California § 422.56. 422.56. (Amended by Stats. 2021, Ch. 295, Sec. 1.)

California Statutes

§ 422.56. — 422.56. (Amended by Stats. 2021, Ch. 295, Sec. 1.)

California § 422.56.

JurisdictionCalifornia

Code PENPenal Code - PEN

Title11.6.

Part 1.TITLE 11.6. CIVIL RIGHTS

Ch. 1.CHAPTER 1. Definitions

This text of California § 422.56. (422.56. (Amended by Stats. 2021, Ch. 295, Sec. 1.)) is published on Counsel Stack Legal Research, covering California primary law. Counsel Stack provides free access to over 12 million legal documents including statutes, case law, regulations, and constitutions.

Bluebook

Cal. Penal Code - PEN Code § 422.56. (2026).

Text

For purposes of this title, the following definitions shall apply:

(a)“Association with a person or group with one or more of these actual or perceived characteristics” includes advocacy for, identification with, or being on the premises owned or rented by, or adjacent to, any of the following: a community center, educational facility, family, individual, office, meeting hall, place of worship, private institution, public agency, library, or other entity, group, or person that has, or is identified with people who have, one or more of the characteristics listed in the definition of “hate crime” under paragraphs (1) to (6), inclusive, of subdivision (a) of Section 422.55.

(b)“Disability” includes mental disability and physical disability, as defined in Section 12926 of the Government Code

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For purposes of this title, the following definitions shall apply:
(a)
“Association with a person or group with one or more of these actual or perceived characteristics” includes advocacy for, identification with, or being on the premises owned or rented by, or adjacent to, any of the following: a community center, educational facility, family, individual, office, meeting hall, place of worship, private institution, public agency, library, or other entity, group, or person that has, or is identified with people who have, one or more of the characteristics listed in the definition of “hate crime” under paragraphs (1) to (6), inclusive, of subdivision (a) of Section 422.55.
(b)
“Disability” includes mental disability and physical disability, as defined in Section 12926 of the Government Code, regardless of whether those disabilities are temporary, permanent, congenital, or acquired by heredity, accident, injury, advanced age, or illness. This definition is declaratory of existing law.
(c)
“Gender” means sex, and includes a person’s gender identity and gender expression. “Gender expression” means a person’s gender-related appearance and behavior regardless of whether it is stereotypically associated with the person’s assigned sex at birth.
(d)
“In whole or in part because of” means that the bias motivation must be a cause in fact of the offense, whether or not other causes also exist. When
multiple concurrent motives exist, the prohibited bias must be a substantial factor in bringing about the particular result. There is no requirement that the bias be a main factor, or that the crime would not have been committed but for the actual or perceived characteristic. This subdivision does not constitute a change in, but is declaratory of, existing law under In re M.S. (1995) 10 Cal.4th 698 and People v. Superior Court (Aishman) (1995) 10 Cal.4th 735.
(e)
“Nationality” means country of origin, immigration status, including citizenship, and
national origin. This definition is declaratory of existing law.
(f)
“Race or ethnicity” includes ancestry, color, and ethnic background.
(g)
“Religion” includes all aspects of religious belief, observance, and practice and includes agnosticism and atheism.
(h)
“Sexual orientation” means heterosexuality, homosexuality, or bisexuality.
(i)
“Victim” includes, but is not limited to, a community center, educational facility, entity, family, group, individual, office, meeting hall, person, place of worship, private institution, public agency, library, or other victim or intended victim of the offense.