiffs treating gastroenterologist and remanded the case for a new trial.
We affirm the judgment of the Appellate Division. Subject to the notice and discovery requirements of our court rules and the requirements of
N.J.R.E
701 and other Rules of Evidence, our ease law authorizes a trial court to admit the testimony of a treating physician regarding the diagnosis and treatment of a patient.
Stigliano v. Connaught Labs., Inc.,
140
N.J.
305, 314, 658 A.2d 715 (1995);
Ginsberg v. St. Michael’s Hosp.,
292
N.J.Super.
21, 32-33, 678 A.2d 271 (App.Div.1996);
N.J.R.E.
701;
R.
4:10-2(d);
R.
4:17-4. In this case, plaintiff provided the information
requested in defendants’ interrogatories regarding her proposed treating physician witnesses, and the trial court should have permitted her to present the vital testimony of those witnesses pursuant to
N.J.R.E.
701. In light of the pivotal role of the IBS issue in the jury’s verdict, the trial court’s decision to limit the testimony of the treating gastroenterologist constituted reversible error. Accordingly, plaintiff is entitled to a new trial.
I.
On February 18, 1999, plaintiff commenced her employment as a police dispatcher for the Township. At the time, the Township maintained three shifts for police dispatchers: a morning shift, an afternoon shift and a midnight shift. The Township’s job description for dispatchers required employees to work all three shifts on a rotating basis, with assignments determined in part by seniority.
In 2003, plaintiff developed a digestive condition that would later be diagnosed as IBS.
Shortly thereafter, she became a patient of Gary Ciambotti, M.D., a gastroenterologist. At plaintiffs request, Dr. Ciambotti wrote a series of notes to her supervisors at the Township. In several of his notes, Dr. Ciambotti stated that plaintiffs IBS symptoms were under control as long as she worked regular daytime hours, but would be exacerbated by an assignment to the midnight shift.
In response to plaintiffs requests and Dr. Ciambotti’s correspondence, the Township initially provided plaintiff with a steady afternoon shift for six months, and extended that arrangement for
an additional year. In October 2005, a supervisor advised plaintiff that it was no longer possible for the Township to consistently assign her to a daytime shift, due to the burden imposed on other employees who covered the remaining shifts. Plaintiff asked the Township to reconsider, and with the cooperation of plaintiffs colleagues, she was permitted to continue working daytime shifts, but with no guarantee that she would be permitted to entirely avoid midnight shift assignments. At plaintiffs request, Dr. Ciambotti advised the Township in November 2005 that plaintiff could work an occasional midnight shift.
Weeks later, however, plaintiff sought to be excused from work entirely until the Township limited her schedule to daytime shifts. In response to another letter from Dr. Ciambotti, the Township granted a further accommodation, assigning plaintiff to afternoon shifts to the extent that such shifts were available. The Township required that plaintiff be available to work an occasional midnight shift, and denied her request for extended sick leave.
In September 2006, Dr. Joseph Rochford, a psychiatrist, began treating plaintiff. He diagnosed plaintiff with anxiety and panic attacks and prescribed medication. After a staffing change caused plaintiff to worry that she would again be asked to work midnight shifts, she obtained a note from Dr. Rochford, who stated that midnight shift assignments would exacerbate plaintiffs “stress” condition, and a note from Dr. Ciambotti, who again opined that plaintiff should not be compelled to work midnight shifts. In March 2007, Dr. Ciambotti stated that it was “absolutely medically necessary” that the Township refrain from assigning plaintiff to midnight shifts.
The dispute between plaintiff and the Township escalated on December 24, 2007, when plaintiff declined her supervisor’s request that she work a midnight shift, complained of heart palpitations, and was taken to a hospital. Another dispatcher, who had already worked a shift and a half, was compelled to remain on duty for the shift assigned to plaintiff. This development precipitated complaints by other dispatchers. At that point, the Township concluded that plaintiffs unwillingness to work a midnight shift had imposed an undue hardship on it. After a renewed request by Dr. Ciambotti that plaintiff not be assigned any midnight shifts, even in emergencies, the Township asked her to resign. Plaintiff refused, and asked whether the Township could offer her another job opportunity. Plaintiff was then offered, and accepted, a position as a records clerk at a salary lower than the salary that she was paid as a police dispatcher.
On September 16, 2009, plaintiffs employment as a records clerk for the Township was terminated. The Township cited plaintiffs record of taking sick days in excess of the number allotted to her in 2007, 2008 and 2009. It attributed her termination to “neglect of duty” and “chronic/excessive absenteeism.”
II.
Plaintiff filed a LAD complaint against the Township, the Department and four individual defendants.
In an amended complaint, plaintiff claimed that she was subjected to a hostile work environment as a result of her alleged disability, that defendants failed to provide a reasonable accommodation for her disability, that she was wrongfully demoted or transferred from her position as a police dispatcher as a result of her disability, that her employment as a records clerk was wrongfully terminated, and that she was subject to retaliation. Defendants denied plaintiffs
allegations of discrimination, and asserted that they offered reasonable scheduling accommodations.
In her answers to interrogatories served by defendants during pretrial discovery, plaintiff identified Dr. Ciambotti and Dr. Rochford as individuals with “knowledge, information or evidence of the incident(s)” alleged in the complaint, and listed both witnesses in response to another interrogatory requesting the names of plaintiffs treating physicians. In response to an interrogatory seeking identification of “any expert witnesses you may use at trial” and “the substance of the opinions to be provided” by those expert witnesses, plaintiff stated that she had not “retained witnesses at this time,” but identified several “treating professionals [who] have expertise and are expected to testiiy[.]” Plaintiff summarized Dr. Ciambotti’s proposed testimony as follows:
[Dr. Ciambotti] will testify regarding Plaintiffs diagnosis of Irritable Bowel Syndrome, namely that it is a disability, how it [a]ffects her everyday life as well as what steps need to be taken to prevent and alleviate symptoms such as a regular sleep schedule, medication regimen, and which factors, such as stress and constant schedule changes, aggravate her condition.
Plaintiff also informed defendants that Dr. Rochford would testify about her “non-economic damages, particularly how the stress, retaliation and discrimination by Defendants caused plaintiff stress, anxiety.” Based upon the appellate record, it does not appear that defendants requested that plaintiff serve written reports by her treating physicians, that plaintiff served such reports, or that defendants deposed the physicians. On the parties’ joint witness list, Dr. Ciambotti and Dr. Rochford were not listed among plaintiffs experts, but were designated as “plaintiffs treating doctors” expected to testify on her behalf.
The ease was tried before a jury over thirteen trial days. The issue now before the Court arose during a discussion between the trial court and counsel regarding the notes written to the Township by Dr. Ciambotti, Dr. Rochford, and two other physicians who were not on plaintiffs witness list. The trial court decided to admit into evidence Dr. Ciambotti’s notes regarding plaintiffs IBS, with a limiting instruction, directing the jury to consider
them only as a request for a reasonable accommodation, and not as evidence that plaintiff suffered from any disease or illness. The trial court commented that New Jersey law bars a treating physician from opining about a plaintiffs diagnosis and the impact of a plaintiffs schedule on her condition, if that physician is not designated as an expert witness. The court rejected plaintiffs counsel’s contention that a treating physician is permitted to testify about the patient’s symptoms, factors that worsen those symptoms, and the patient’s care. Following that discussion, the trial court issued the limiting instruction.
There remained, however, a dispute between the parties regarding the scope of Dr. Ciambotti’s testimony. During the treating physician’s direct examination, defendants objected to plaintiffs counsel’s request that Dr. Ciambotti define IBS for the jury, and argued that the treating physician was barred from any testimony about plaintiffs diagnosis because he was not a designated expert witness.
The trial court sustained defendants’ objection, stating that Dr. Ciambotti should not opine on “diagnosis and treatment” in light of the fact that he had not prepared an expert report. The trial court permitted Dr. Ciambotti to identify the conditions for which he treated plaintiff, and discuss his notes to the Township, but barred any testimony by the treating physician about the impact of plaintiffs work schedule on her IBS. Plaintiffs counsel confined his direct examination of Dr. Ciambotti to two subjects: the physician’s series of notes to the Township and his statement that he was currently treating plaintiff for two digestive conditions, IBS and gastroesophageal reflux disease, with no explanation about either condition.
Pursuant to
Rule
1:8 — 8(d), members of the jury submitted questions to be posed to Dr. Ciambotti. The trial court permitted the physician to respond to two jury questions, one addressing patients’ requests that physicians write notes to employers, and the other inquiring whether plaintiff had an ulcer. The court, however, declined the jury’s request that Dr. Ciambotti be asked
about the impact of changing work schedules on the efficacy of IBS medications, the importance of an IBS patient’s regular meal schedule, and the classification of IBS as a disability.
Plaintiff also presented the testimony of Dr. Rochford. On direct examination, the psychiatrist briefly described his treatment of plaintiff for stress and related complaints. The trial court admitted into evidence a letter from Dr. Rochford to the Township recommending that plaintiff not be assigned to midnight shifts, with a limiting instruction, directing the jury to consider the letter only as a request for a reasonable accommodation. The court reiterated to plaintiffs counsel that because Dr. Rochford was not designated as an expert witness, counsel would not be permitted to elicit from the psychiatrist any opinion regarding plaintiffs diagnosis. Dr. Rochford briefly testified within the limits set by the trial court. Plaintiff later called as a witness an expert psychologist, who opined that as a result of stress triggered by her work schedule, plaintiff suffered from an adjustment disorder with mixed anxiety and depression.
Defendants called two expert witnesses. Their expert gastroenterologist opined that IBS is a functional disease not characterized by visible structural abnormalities, that IBS patients can work normally if they are permitted to eat at normal intervals, that he had never treated a patient with IBS who was disabled, and that plaintiff’s digestive symptoms were within the normal range. Defendants’ expert psychologist concurred that patients with IBS may function effectively despite changing conditions in the workplace.
At the conclusion of the evidence, the trial judge repeated his limiting instruction, directing the jury to consider the physicians’ notes only as proof that plaintiff had requested reasonable accommodations. The court cautioned the jury that only three experts — plaintiffs expert psychologist and defendants’ expert gastroenterologist and psychologist — had testified, and that the jury should not consider “opinions expressed by other witnesses as
evidence of the plaintiffs medical condition.” Plaintiff did not object to the jury charge.
The jury returned a verdict of no cause of action, determining that plaintiff had not proven by a preponderance of the evidence that she suffered from a disability that precluded her from working the midnight shift. The jury also rejected plaintiffs claim that defendants retaliated against her for complaining about discrimination and for filing a lawsuit.
After her motion for judgment notwithstanding the verdict (JNOV) under
Rule
4:40-2 was denied, plaintiff moved for a new trial pursuant to
Rule
4:49-1 (a). She cited, among other grounds, the trial court’s restriction on the testimony of her treating physicians. Defendants countered that the treating physicians had rendered “net opinions” and that the trial court had properly limited their testimony.
Although the trial court conceded that treating physicians may be permitted to testify about the issue of causation, it characterized its ruling at trial as an invocation of
Rule
4:17-4(e), based on the treating physicians’ failure to supply expert reports. The court stated that the limiting instruction given to the jury with respect to the physicians’ notes resolved any issue regarding their testimony. It denied plaintiffs motion for a new trial.
Plaintiff appealed the trial court’s judgment. In an unpublished opinion, an Appellate Division panel reversed the trial court’s judgment and remanded for a new trial on the ground that the trial court had improperly restricted the testimony of Dr. Ciambotti. The panel reasoned that under
Stigliano, supra,
140
N.J.
at 314, 658 A.2d 715, and
Ginsberg, supra,
292
N.J.Super.
at 32-33, 678 A.2d 271, the trial court erred by barring Dr. Ciambotti from testifying about plaintiffs diagnosis and treatment and when it precluded Dr. Ciambotti from explaining the reasons for his notes to the Township. The panel concluded that the trial court’s restriction on the testimony of Dr. Ciambotti was not harmless error. The panel did not specifically address a second issue raised by plaintiff on appeal — whether the limitations imposed on the
testimony of plaintiffs treating psychiatrist, Dr. Roehford, constituted error.
We granted defendant’s petition for certification. 220
N.J.
98, 103 A.3d 265 (2014). We also granted the motion of the National Employment Lawyers Association of New Jersey (NELA-NJ) to appear as amicus curiae.
III.
Defendants urge the Court to reverse the Appellate Division’s determination and reinstate the trial court’s judgment. They contend that under this Court’s decisions in
Clowes v. Terminix International, Inc.,
109
N.J.
575, 538 A.2d 794 (1988), and
Viscik v. Fowler Equipment Co.,
173
N.J.
1, 800 A.2d 826 (2002), a LAD disability claim must be supported by the testimony of retained expert witnesses, not the speculative testimony of treating physicians called as witnesses at trial. Defendants characterize the panel’s opinion as an unwarranted extension of this Court’s decision in
Stigliano,
which would authorize a treating physician in a LAD disability ease to provide opinion testimony unrelated to either objective standards or the physician’s treatment of the plaintiff.
Plaintiff counters that the trial court’s interpretation of
N.J.R.E.
701 contravened
Stigliano
and Appellate Division decisions applying its principles. She contends that a treating physician need not be designated as an expert witness in order to offer a medical opinion on the cause of his or her patient’s condition. Plaintiff argues that the constraints imposed by the trial court on the testimony of Dr. Ciambotti and Dr. Roehford made it impossible for her to demonstrate a disability for purposes of LAD.
Amicus curiae NELA-NJ contends that the trial court’s restriction of the testimony of Dr. Ciambotti constituted error because the limitations imposed by a medical condition on a patient’s activities are an integral component of medical treatment. NELA-NJ argues that the trial court’s error substantially prejudiced plaintiffs case, and that plaintiff is entitled to a new trial.
IV.
A.
We begin our analysis with the standard of review governing the trial court’s denial of plaintiffs motion for a new trial, pursuant to
Rule
4:49-1. An appellate court will not reverse a trial court’s determination of a motion for a new trial “unless it clearly appears that there was a miscarriage of justice under the law.”
R.
2:10-1;
see also State v. Sims,
65
N.J.
359, 373-74, 322 A.2d 809 (1974) (“[T]he trial court’s ruling on [a motion to grant a new trial] shall not be reversed unless it clearly and convincingly appears that there was a manifest denial of justice under the law.”). A reviewing court should not disturb the findings of the jury merely because it would have found otherwise upon review of the same evidence.
Canino v. Novotny, 78 N.J.
355, 360, 396 A.2d 561 (1979) (“[A] jury verdict, from the weight of evidence standpoint, is impregnable unless so distorted and wrong, in the objective and articulated view of a judge, as to manifest with utmost certainty a plain miscarriage of justice.”). That principle guides our determination of this appeal.
B.
Plaintiffs claims are premised on
N.J.S.A.
10:5^4.1, which construes other provisions of LAD to prohibit unlawful discrimination “against any person because such person is or has been at any time disabled or any unlawful employment practice against such person, unless the nature and extent of the disability reasonably precludes the performance of the particular employment.” The Legislature intended this provision “to secure to handicapped individuals full and equal access to society, bounded only by the actual physical limits that they cannot surmount.”
Andersen v. Exxon Co.,
89
N.J.
483, 495, 446 A.2d 486 (1982);
Zive v. Stanley Roberts, Inc.,
182
N.J.
436, 446, 867 A.2d 1133 (2005) (quoting
Andersen, supra,
89
N.J.
at 495, 446 A.2d 486);
see also Jansen v. Food Circus Supermarkets, Inc.,
110
N.J.
363, 374, 541 A.2d 682
(1988) (“The import of the Law is that the handicapped should enjoy equal access to employment, subject only to limits that they cannot overcome.”).
The treating physician testimony excluded at trial was offered to address a pivotal element of plaintiffs claims for disability discrimination. Under the statutory framework that governs LAD disability claims, the factfinder’s first inquiry is whether the plaintiff has proven that he or she had a disease or condition recognized as a disability under the LAD.
N.J.S.A.
10:5-4.1;
N.J.S.A
10:5 — 5(q);
see Victor v. State,
203
N.J.
383, 408-09, 4 A.3d 126 (2010) (identifying elements of prima facie case of disability claims based on failure to hire, wrongful discharge, retaliation, and hostile work environment);
Viscik, supra,
173
N.J.
at 15, 800 A.2d 826 (noting that “[t]he threshold inquiry in a handicapped discrimination discharge case is whether the plaintiff in question fits the statutory definition of ‘handicapped’”);
Clowes, supra,
109
N.J.
at 597, 538 A.2d 794 (same);
Andersen, supra,
89
N.J.
at 499, 446 A.2d 486 (same).
For purposes of determining whether an employee meets that threshold burden, the LAD broadly defines “disability” as follows:
“Disability” means physical disability, infirmity, malformation or disfigurement which is caused by bodily injury, birth defect or illness including epilepsy and other seizure disorders, and which shall include, but not be limited to, any degree of paralysis, amputation, lack of physical coordination, blindness or visual impediment, deafness or hearing impediment, muteness or speech impediment or physical reliance on a service or guide dog, wheelchair, or other remedial appliance or device, or any mental, psychological or developmental disability, including autism spectrum disorders, resulting from anatomical, psychological, physiological or neurological conditions which prevents the normal exercise of any bodily or mental functions or is demonstrable, medically or psychologically, by accepted clinical or laboratory diagnostic techniques. Disability shall also mean AIDS or HIV infection.
[N.J.S.A.
10:5 — 5(q).]
As this Court observed in
Viscik, supra,
the two categories of disability, “physical and non-physical,” are distinct from one another and require different forms of proof. 173
N.J.
at 15, 800 A.2d 826 (citing Rosemary Alito,
New Jersey Employment Law,
§ 4-14:1, 170 (2d ed.1999));
see also Clowes, supra,
109
N.J.
at 594, 538 A.2d 794 (“[A]n alcoholic might suffer from either a ‘physical disability [or] infirmity ... which is caused by illness’ or from a ‘mental [or] psychological ... disability1 ... or both.”) (third ellipsis added) (quoting
N.J.S.A.
10:5-5(q)). To demonstrate a physical disability, a plaintiff must prove that he or she is “(1) suffering from physical disability, infirmity, malformation or disfigurement (2) which is caused by bodily injury, birth defect or illness including epilepsy.”
Viscik, supra,
173
N.J.
at 15, 800 A.2d 826 (citing
N.J.S.A.
10:5 — 5(q)).
In
Viscik
and
Clowes,
this Court addressed the evidentiary burden imposed on a LAD plaintiff to prove a disability that is not readily apparent.
Viscik, supra,
173
N.J.
at 16-18, 800 A.2d 826;
Clowes, supra,
109
N.J.
at 597-99, 538 A.2d 794. The Court’s opinion in
Clowes, supra,
arose from the plaintiffs allegation that he was unlawfully discharged from his employment due to his alcoholism. 109
N.J.
at 584, 538 A.2d 794. The Court found that alcoholism is a “handicap” within the meaning of the LAD’s provision as it then was drafted, based on evidence proffered by the plaintiff, which consisted primarily of the testimony of his expert, a recognized authority on alcoholism.
Id.
at 591-93, 595, 538 A.2d 794.
The Court concluded, however, that the plaintiffs proofs “fell short of demonstrating that he was an alcoholic.”
Id.
at 595, 538
A.
2d 794. It observed that “[t]he only evidence in the record regarding Clowes’s alleged alcoholism is his own assertion that he was an alcoholic, and a partial medical record from his hospitalization” at a rehabilitation center.
Id.
at 598, 538 A.2d 794. The Court noted that neither the plaintiffs expert nor any other witness on his behalf had conducted a physical examination or reviewed the relevant medical records:
Conspicuously absent from the record is any testimony from a treating or examining physician that Clowes had been diagnosed as an alcoholic. Given the complexity of the many diagnostic procedures involved, expert medical testimony is required to establish the fact of the employee’s alcoholism.
Id.
at 597, 588 A.2d 794.]
Supported only by the generic testimony of the plaintiffs expert regarding alcoholism as a disease — not by the testimony of an expert or treating physician familiar with his personal medical history — the disability claim of the plaintiff in
Clowes
failed.
Ibid.
In
Viscik, supra,
the disability alleged by the plaintiff was her morbid obesity, attributed to two factors, a “metabolic disorder that prevent[ed] [her] body from breaking down fats,” and injuries from a car accident that triggered degenerative arthritis in her joints, restricted her lung capacity, and caused depression. 173
N.J.
at 6, 800 A.2d 826. In support of her claim that her employer discharged her because of her disability, the plaintiff offered the testimony of her “treating physician since 1991,” who “testified about Yiscik’s illnesses, including her obesity and its complications, as a medical expert qualified in internal medicine and weight-loss.”
Id.
at 10, 800 A.2d 826. The Court concluded that ‘Yiscik’s testimony, medical history, and her expert’s opinion fully support the finding that she established a physical handicap within the meaning of LAD.”
Id.
at 17, 800 A.2d 826.
In that context, the Court held that “[w]here the existence of a handicap is not readily apparent, expert medical evidence is required.”
Id.
at 16, 800 A.2d 826 (citing
Clowes, supra,
109
N.J.
at 591-93, 538 A.2d 794;
Rogers v. Campbell Foundry, Co.,
185
N.J.Super.
109, 112, 447 A.2d 589 (App.Div.1982)). It noted that courts deciding LAD disability claims “place a high premium on
the use and strength of objective medical testimony in proving the specific elements of each test contained in the statute.”
Ibid.
(citing
Clowes, supra,
109
N.J.
at 591-93, 538 A.2d 794;
Enriquez v. W. Jersey Health Sys.,
342
N.J.Super.
501, 521, 777 A.2d 365 (App.Div.2001));
see also Victor, supra,
203
N.J.
at 422-23, 4 A.3d 126 (adhering to mandate of
Viscik
that when disability is not readily apparent, “expert medical evidence is required”); Wo
jtkowiak v. New Jersey Motor Vehicle Comm’n,
439
N.J.Super.
1, 15, 106 A.3d 519 (App.Div.2015) (same);
Domurat v. Ciba Specialty Chems.,
353
N.J.Super.
74, 90, 801 A.2d 423 (App.Div.) (same),
certif. denied,
175
N.J.
77, 812 A.2d 1110 (2002).
This Court has thus held that a LAD disability claim, in which the plaintiffs disability is not readily apparent, must be supported by “expert medical evidence,” also characterized as “objective medical testimony.”
Viscik, supra,
173
N.J.
at 16, 800 A.2d 826;
see also Clowes, supra,
109
N.J.
at 597-98, 538 A.2d 794 (noting that diagnosis of alcoholism entails complex determinations that must be made by medical professionals). By virtue of that requirement, a jury is guided by the testimony of witnesses qualified to assist it in understanding the disease or condition at issue in a given case.
C.
In that setting, we consider the trial court’s conclusion that the testimony of a treating physician, not identified as an expert witness, is inadmissible to support a LAD plaintiffs contention that he or she has a disability that is not readily apparent.
Our courts have long permitted treating physicians to offer medical testimony regarding the diagnosis and treatment of then-patients, pursuant to
N.J.R.E.
701. That rule authorizes a court to admit the “testimony in the form of opinions or inferences” of a lay witness, if that testimony “(a) is rationally based on the perception of the witness and (b) will assist in understanding the
witness’ testimony or in determining a fact in issue.”
N.J.R.E.
701.
This Court specifically addressed the testimonial role of a treating physician in
Stigliano, supra,
140
N.J.
at 310-17, 658 A.2d 715. There, the defendant physicians in a medical malpractice case sought to introduce the videotaped depositions of three physicians who had treated the infant plaintiff for seizures, which the plaintiffs claimed were caused by immunizations administered by the defendants.
Id.
at 307-08, 658 A.2d 715. The treating physicians testified that the child’s seizures were not caused by the defendants’ treatment, thus undermining the claims of their patient.
Id.
at 309, 658 A.2d 715. The trial court barred the defendants from presenting the treating physicians’ testimony, and the Appellate Division reversed that determination.
Id.
at 309-10, 658 A.2d 715. This Court granted the plaintiffs’ motion for leave to appeal.
Id.
at 307, 658 A.2d 715.
Noting that “the characterization of the treating doctors’ testimony as ‘fact’ or ‘opinion’ creates an artificial distinction!,]” the Court identified the “critical point” regarding treating physician testimony: “the treating doctors to treat their patients must determine the cause of a disease, whether that determination is characterized as fact or opinion.”
Id.
at 314, 658 A.2d 715. The Court held that
as fact witnesses, the treating doctors may testify about their diagnosis and treatment of [the infant’s] disorder', including their determination of that disorder’s cause. Their testimony about the likely and unlikely causes of [the infant’s] seizure disorder is factual information, albeit in the form of opinion. See
N.J.R.B.
701 (permitting fact witness to testify in the form of opinion to assist in determining fact in issue). Because the determination of the cause of a patient’s illness is an essential part of diagnosis and treatment, a treating physician may testify about the cause of a patient’s disease or injury. That holding should not deter patients from freely disclosing information necessary for proper treatment and diagnosis. Only after patients put their injury or disease in issue may a treating doctor testify about the diagnosis and treatment of that injury or disease.
mm
The Court thus acknowledged that a treating physician may be permitted to testify as to the diagnosis and treatment of his or her
patient, pursuant to
N.J.R.E.
701.
Ibid.; see also Ginsberg, supra,
292
N.J.Super.
at 32, 678 A.2d 271 (holding that “[i]t is well settled that treating physicians may testify as to any subject relevant to the evaluation and treatment of their patients”); Biunno, Weissbard & Zegas,
Current N.J. Rules of Evidence,
comment 4 to
N.J.R.E.
701 (Gann 2015) (noting that “[w]hen treating physicians are called to testify about their observations, diagnosis and treatment of an injured or ailing plaintiff, they are not testifying as expert witnesses, even though they may possess the requisite qualifieations[,]” but are offering factual evidence and opinion evidence governed by
N.J.R.E.
701).
Our court rules provide for pretrial disclosure of the proposed testimony of treating physicians, so that the testimony may be explored by the opposing party in discovery. An adversary may request, by interrogatory, “the name of an expert or treating physician of the answering party or a copy of the expert’s or treating physician’s report[.]”
R.
4:17-4(a). Pursuant to
Rule
4:17-4(e), the responsive party shall
annex to the interrogatory an exact copy of the entire report or reports rendered by the expert or physician. The report shall contain a complete statement of that person’s opinions and the basis therefor; the facts and data considered in forming the opinions; the qualifications of the witness, including a list of all publications authored by the witness within the preceding ten years; and whether compensation has been or is to be paid for the report and testimony and, if so, the terms of the compensation.
[R.
4:17 — 4(e).]
Rule
4:10-2(d), which sets forth the method by which “[djiscovery of facts known and opinions held by experts” may be obtained,
similarly provides for notice and discovery of the proposed testimony of treating physicians. The rule authorizes discovery by interrogatory of “the names and addresses of each person whom the other party expects to call at trial as an expert witness, including a treating physician who is expected to testify[.]”
R.
4:10-2(d)(l). The opposing party may elect to explore the treating physician’s opinions in a deposition pursuant to
Rule
4:10-2(d)(2), as well as through supplemental written discovery. Thus, under the court rules, a party seeking to present treating physician testimony at trial must disclose the substance of the witness’s anticipated testimony, and the basis for that testimony, if requested to do so in discovery.
The testimony of a treating physician is subject to an important limitation. Unless the treating physician is retained and designated as an expert witness, his or her testimony is limited to issues relevant to the diagnosis and treatment of the individual patient.
See, e.g., Stigliano, supra,
140
N.J.
at 314-16, 658 A.2d 715 (authorizing treating physicians to testify as to care and diagnosis of patient);
Hutchinson v. Atlantic City Med. Center-Mainland,
314
N.J.Super.
468, 479, 715 A.2d 348 (App.Div.1998) (same);
Serrano v. Levitsky,
215
N.J.Super.
454, 457-59, 521 A.2d 1377 (Law Div.1986) (barring treating physician from testifying about defendant doctors’ alleged malpractice because that subject was beyond scope of patient care);
Piller v. Kovarsky,
194
N.J.Super.
392, 399-400, 476 A.2d 1279 (Law Div.1984) (same). Given that distinction, if a particular claim requires medical testimony extending beyond the plaintiffs own diagnosis and treatment, the plaintiff may require the testimony of an expert, conforming to
N.J.R.E.
702 and 703.
Contrary to defendants’ contention, nothing in this Court’s opinions in
Clowes
and
Viscik
prohibit the admission of treating physician testimony to support a LAD disability claim. In both cases, the Court recognized that the question of disability is a medical determination and that a jury should be assisted by the testimony of qualified witnesses in that determination.
Viscik,
supra,
173
N.J.
at 16, 800 A.2d 826;
Clowes, supra,
109
N.J.
at 591-93, 538 A.2d 794. The Court did not exclude the testimony of treating physicians; indeed, in
Clowes,
it identified the fact that plaintiffs expert witness had neither examined him or reviewed his medical records, and the absence of testimony by a treating or examining physician, as deficiencies in the plaintiffs proofs.
Clowes, supra,
109
N.J.
at 597, 538 A.2d 794. If the question of a plaintiffs disability can be effectively addressed by testimony limited to the plaintiffs diagnosis and treatment, a treating physician may provide the “expert medical evidence” and “objective medical testimony” envisioned by the Court in
Viscik.
In sum, in an appropriate setting, the testimony of a treating physician may be admitted to support a plaintiffs LAD disability claim, provided that the proponent of the testimony provides notice and responds to discovery requests in accordance with the court rules, and the testimony satisfies
N.J.R.E.
701 and other applicable Rules of Evidence.
Stigliano, supra,
140
N.J.
at 314, 658 A.2d 715;
Ginsberg, supra,
292
N.J.Super.
at 32-33, 678 A.2d 271.
D.
In accordance with that principle, the trial court should have permitted Dr. Ciambotti to testify about plaintiffs IBS. Plaintiff provided the information about Dr. Ciambotti’s proposed opinion that was requested in defendants’ interrogatories: the identification of Dr. Ciambotti as a person with knowledge relevant to plaintiffs claims and as one of plaintiffs treating physicians, and a summary of his proposed testimony. She complied with the discovery requests posed to her, as they related to Dr. Ciambotti.
Moreover, as described by plaintiffs counsel to the trial court and reflected in the physician’s correspondence with the Township, the proposed testimony of Dr. Ciambotti would have been limited to his diagnosis and treatment of plaintiff. The treating gastroenterologist would have addressed plaintiffs symptoms, the
basis for plaintiffs IBS diagnosis, the impact of IBS on plaintiffs everyday life, and the steps that Dr. Ciambotti recommended to alleviate plaintiffs symptoms. Nothing in the record suggests that plaintiff intended to ask Dr. Ciambotti to opine on global questions beyond the scope of his role as plaintiffs treating physician. The trial court erred when it barred Dr. Ciambotti from testifying about plaintiffs diagnosis and treatment.
In the broader setting of plaintiffs trial, the trial court’s constraint on Dr. Ciambotti’s testimony was not harmless error. As confirmed by its proposed questions regarding IBS medications and the impact of a patient’s diet on the condition, the jury sought information about plaintiffs IBS diagnosis, but was denied that information. Thus, plaintiff was not afforded a fair opportunity to prove that she suffered from a disability within the meaning of the LAD.
N.J.S.A.
10:5 — 5(q);
see also Tynan v. Vicinage 13 of Superior Ct. of New Jersey,
351
N.J.Super.
385, 399, 798 A.2d 648 (App.Div.2002) (holding that LAD disability claim based in part on IBS alleged by plaintiff gave rise to jury question sufficient to withstand summary judgment). Moreover, because plaintiff failed to meet her threshold burden of proving a disability, the jury never considered the other elements of her hostile work environment, failure to accommodate, wrongful demotion or transfer, and wrongful termination claims. The limitations on Dr. Ciambotti’s testimony may also have affected the jury’s determination of plaintiffs retaliation claim, which was premised in part on her claim of disability. The trial court’s error with respect to Dr. Ciambotti’s testimony was not harmless.
The trial court also erred when it restricted the testimony of plaintiffs treating psychiatrist, Dr. Roehford, whose testimony would have supported her claim for non-economic damages. Dr. Roehford was properly designated by plaintiff as one of her treating physicians, and plaintiff gave defendants a description of the psychiatrist’s expected testimony, as requested in defendants’ interrogatories. The opinions that plaintiff sought to elicit from Dr. Roehford were properly confined to plaintiffs symptoms,
diagnosis and care. Plaintiffs treating psychiatrist should have been permitted to testify about those topics, subject to the limitations of
N.J.R.E.
701 and other applicable Rules of Evidence. Because we affirm the Appellate Division’s determination that the trial court should have granted plaintiffs motion for a new trial, based on the restrictions imposed on the testimony of Dr. Ciambotti, we need not determine whether the trial court’s limitations on the testimony of Dr. Rochford constituted reversible error.
Based on the limitations imposed on Dr. Ciambotti’s testimony, we concur with the Appellate Division that the trial court should have found a “miscarriage of justice under the law” under
Rule
4:49-l(a).
See R.
2:10-1;
Viscik, supra,
173
N.J.
at 20, 800 A2d 826 (ordering new trial where trial court instruction “essentially focused the jury’s attention on a claim not at issue in the case and mixed two theories, pretext and reasonable accommodation, that are completely and purposefully distinct from one another”).
Plaintiff is entitled to a new trial.
V.
We add the following comment regarding pretrial discovery of treating physician testimony in civil litigation.
Rules
4:17-4(a), (e) and 4:10-2(d)(l) compel the service of reports by treating physicians who will testify at trial, in the event that those reports are requested in discovery.
A treating physician’s report serves an
important function; it provides the adversary with notice of the facts and opinions to which the physician will testify, and permits that party to assess the need for additional discovery and for medical testimony at trial. We recognize, however, that the preparation of a detailed written report may impose a significant burden on a treating physician who has not sought to be involved in the litigation, and has not been retained as an expert witness.
We request that the Civil Practice Committee consider whether
Rules
4:17-4(a), (e) and 4:10-2(d)(l) should be amended to clarify the form and content of a report that must be served, if requested, in advance of a treating physician’s testimony. We suggest that the Committee evaluate, among other options, an amendment permitting the service of a summary of the treating physician’s opinions and the basis for those opinions, as an alternative to a written report prepared by the physician.
See, e.g., R.
3:13-3(b)(l)(I), -3(b)(2)(E) (authorizing, in criminal case in which expert is expected to testify, service of “a statement of the facts and opinions to which the expert is expected to testify and a summary of the grounds for each opinion”).
VI.
The judgment of the Appellate Division is affirmed, and the matter is remanded to the trial court for a new trial.
For affirmance and remandment
— Chief Justice RABNER and Justices LaVECCHIA, ALBIN, PATTERSON, SOLOMON and Judge CUFF (temporarily assigned) — 6.
Not Participating
— Justice FERNANDEZ-VINA.