§ 65-01-02 — Definitions (Effective through August 31, 2028)

North Dakota § 65-01-02

• Jurisdiction: North Dakota
• Title 65: Workforce Safety and Insurance
• Ch. 65-01: General Provisions

Text

In this title:
1. "Acute care" means a short course of intensive diagnostic and therapeutic services
provided immediately following a work injury with a rapid onset of pronounced
symptoms.
2. "Adopted" or "adoption" refers only to a legal adoption effected prior to the time of the
injury.
3. "Allied health care professional" includes a health care provider, pharmacist,
audiologist, speech language pathologist, or naturopath or any recognized practitioner
who provides skilled services pursuant to the prescription of, or under the supervision
or direction of any of these individuals.
4. "Artificial members" includes a device that is a substitute for a natural part, organ, limb,
or other part of the body. The term includes a prescriptive device that is an aid for a
natural part, organ, limb, or other part of the body if the damage to the prescriptive
device is accompanied by an injury to the body. A prescriptive device includes
prescription eyeglasses, contact lenses, dental braces, and orthopedic braces.
5. "Artificial replacements" means mechanical aids, including braces, belts, casts, or
crutches as may be reasonable and necessary due to compensable injury.
6. "Average weekly wage" means the weekly wages the injured employee was receiving
from all employments for which coverage is required or otherwise secured at the date
of first disability. The average weekly wage determined under this subsection must be
rounded to the nearest dollar. If the injured employee's wages are not fixed by the
week, they must be determined by using the first applicable formula from the schedule
below:
a. For seasonal employment, during the first consecutive days of disability up to
twenty-eight days the average weekly wage is calculated pursuant to the first
applicable formula in subdivisions b through g, and after that are calculated as
one-fiftieth of the total wages from all occupations during the twelve months
preceding the date of first disability or during the tax year preceding the date of
first disability, or an average of the three tax years preceding the date of first
disability, whichever is highest and for which accurate, reliable, and complete
records are readily available.

b. The "average weekly wage" of a self-employed employer is determined by the
following formula: one fifty-second of the average annual net self-employed
earnings reported the three preceding tax years or preceding fifty-two weeks
whichever is higher if accurate, reliable, and complete records for those fifty-two
weeks are readily available.
c. Hourly or daily rate multiplied by number of hours or days worked per seven-day
week.
d. Monthly rate multiplied by twelve months and divided by fifty-two weeks.
e. Biweekly rate divided by two.
f. The usual wage paid other employees engaged in similar occupations.
g. A wage reasonably and fairly approximating the weekly wage lost by the injured
employee during the period of disability.
7. "Average weekly wage in the state" means the determination made of the average
weekly wage in the state by job service North Dakota on or before July first of each
year, computed to the next highest dollar.
8. "Board" means the workforce safety and insurance board of directors.
9. "Brother" and "sister" include a stepbrother and a stepsister, a half brother and a half
sister, and a brother and sister by adoption. The terms do not include a married brother
or sister unless that person actually is dependent.
10. "Child", for determining eligibility for benefits under chapter 65-05, means a legitimate
child, a stepchild, adopted child, posthumous child, foster child, and acknowledged
illegitimate child who is under eighteen years of age and resides with the injured
employee; or is under eighteen years of age and does not reside with the injured
employee but a duty of support is substantiated by an appropriate court order; or is
between eighteen and twenty-two years of age and enrolled as a full-time student in
any accredited educational institution and dependent upon the injured employee for
support; or is eighteen years of age or over and is physically or mentally incapable of
self-support and is actually dependent upon the injured employee for support. A child
does not include a married child unless actually dependent on the injured employee as
shown on the preceding year's income tax returns.
11. "Compensable injury" means an injury by accident arising out of and in the course of
hazardous employment which must be established by medical evidence supported by
objective medical findings.
a. The term includes:
(1) Disease caused by a hazard to which an employee is subjected in the
course of employment. The disease must be incidental to the character of
the business and not independent of the relation of employer and employee.
Disease includes effects from radiation.
(2) An injury to artificial members.
(3) Injuries due to heart attack or other heart-related disease, stroke, and
physical injury caused by mental stimulus, but only when caused by the
employee's employment with reasonable medical certainty, and only when it
is determined with reasonable medical certainty that unusual stress is at
least fifty percent of the cause of the injury or disease as compared with all
other contributing causes combined. Unusual stress means stress greater
than the highest level of stress normally experienced or anticipated in that
position or line of work.
(4) Injuries arising out of employer-required or supplied travel to and from a
remote jobsite or activities performed at the direction or under the control of
the employer.
(5) An injury caused by the willful act of a third person directed against an
employee because of the employee's employment.
(6) A mental or psychological condition that is physiologically caused by a
physical injury, but only when the physical injury is determined with
reasonable medical certainty to be at least fifty percent of the cause of the
condition as compared with all other contributing causes combined, and only

when the condition did not pre-exist the work injury. Other contributing
causes include emotional circumstances that generally accompany
work-related injuries, including the loss of function, loss of self-esteem, loss
of financial independence, divorce, loss of career or employment position,
disruption of lifestyle or family units, anxiousness, uncertainty, or
compromised ability to participate in a lifestyle, hobby, or pastime.
b. The term does not include:
(1) Ordinary diseases of life to which the general public outside of employment
is exposed or preventive treatment for communicable diseases, except the
organization may pay for preventive treatment for an exposure to a
bloodborne pathogen as defined in section 23-07.5-01 occurring in the
course of employment and for exposure to rabies occurring in the course of
employment.
(2) A willfully self-inflicted injury, including suicide or attempted suicide, or an
injury caused by the employee's willful intention to injure or kill another.
(3) Any injury caused by the use of intoxicants, including recreational marijuana
use, or the illegal use of controlled substances.
(4) An injury that arises out of an altercation in which the injured employee is an
aggressor. This paragraph does not apply to public safety employees,
including law enforcement officers or private security personnel who are
required to engage in altercations as part of their job duties if the altercation
arises out of the performance of those job duties.
(5) An injury that arises out of an illegal act committed by the injured employee.
(6) An injury that arises out of an employee's voluntary nonpaid participation in
any recreational activity, including athletic events, parties, and picnics, even
though the employer pays some or all of the cost of the activity.
(7) Injuries attributable to a pre-existing injury, disease, or other condition,
including when the employment acts as a trigger to produce symptoms in
the pre-existing injury, disease, or other condition unless the employment
substantially accelerates its progression or substantially worsens its severity.
Pain is a symptom and may be considered in determining whether there is a
substantial acceleration or substantial worsening of a pre-existing injury,
disease, or other condition, but pain alone is not a substantial acceleration
or a substantial worsening.
(8) A nonemployment injury that, although acting upon a prior compensable
injury, is an independent intervening cause of injury.
(9) A latent or asymptomatic degenerative condition, caused in substantial part
by employment duties, which is triggered or made active by a subsequent
injury.
(10) A mental injury arising from mental stimulus.
12. "Date of first disability" means the first date the injured employee was unable to work
because of a compensable injury.
13. "Date of maximum medical improvement" or "date of maximum medical recovery"
means the date after which further recovery from, or lasting improvement to, an injury
or disease can no longer reasonably be anticipated based upon reasonable medical
probability.
14. "Director" means the director of the organization.
15. "Disability" means loss of actual earnings and may be permanent total, temporary
total, or partial.
16. "Electronic means" means relating to technology having electrical, digital, magnetic,
wireless, optical, electromagnetic, or similar capabilities.
17. "Employee" means an individual who performs hazardous employment for another for
remuneration unless the individual is an independent contractor under the
common-law test.
a. The term includes:

(1) All elective and appointed officials of this state and its political subdivisions,
including municipal corporations and including the members of the
legislative assembly, all elective officials of any county, and all elective
peace officers of any city.
(2) Aliens.
(3) Human service zone general assistance workers, except those who are
engaged in repaying to human service zones or the department of health
and human services moneys the human service zones or the department of
health and human services have been compelled by statute to expend for
general assistance.
(4) Minors, whether lawfully or unlawfully employed. A minor is deemed sui juris
for the purposes of this title, and no other person has any claim for relief or
right to claim workforce safety and insurance benefits for any injury to a
minor worker, but in the event of the award of a lump sum of benefits to a
minor employee, the lump sum may be paid only to the legally appointed
guardian of the minor.
b. The term does not include:
(1) An individual whose employment is both casual and not in the course of the
trade, business, profession, or occupation of that individual's employer.
(2) An individual who is engaged in an illegal enterprise or occupation.
(3) The spouse of an employer or the child under the age of twenty-two of an
employer. For purposes of this paragraph and section 65-07-01, "child"
means any legitimate child, stepchild, adopted child, foster child, or
acknowledged illegitimate child.
(4) A real estate broker or real estate salesperson, provided the individual
meets the following three requirements:
(a) The salesperson or broker must be a licensed real estate agent under
section 43-23-05.
(b) Substantially all of the salesperson's or broker's remuneration for the
services performed as a real estate agent must be directly related to
sales or other efforts rather than to the number of hours worked.
(c) A written agreement must exist between the salesperson or broker
and the person for which the salesperson or broker works, which
agreement must provide the salesperson or broker will not be treated
as an employee but rather as an independent contractor.
(5) The members of the board of directors of a business corporation who are
not employed in any capacity by the corporation other than as members of
the board of directors.
(6) An individual delivering newspapers or shopping news, if substantially all of
the individual's remuneration is directly related to sales or other efforts
rather than to the number of hours worked and a written agreement exists
between the individual and the publisher of the newspaper or shopping
news which states the individual is an independent contractor.
(7) An employer.
(8) An athlete participating in a contact sport. As used in this paragraph,
"contact sport" means a team or individual competitive athletic activity that
includes significant physical contact between the athletes involved. The term
includes football and hockey.
18. "Employer" means a person that engages or received the services of another for
remuneration unless the person performing the services is an independent contractor
under the common-law test. The term includes:
a. The state and all political subdivisions thereof.
b. All public and quasi-public corporations in this state.
c. Every person, partnership, limited liability company, association, and private
corporation, including a public service corporation.
d. The legal representative of any deceased employer.

e. The receiver or trustee of any person, partnership, limited liability company,
association, or corporation having one or more employees as herein defined.
f. The president, vice presidents, secretary, or treasurer of a business corporation,
but not members of the board of directors of a business corporation who are not
also officers of the corporation.
g. The managers of a limited liability company.
h. The president, vice presidents, secretary, treasurer, or board of directors of an
association or cooperative organized under chapter 6-06, 10-12, 10-13, 10-15,
36-08, or 49-21.
i. The clerk, assessor, treasurer, or any member of the board of supervisors of an
organized township, if the person is not employed by the township in any other
capacity.
j. A multidistrict special education unit.
k. An area career and technology center.
l. A regional education association.
19. "Fee schedule" means the payment formulas established in the organization
publication entitled "Medical and Hospital Fees".
20. "Fund" means the workforce safety and insurance fund.
21. "Hazardous employment" means any employment in which one or more employees
are employed regularly in the same business or in or about the establishment except:
a. Agricultural or domestic service.
b. Any employment of a common carrier by railroad.
c. Any employment for the transportation of property or persons by nonresidents,
where, in such transportation, the highways are not traveled more than seven
miles [11.27 kilometers] and return over the same route within the state of North
Dakota.
d. All members of the clergy and employees of religious organizations engaged in
the operation, maintenance, and conduct of the place of worship.
22. "Health care provider" means a doctor of medicine or osteopathy, chiropractor, dentist,
optometrist, podiatrist, or psychologist acting within the scope of the doctor's license, a
physical therapist, an advanced practice registered nurse, or a certified physician
assistant.
23. "Medical marijuana" means the use of all parts of the plant of the genus cannabis, the
seeds of the plant, the resin extracted from any part of the plant, and every compound,
manufacture, salt, derivative, mixture, or preparation of the plant, the seeds of the
plant, or the resin extracted from any part of the plant as a physician-recommended
form of medicine or herbal therapy. The term does not include treatments or
preparations specifically approved by the United States food and drug administration
as a drug product.
24. "Noncompliance" means failure to follow the requirements of chapter 65-04. An
employer may be in noncompliance regardless of the employer's insured or uninsured
status with the organization.
25. "Organization" means workforce safety and insurance, or the director, or any
department head, assistant, or employee of workforce safety and insurance
designated by the director, to act within the course and scope of that person's
employment in administering the policies, powers, and duties of this title.
26. "Parent" includes a stepparent and a parent by adoption.
27. "Payroll report" means the mechanism created by the organization and used by
employers to report all employee payroll required by the organization.
28. "Permanent impairment" means the loss of or loss of use of a member of the body
existing after the date of maximum medical improvement and includes disfigurement
resulting from an injury.
29. "Permanent total disability" means disability that is the direct result of a compensable
injury that prevents an injured employee from performing any work and results from
any one of the following conditions:
a. Total and permanent loss of sight of both eyes;

b. Loss of both legs or loss of both feet at or above the ankle;
c. Loss of both arms or loss of both hands at or above the wrist;
d. Loss of any two of the members or faculties in subdivision a, b, or c;
e. Permanent and complete paralysis of both legs or both arms or of one leg and
one arm;
f. Third-degree burns that cover at least forty percent of the body and require
grafting;
g. A medically documented brain injury affecting cognitive and mental functioning
which renders an injured employee unable to provide self-care and requires
supervision or assistance with a majority of the activities of daily living; or
h. A compensable injury that results in a permanent partial impairment rating of the
whole body of at least twenty-five percent pursuant to section 65-05-12.2.
If the injured employee has not reached maximum medical improvement within one
hundred four weeks, the injured employee may receive a permanent partial
impairment rating if a rating will assist the organization in assessing the injured
employee's capabilities. Entitlement to a rating is solely within the discretion of the
organization.
30. "Rehabilitation services" means nonmedical services reasonably necessary to restore
a disabled employee to substantial gainful employment as defined by section
65-05.1-01 as near as possible. The term may include vocational evaluation,
counseling, education, workplace modification, vocational retraining including training
for alternative employment with the same employer, and job placement assistance.
31. "Seasonal employment" includes occupations that are not permanent or that do not
customarily operate throughout the entire year. Seasonal employment is determined
by what is customary with respect to the employer at the time of injury.
32. "Spouse" includes only the decedent's husband or wife who was living with the
decedent or was dependent upon the decedent for support at the time of injury.
33. "Subcontractor" means a person that agrees to perform all or part of the work for a
contractor or another subcontractor.
34. "Temporary total disability" means disability that results in the inability of an injured
employee to earn wages as a result of a compensable injury for which disability
benefits may not exceed a cumulative total of one hundred four weeks or the date the
injured employee reaches maximum medical improvement or maximum medical
recovery, whichever occurs first.
35. "Uninsured" means failure of an employer to secure mandatory coverage with the
organization or failure to pay premium, assessment, penalty, or interest, as calculated
by the organization, which is more than forty-five days past due. An uninsured
employer is subject to chapter 65-09.
36. "Utilization review" means the initial and continuing evaluation of appropriateness in
terms of both the level and the quality of health care and health services provided a
patient, based on medically accepted standards. The evaluation must be
accomplished by means of a system that identifies the utilization of medical services,
based on medically accepted standards, and which refers instances of possible
inappropriate utilization to the organization to obtain opinions and recommendations of
expert medical consultants to review individual cases for which administrative action
may be deemed necessary.
37. "Valid functional capacities examination" means:
a. The results of a physical examination consisting of a battery of standardized
assessments that offer reliable results in performance-based measures and
demonstrate the level and duration an injured employee may return to work.
b. The conclusions of medical experts, following observations of other activities the
medical expert determines similarly predictive, when the results of the physical
examination in subdivision a are not obtained or reliable.
38. a. "Wages" means:
(1) An injured employee's remuneration from all employment reportable to the
internal revenue service as earned income for federal income tax purposes.

(2) For members of the national guard who sustain a compensable injury while
on state active duty, "wages" includes income from federal employment and
may be included in determining the average weekly wage.
(3) For purposes of chapter 65-04 only, "wages" means all gross earnings of all
employees. The term includes all pretax deductions for amounts allocated
by the employee for deferred compensation, medical reimbursement,
retirement, or any similar program, but may not include dismissal or
severance pay.
b. The organization may consider postinjury wages for which coverage was not
required or otherwise secured in North Dakota for purposes of determining
appropriate vocational rehabilitation options or entitlement to disability benefits
under this title.
Definitions. (Effective after August 31, 2028) In this title:
1. "Acute care" means a short course of intensive diagnostic and therapeutic services
provided immediately following a work injury with a rapid onset of pronounced
symptoms.
2. "Adopted" or "adoption" refers only to a legal adoption effected prior to the time of the
injury.
3. "Allied health care professional" includes a health care provider, pharmacist,
audiologist, speech language pathologist, or naturopath or any recognized practitioner
who provides skilled services pursuant to the prescription of, or under the supervision
or direction of any of these individuals.
4. "Artificial members" includes a device that is a substitute for a natural part, organ, limb,
or other part of the body. The term includes a prescriptive device that is an aid for a
natural part, organ, limb, or other part of the body if the damage to the prescriptive
device is accompanied by an injury to the body. A prescriptive device includes
prescription eyeglasses, contact lenses, dental braces, and orthopedic braces.
5. "Artificial replacements" means mechanical aids, including braces, belts, casts, or
crutches as may be reasonable and necessary due to compensable injury.
6. "Average weekly wage" means the weekly wages the injured employee was receiving
from all employments for which coverage is required or otherwise secured at the date
of first disability. The average weekly wage determined under this subsection must be
rounded to the nearest dollar. If the injured employee's wages are not fixed by the
week, they must be determined by using the first applicable formula from the schedule
below:
a. For seasonal employment, during the first consecutive days of disability up to
twenty-eight days the average weekly wage is calculated pursuant to the first
applicable formula in subdivisions b through g, and after that are calculated as
one-fiftieth of the total wages from all occupations during the twelve months
preceding the date of first disability or during the tax year preceding the date of
first disability, or an average of the three tax years preceding the date of first
disability, whichever is highest and for which accurate, reliable, and complete
records are readily available.
b. The "average weekly wage" of a self-employed employer is determined by the
following formula: one fifty-second of the average annual net self-employed
earnings reported the three preceding tax years or preceding fifty-two weeks
whichever is higher if accurate, reliable, and complete records for those fifty-two
weeks are readily available.
c. Hourly or daily rate multiplied by number of hours or days worked per seven-day
week.
d. Monthly rate multiplied by twelve months and divided by fifty-two weeks.
e. Biweekly rate divided by two.
f. The usual wage paid other employees engaged in similar occupations.
g. A wage reasonably and fairly approximating the weekly wage lost by the injured
employee during the period of disability.

7. "Average weekly wage in the state" means the determination made of the average
weekly wage in the state by job service North Dakota on or before July first of each
year, computed to the next highest dollar.
8. "Board" means the workforce safety and insurance board of directors.
9. "Brother" and "sister" include a stepbrother and a stepsister, a half brother and a half
sister, and a brother and sister by adoption. The terms do not include a married brother
or sister unless that person actually is dependent.
10. "Child", for determining eligibility for benefits under chapter 65-05, means a legitimate
child, a stepchild, adopted child, posthumous child, foster child, and acknowledged
illegitimate child who is under eighteen years of age and resides with the injured
employee; or is under eighteen years of age and does not reside with the injured
employee but a duty of support is substantiated by an appropriate court order; or is
between eighteen and twenty-two years of age and enrolled as a full-time student in
any accredited educational institution and dependent upon the injured employee for
support; or is eighteen years of age or over and is physically or mentally incapable of
self-support and is actually dependent upon the injured employee for support. A child
does not include a married child unless actually dependent on the injured employee as
shown on the preceding year's income tax returns.
11. "Compensable injury" means an injury by accident arising out of and in the course of
hazardous employment which must be established by medical evidence supported by
objective medical findings.
a. The term includes:
(1) Disease caused by a hazard to which an employee is subjected in the
course of employment. The disease must be incidental to the character of
the business and not independent of the relation of employer and employee.
Disease includes effects from radiation.
(2) An injury to artificial members.
(3) Injuries due to heart attack or other heart-related disease, stroke, and
physical injury caused by mental stimulus, but only when caused by the
employee's employment with reasonable medical certainty, and only when it
is determined with reasonable medical certainty that unusual stress is at
least fifty percent of the cause of the injury or disease as compared with all
other contributing causes combined. Unusual stress means stress greater
than the highest level of stress normally experienced or anticipated in that
position or line of work.
(4) Injuries arising out of employer-required or supplied travel to and from a
remote jobsite or activities performed at the direction or under the control of
the employer.
(5) An injury caused by the willful act of a third person directed against an
employee because of the employee's employment.
(6) A mental or psychological condition that is physiologically caused by a
physical injury, but only when the physical injury is determined with
reasonable medical certainty to be at least fifty percent of the cause of the
condition as compared with all other contributing causes combined, and only
when the condition did not pre-exist the work injury. Other contributing
causes include emotional circumstances that generally accompany
work-related injuries, including the loss of function, loss of self-esteem, loss
of financial independence, divorce, loss of career or employment position,
disruption of lifestyle or family units, anxiousness, uncertainty, or
compromised ability to participate in a lifestyle, hobby, or pastime.
b. The term does not include:
(1) Ordinary diseases of life to which the general public outside of employment
is exposed or preventive treatment for communicable diseases, except the
organization may pay for preventive treatment for an exposure to a
bloodborne pathogen as defined in section 23-07.5-01 occurring in the

course of employment and for exposure to rabies occurring in the course of
employment.
(2) A willfully self-inflicted injury, including suicide or attempted suicide, or an
injury caused by the employee's willful intention to injure or kill another.
(3) Any injury caused by the use of intoxicants, including recreational marijuana
use, or the illegal use of controlled substances.
(4) An injury that arises out of an altercation in which the injured employee is an
aggressor. This paragraph does not apply to public safety employees,
including law enforcement officers or private security personnel who are
required to engage in altercations as part of their job duties if the altercation
arises out of the performance of those job duties.
(5) An injury that arises out of an illegal act committed by the injured employee.
(6) An injury that arises out of an employee's voluntary nonpaid participation in
any recreational activity, including athletic events, parties, and picnics, even
though the employer pays some or all of the cost of the activity.
(7) Injuries attributable to a pre-existing injury, disease, or other condition,
including when the employment acts as a trigger to produce symptoms in
the pre-existing injury, disease, or other condition unless the employment
substantially accelerates its progression or substantially worsens its severity.
Pain is a symptom and may be considered in determining whether there is a
substantial acceleration or substantial worsening of a pre-existing injury,
disease, or other condition, but pain alone is not a substantial acceleration
or a substantial worsening.
(8) A nonemployment injury that, although acting upon a prior compensable
injury, is an independent intervening cause of injury.
(9) A latent or asymptomatic degenerative condition, caused in substantial part
by employment duties, which is triggered or made active by a subsequent
injury.
(10) A mental injury arising from mental stimulus.
12. "Date of first disability" means the first date the injured employee was unable to work
because of a compensable injury.
13. "Date of maximum medical improvement" or "date of maximum medical recovery"
means the date after which further recovery from, or lasting improvement to, an injury
or disease can no longer reasonably be anticipated based upon reasonable medical
probability.
14. "Director" means the director of the organization.
15. "Disability" means loss of actual earnings and may be permanent total, temporary
total, or partial.
16. "Electronic means" means relating to technology having electrical, digital, magnetic,
wireless, optical, electromagnetic, or similar capabilities.
17. "Employee" means an individual who performs hazardous employment for another for
remuneration unless the individual is an independent contractor under the
common-law test.
a. The term includes:
(1) All elective and appointed officials of this state and its political subdivisions,
including municipal corporations and including the members of the
legislative assembly, all elective officials of any county, and all elective
peace officers of any city.
(2) Aliens.
(3) Human service zone general assistance workers, except those who are
engaged in repaying to human service zones or the department of health
and human services moneys the human service zones or the department of
health and human services have been compelled by statute to expend for
general assistance.
(4) Minors, whether lawfully or unlawfully employed. A minor is deemed sui juris
for the purposes of this title, and no other person has any claim for relief or

right to claim workforce safety and insurance benefits for any injury to a
minor worker, but in the event of the award of a lump sum of benefits to a
minor employee, the lump sum may be paid only to the legally appointed
guardian of the minor.
b. The term does not include:
(1) An individual whose employment is both casual and not in the course of the
trade, business, profession, or occupation of that individual's employer.
(2) An individual who is engaged in an illegal enterprise or occupation.
(3) The spouse of an employer or the child under the age of twenty-two of an
employer. For purposes of this paragraph and section 65-07-01, "child"
means any legitimate child, stepchild, adopted child, foster child, or
acknowledged illegitimate child.
(4) A real estate broker or real estate salesperson, provided the individual
meets the following three requirements:
(a) The salesperson or broker must be a licensed real estate agent under
section 43-23-05.
(b) Substantially all of the salesperson's or broker's remuneration for the
services performed as a real estate agent must be directly related to
sales or other efforts rather than to the number of hours worked.
(c) A written agreement must exist between the salesperson or broker
and the person for which the salesperson or broker works, which
agreement must provide the salesperson or broker will not be treated
as an employee but rather as an independent contractor.
(5) The members of the board of directors of a business corporation who are
not employed in any capacity by the corporation other than as members of
the board of directors.
(6) An individual delivering newspapers or shopping news, if substantially all of
the individual's remuneration is directly related to sales or other efforts
rather than to the number of hours worked and a written agreement exists
between the individual and the publisher of the newspaper or shopping
news which states the individual is an independent contractor.
(7) An employer.
18. "Employer" means a person that engages or received the services of another for
remuneration unless the person performing the services is an independent contractor
under the common-law test. The term includes:
a. The state and all political subdivisions thereof.
b. All public and quasi-public corporations in this state.
c. Every person, partnership, limited liability company, association, and private
corporation, including a public service corporation.
d. The legal representative of any deceased employer.
e. The receiver or trustee of any person, partnership, limited liability company,
association, or corporation having one or more employees as herein defined.
f. The president, vice presidents, secretary, or treasurer of a business corporation,
but not members of the board of directors of a business corporation who are not
also officers of the corporation.
g. The managers of a limited liability company.
h. The president, vice presidents, secretary, treasurer, or board of directors of an
association or cooperative organized under chapter 6-06, 10-12, 10-13, 10-15,
36-08, or 49-21.
i. The clerk, assessor, treasurer, or any member of the board of supervisors of an
organized township, if the person is not employed by the township in any other
capacity.
j. A multidistrict special education unit.
k. An area career and technology center.
l. A regional education association.

19. "Fee schedule" means the payment formulas established in the organization
publication entitled "Medical and Hospital Fees".
20. "Fund" means the workforce safety and insurance fund.
21. "Hazardous employment" means any employment in which one or more employees
are employed regularly in the same business or in or about the establishment except:
a. Agricultural or domestic service.
b. Any employment of a common carrier by railroad.
c. Any employment for the transportation of property or persons by nonresidents,
where, in such transportation, the highways are not traveled more than seven
miles [11.27 kilometers] and return over the same route within the state of North
Dakota.
d. All members of the clergy and employees of religious organizations engaged in
the operation, maintenance, and conduct of the place of worship.
22. "Health care provider" means a doctor of medicine or osteopathy, chiropractor, dentist,
optometrist, podiatrist, or psychologist acting within the scope of the doctor's license, a
physical therapist, an advanced practice registered nurse, or a certified physician
assistant.
23. "Medical marijuana" means the use of all parts of the plant of the genus cannabis, the
seeds of the plant, the resin extracted from any part of the plant, and every compound,
manufacture, salt, derivative, mixture, or preparation of the plant, the seeds of the
plant, or the resin extracted from any part of the plant as a physician-recommended
form of medicine or herbal therapy. The term does not include treatments or
preparations specifically approved by the United States food and drug administration
as a drug product.
24. "Noncompliance" means failure to follow the requirements of chapter 65-04. An
employer may be in noncompliance regardless of the employer's insured or uninsured
status with the organization.
25. "Organization" means workforce safety and insurance, or the director, or any
department head, assistant, or employee of workforce safety and insurance
designated by the director, to act within the course and scope of that person's
employment in administering the policies, powers, and duties of this title.
26. "Parent" includes a stepparent and a parent by adoption.
27. "Payroll report" means the mechanism created by the organization and used by
employers to report all employee payroll required by the organization.
28. "Permanent impairment" means the loss of or loss of use of a member of the body
existing after the date of maximum medical improvement and includes disfigurement
resulting from an injury.
29. "Permanent total disability" means disability that is the direct result of a compensable
injury that prevents an injured employee from performing any work and results from
any one of the following conditions:
a. Total and permanent loss of sight of both eyes;
b. Loss of both legs or loss of both feet at or above the ankle;
c. Loss of both arms or loss of both hands at or above the wrist;
d. Loss of any two of the members or faculties in subdivision a, b, or c;
e. Permanent and complete paralysis of both legs or both arms or of one leg and
one arm;
f. Third-degree burns that cover at least forty percent of the body and require
grafting;
g. A medically documented brain injury affecting cognitive and mental functioning
which renders an injured employee unable to provide self-care and requires
supervision or assistance with a majority of the activities of daily living; or
h. A compensable injury that results in a permanent partial impairment rating of the
whole body of at least twenty-five percent pursuant to section 65-05-12.2.
If the injured employee has not reached maximum medical improvement within one
hundred four weeks, the injured employee may receive a permanent partial
impairment rating if a rating will assist the organization in assessing the injured

employee's capabilities. Entitlement to a rating is solely within the discretion of the
organization.
30. "Rehabilitation services" means nonmedical services reasonably necessary to restore
a disabled employee to substantial gainful employment as defined by section
65-05.1-01 as near as possible. The term may include vocational evaluation,
counseling, education, workplace modification, vocational retraining including training
for alternative employment with the same employer, and job placement assistance.
31. "Seasonal employment" includes occupations that are not permanent or that do not
customarily operate throughout the entire year. Seasonal employment is determined
by what is customary with respect to the employer at the time of injury.
32. "Spouse" includes only the decedent's husband or wife who was living with the
decedent or was dependent upon the decedent for support at the time of injury.
33. "Subcontractor" means a person that agrees to perform all or part of the work for a
contractor or another subcontractor.
34. "Temporary total disability" means disability that results in the inability of an injured
employee to earn wages as a result of a compensable injury for which disability
benefits may not exceed a cumulative total of one hundred four weeks or the date the
injured employee reaches maximum medical improvement or maximum medical
recovery, whichever occurs first.
35. "Uninsured" means failure of an employer to secure mandatory coverage with the
organization or failure to pay premium, assessment, penalty, or interest, as calculated
by the organization, which is more than forty-five days past due. An uninsured
employer is subject to chapter 65-09.
36. "Utilization review" means the initial and continuing evaluation of appropriateness in
terms of both the level and the quality of health care and health services provided a
patient, based on medically accepted standards. The evaluation must be
accomplished by means of a system that identifies the utilization of medical services,
based on medically accepted standards, and which refers instances of possible
inappropriate utilization to the organization to obtain opinions and recommendations of
expert medical consultants to review individual cases for which administrative action
may be deemed necessary.
37. "Valid functional capacities examination" means:
a. The results of a physical examination consisting of a battery of standardized
assessments that offer reliable results in performance-based measures and
demonstrate the level and duration an injured employee may return to work.
b. The conclusions of medical experts, following observations of other activities the
medical expert determines similarly predictive, when the results of the physical
examination in subdivision a are not obtained or reliable.
38. a. "Wages" means:
(1) An injured employee's remuneration from all employment reportable to the
internal revenue service as earned income for federal income tax purposes.
(2) For members of the national guard who sustain a compensable injury while
on state active duty, "wages" includes income from federal employment and
may be included in determining the average weekly wage.
(3) For purposes of chapter 65-04 only, "wages" means all gross earnings of all
employees. The term includes all pretax deductions for amounts allocated
by the employee for deferred compensation, medical reimbursement,
retirement, or any similar program, but may not include dismissal or
severance pay.
b. The organization may consider postinjury wages for which coverage was not
required or otherwise secured in North Dakota for purposes of determining
appropriate vocational rehabilitation options or entitlement to disability benefits
under this title.