Young v. County of Contra Costa

• Court: District Court, N.D. California
• Decided: February 28, 2021
• Docket: 5:20-cv-06848
• Status: Unknown

Opinion

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 8 NORTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 9

10 GABRIEL YOUNG, et al., Case No. 20-cv-06848-NC 11 Plaintiffs, ORDER GRANTING 12 UNOPPOSED MOTION FOR v. ATTORNEYS’ FEES AND 13 GRANTING JOINT MOTION COUNTY OF CONTRA COSTA, FOR FINAL APPROVAL OF 14 CONSENT DECREE Defendant. 15 Re: Dkt. Nos. 21, 33 16 17 Following the Court’s preliminary approval, notice to prospective class members, 18 and a fairness hearing, the Court now considers the parties’ joint motion for final approval 19 of the Consent Decree. Dkt. No. 33 (“Mot. For Final Approval”). The plaintiffs in this 20 action are a class of all people who are now, or in the future will be, detained in a Contra 21 Costa County jail. Dkt. No. 1 ¶ 40. The class members allege that conditions in the 22 County’s jails violate the Americans with Disabilities Act, and the Eighth and Fourteenth 23 Amendments of the United States Constitution. See id. ¶ 41, 46–65. The class members 24 seek injunctive relief to address their claims. Id. ¶ 9. The parties entered into a Consent 25 Decree which implements Remedial Plans addressing medical and mental health care 26 conditions and custodial practices in the jail. See Dkt. No. 7 (“Proposed Consent Decree”) 27 at 2. By agreement, the County of Contra Costa will develop and implement appropriate 1 before the Court is Plaintiff’s unopposed motion for attorneys’ fees and costs totaling 2 $396,543.00, and for the cost of monitoring future compliance in an amount not to exceed 3 $175,000.00 per calendar year. Dkt. No. 21 (“Mot. For Fees”). 4 The Court finds that the proposed Consent Decree is fair and reasonable. 5 Accordingly, the Court GRANTS the motion for final approval of the Consent Decree. 6 The Court also GRANTS the motion for attorneys’ fees and costs and awards the requested 7 amounts in full. 8 I. BACKGROUND 9 A. Factual and Procedural History 10 Defendant County of Contra Costa operates jail facilities, including the Martinez 11 Detention Facility, West County Detention Facility, and any new structures designed to 12 house adult inmates under the jurisdiction of the Contra Costa County Sheriff after the date 13 of the Consent Decree. Dkt. No. 1 ¶ 3; Proposed Consent Decree at 1 n.1. In 2016, the 14 Prison Law Office began a detailed investigation into the conditions in Contra Costa 15 County jails. See Dkt. No. 5-2 (“Specter Decl.”) ¶ 3. In August 2016, the Prison Law 16 Office sent the Contra Costa County Sheriff’s Office and County Counsel a demand letter 17 outlining the deficiencies it identified in the delivery of health care, accommodations for 18 people with disabilities, and the overuse of, and conditions of, administrative segregation. 19 Id. In March 2017, the parties entered into a structured negotiation agreement (“SNA”) as 20 an alternative to imminent litigation. See id., Ex. A. 21 In the SNA, the parties agreed to work toward a settlement to address the conditions 22 of confinement in the jails. Id., Ex. A. The parties further agreed that the County would 23 retain independent subject matter experts to assess medical care, mental health care, and 24 the classification system within the County’s jail system. Id., Ex. A. The parties asked the 25 experts to “identify deficiencies, if any, that they believe pose a substantial risk of serious 26 harm to inmates confined within the detention facilities,” and where applicable, to “make 27 recommendations for improvement.” Id. Ex. A at 2. The four experts, and the subject 1 M.D. (mental health care); Dr. Esmaeil Porsa, M.D. (medical care); Mr. Lindsay M. Hayes 2 (suicide prevention practices); Dr. James Austin, Ph.D. (jail classification system). See Id. 3 ¶ 5. 4 Using the experts’ reports and following a thorough and sustained arms-length 5 negotiation process, the parties developed Remedial Plans addressing the concerns raised 6 in the experts’ reports and implementing the experts’ recommendations. See Proposed 7 Consent Decree, Ex. A–B. The parties submitted the Proposed Consent Decree, which 8 incorporates the Remedial Plans, to the County Board of Supervisors, who unanimously 9 approved it on September 29, 2020. See Mot. For Final Approval at 3. 10 The parties filed the Consent Decree on October 1, 2020, concurrently with the 11 Joint Motion for Preliminary Approval of Consent Decree. See Dkt. No. 7. On October 12 21, 2020, the Court granted the parties’ joint motion seeking preliminary approval of the 13 Consent Decree, finding that “the proposed settlement is the product of arms-length, 14 serious, informed, and non-collusive negotiations between experienced and knowledgeable 15 counsel who have actively prosecuted and defended this litigation.” Dkt. No. 20. There, 16 this Court ordered Defendant to post a Class Notice in all housing units in the Jails and 17 make the proposed Consent Decree and Remedial Plans available on request. Id. at 2. The 18 Court held a hearing for final approval of the Consent Decree on February 24, 2021. See 19 Dkt. No. 36 (“Fairness Hearing (Feb. 24, 2021)”). 20 B. Consent Decree 21 The duration of this Consent Decree is five years from the date of this order, and it 22 will automatically terminate after the five-year period. See Proposed Consent Decree at 23 10. During the duration of the Consent Decree, Defendant waives the right to seek 24 termination of all or part of the Consent Decree pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 3626(a)(1)(A) and 25 (b)(1)(B). Id. 26 The detailed Remedial Plans focus primarily on the provision of medical care and 27 mental health care to detainees. Among other things, the Remedial Plans address the 1 adequate physical clinical space to support clinical operations and ensure patient privacy, 2 (2) drug/alcohol withdrawal and Medication Assisted Treatment programs, (3) quality 3 management/adverse event reviews, and (4) timeframes for intake, medical and mental 4 health screenings, medical care, and specialty care and medication. See Proposed Consent 5 Decree, Exs. A–B; see also Mot. For Final Approval at 4. 6 As set forth in the Consent Decree, the parties have agreed and jointly request that 7 Dr. Roberta Stellman (mental health care) serve as a Court Expert, pursuant to Federal 8 Rule of Evidence 706, to (a) monitor the County’s implementation of and compliance with 9 the Remedial Plans; (b) assist with dispute resolution matters; and (c) provide reports on 10 the County’s compliance or noncompliance with the Remedial Plans. See Proposed 11 Consent Decree at 3. The Consent Decree originally contemplated that Dr. Michael Rowe 12 would serve as the medical care Court Expert. Id. At the Fairness Hearing, however, the 13 parties indicated that he would no longer be suitable for purposes of this case. See 14 Fairness Hearing (Feb. 24, 2021). As such, the parties agreed to conduct a joint effort in 15 securing a new medical care Court Expert and will submit the name of an agreed-upon 16 expert by the status hearing on March 31, 2021. Id. Prison Law Office, as Plaintiffs’ 17 counsel, will also monitor compliance with the Consent Decree and Remedial Plans, as set 18 forth in the Consent Decree. See Proposed Consent Decree at 6–8. 19 In the event of a dispute, the parties have agreed on a dispute resolution process, 20 including involvement of the Court Experts and/or a mediator as appropriate. Id. at 9. The 21 Court will retain jurisdiction to enforce the terms of the Consent Decree and will have the 22 power to enforce the agreement through specific performance and all other remedies 23 available to the Court for the duration of the Consent Decree. Id. The Consent Decree 24 will not bar individual damage claims by class members. See Hiser v. Franklin, 94 F.3d 25 1287, 1291 (9th Cir. 1996) (“[T]he general rule is that a class action suit seeking only 26 declaratory and injunctive relief does not bar subsequent individual damage claims by 27 class members, even if based on the same events.”). 1 for attorneys’ fees and expenses incurred from the date that Plaintiffs’ counsel commenced 2 an investigation into conditions at the Contra Costa County jails, through final approval of 3 the Consent Decree including approval of the Remedial Plans. Id. at 12. The parties also 4 agree, as set forth in the Consent Decree, that Plaintiffs’ counsel will be compensated for 5 their reasonable time and expenses related to monitoring the Consent Decree and Remedial 6 Plans, which will be capped at $175,000.00 per calendar year for the first two years of 7 monitoring. Id. 8 C. Class Notice and Reaction to Consent Decree 9 On October 27 and 28, 2020, Defendant posted the Class Notice in both English and 10 Spanish on the bulletin boards in all housing areas of the Jails, as well as in the intake area. 11 See Dkt. No. 31 (“Bechler Decl.”) ¶¶ 3–4. On November 2, 2020, Defendant also 12 uploaded digital copies of the Consent Decree and Remedial Plans into the kiosk system, 13 which incarcerated people can access in their free time. Id. ¶ 5. As of January 21, 2021, 14 all notices remained posted in all housing units and available on the kiosks. Id. ¶ 13. The 15 Jails also provided inmates with postage and phone calls free of charge to communicate 16 with the Court and Plaintiffs’ counsel. Id. ¶¶ 8–11. As of February 10, 2021, only one 17 class member submitted a comment, and there are no objections. See Mot. For Final 18 Approval at 3. 19 D. Fairness Hearing 20 The Court held a fairness hearing on February 24, 2021. See Fairness Hearing (Feb. 21 24, 2021). There, the parties confirmed that the process of notifying class members went 22 according to the process described in the Consent Decree, that 512 inmates have received 23 single doses of the COVID19 vaccine and 211 inmates have received both doses, and that 24 the jail staff have either received vaccinations, or will receive continuing education about 25 the effectiveness of the COVID19 vaccine. See id. As discussed above, the Court 26 received one comment from a class member, but that comment did not object to the terms 27 of the Consent Decree. See id.; see also Dkt. No. 27. Neither party raised objections or 1 In response to the Court’s inquiries about medical expert Dr. Rowe, counsel 2 confirmed that Dr. Rowe is no longer suitable for the purposes of this case, and that 3 counsel on both sides are in the process of engaging a new medical expert to advise on the 4 remedial plans. See id. The parties also directed the Court to the provision in the Consent 5 Decree limiting Defendant’s ability to terminate all or part of the Consent Decree pursuant 6 to 18 U.S.C. § 3626(a)(1)(A) and (b)(1)(B). See Proposed Consent Decree at 10. Finally, 7 counsel on both sides confirmed that they conducted due diligence in their inspection of 8 the hourly billing, and because Defendant’s counsel is satisfied with the calculations, they 9 do not require a detailed breakdown from Plaintiffs’ counsel. See Fairness Hearing (Feb. 10 24, 2021). 11 E. Motion for Final Approval 12 The parties now move for final approval of the Consent Decree in an unopposed joint 13 motion. See Mot. For Final Approval. In conjunction with the final approval motion, and 14 as authorized by the terms of the Consent Decree, Plaintiffs also move to recover 15 attorneys’ fees, expenses, and costs of future compliance with the Consent Decree. See 16 Mot. For Fees. Both motions are unopposed. 17 II. DISCUSSION 18 As a threshold matter, this Court has subject matter jurisdiction over Plaintiffs’ 19 claims pursuant to 28 U.S.C. sections 1331, 1343 and 1367. All parties have consented to 20 magistrate judge jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 636(c). Dkt. Nos. 15, 16. The Court first 21 discusses the parties’ joint motion for final approval of the Consent Decree, then discusses 22 Plaintiffs’ motion for attorneys’ fees, expenses, and the costs of future compliance. 23 A. The Court Finally Approves the Consent Decree 24 The Consent Decree contemplates one class consisting of “[a]ll individuals who are 25 now, or in the future will be, detained in a Contra Costa County jail.” Dkt. No. 19 ¶ 4. 26 This Court certified the class on October 21, 2020, pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil 27 Procedure 23(b)(1). See id. The Consent Decree does not bar class members from 1 See Proposed Consent Decree, Ex. C. Because the County has waived the right to seek 2 termination of all or part of the Consent Decree pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 3626(a)(1)(A) and 3 (b) during the term of the Consent Decree, the Court makes no finding as to that section. 4 Any settlement agreement that will bind absent class members requires judicial 5 approval. Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(e). In deciding whether approval is appropriate, “the 6 universally applied standard is whether the settlement is fundamentally fair, adequate and 7 reasonable.” Officers for Justice v. Civil Serv. Comm’n of City & Cty. of San Francisco, 8 688 F.2d 615, 625 (9th Cir. 1982). The Ninth Circuit has instructed district courts to 9 consider and balance multiple factors when assessing whether a settlement is “fair, 10 adequate, and free from collusion” under Rule 23(e). Lane v. Facebook, Inc., 696 F.3d 11 811, 819 (9th Cir. 2012). To make this evaluation, courts in the Ninth Circuit look to the 12 eight Churchill factors:

13 (1) the strength of the plaintiffs’ case; (2) the risk, expense, complexity, and likely duration of further litigation; (3) the risk of maintaining class action 14 status throughout the trial; (4) the amount offered in settlement; (5) the extent of discovery completed and the stage of the proceedings; (6) the experience 15 and views of counsel; (7) the presence of a governmental participant; and (8) the reaction of the class members to the proposed settlement. 16 17 Churchill Vill., L.L.C. v. Gen. Elec., 361 F.3d 566, 575 (9th Cir. 2004); see In re Online 18 DVD-Rental Antitrust Litig., 779 F.3d 934, 944 (9th Cir. 2015). However, the “relative 19 degree of importance to be attached to any particular factor will depend upon and be 20 dictated by the nature of the claim(s) advanced, the type(s) of relief sought, and the unique 21 facts and circumstances presented by each individual case.” Officers for Justice, 688 F.2d 22 at 625. The determination of whether a proposed settlement is fair falls within the sound 23 discretion of the district court. See Class Plaintiffs v. City of Seattle, 955 F.2d 1268, 1276 24 (9th Cir. 1992). 25 Here, considering the Churchill factors, the Court is persuaded that the Consent 26 Decree merits approval and finds that the settlement is fair, reasonable, and adequate. The 27 Plaintiffs’ case is strong, as shown by the reports prepared by four joint subject matter 1 Nevertheless, Plaintiffs face substantial burdens in demonstrating a current and ongoing 2 violation of individuals’ constitutional rights on a system-wide basis. Proceeding through 3 pre-trial motions, trial, and possible appeal would impose risks, costs, and a substantial 4 delay in the implementation of any remedy in this matter. 5 Plaintiffs face little to no risk of maintaining class action status throughout the trial. 6 This Court approved Plaintiffs’ unopposed application for class certification on October 7 21, 2020, see Dkt. No. 19, and it is unlikely that Defendant would contest class 8 certification if the Court rejected the proposed Consent Decree, see Fed. R. Civ. P. 9 23(c)(1)(C) (allowing court to revisit certification before final judgment). 10 The parties engaged in more than three years of structured negotiations before the 11 filing of this case. See Specter Decl. ¶ 3; see also Mot. For Final Approval at 1. 12 Throughout, Plaintiffs’ counsel had access to the jails, jail staff, and incarcerated people in 13 those facilities. Id., Ex. A at 2. The considerable information-sharing and the reports 14 prepared by four joint subject matter experts provided the parties a comprehensive 15 understanding of the issues involved in this case. 16 Plaintiffs’ counsel has extensive experience in prisoners’ rights litigation and 17 complex class action litigation. Specter Decl. ¶ 2. Defendant is similarly represented by 18 experienced counsel who is knowledgeable in this type of litigation. See Dkt. No. 20 at 1. 19 Thus, the Court finds that the settlement here is in the best interest of all plaintiffs. 20 The reaction of class members to the Consent Decree further supports final 21 approval. Defendant complied with this Court’s order regarding the provision of notice to 22 the class. Dkt. Nos. 24, 31. The Consent Decree afforded class members an opportunity 23 to comment or object to the settlement. See Proposed Consent Decree. Only one class 24 member submitted a comment regarding his concerns with medical treatment and 25 conditions of confinement — which Plaintiffs’ counsel will address with monitoring — but 26 he did not object to the Consent Decree. Dkt. No. 27. Overall, this weighs in favor of 27 approval. 1 “fair, adequate, and reasonable” to warrant approval, see Officers for Justice, 688 F.2d at 2 625, and finds that “the proposed settlement is the product of arms-length, serious, 3 informed, and non-collusive negotiations,” see Dkt. No. 20 at 1. The Court therefore 4 approves the Consent Decree and GRANTS the joint motion for final approval. 5 B. The Motion for Attorneys’ Fees and Other Expenses is Granted in Full 6 In a separate motion, and as contemplated by the Consent Decree, Plaintiffs move 7 for attorneys’ fees, expenses, and cost of compliance awards. Specifically, Plaintiffs seek 8 $396,543.00 in attorneys’ fees, costs, and expenses, and $175,000.00 per calendar year for 9 the cost of compliance with the Consent Decree, for up to two years. Mot. for Fees at 2. 10 The Court finds that the figures for attorneys’ fees, litigation expenses, and compliance 11 costs are reasonable and awards those amounts in full. 12 1. Attorneys’ Fees and Costs 13 The Court finds that the total award of $396,543.00, including $1,308.00 in out-of- 14 pocket costs, is a reasonable fee award given the facts of this case. “In a certified class 15 action, the court may award reasonable attorney[s’] fees and nontaxable costs that are 16 authorized by law or by the parties’ agreement.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(h). The parties agreed 17 to an award of fees and costs totaling $396,543.00. The parties’ fee agreement does not 18 reduce any relief to be provided to the Class, and there is no evidence of collusion between 19 Plaintiffs’ counsel and Defendant. As such, the agreement as to attorneys’ fees “is 20 accorded great weigh.” Cox v. Clarus Mktg. Grp., LLC, 291 F.R.D. 473, 482 (S.D. Cal. 21 2013). 22 The Court’s task in evaluating a negotiated settlement is “simply to determine 23 whether the negotiated fee is facially fair and reasonable.” Hernandez v. Kovacevich, No. 24 04-cv-5515-OWW DLB, 2005 WL 2435906, at *8 (E.D. Cal. Sept. 30, 2005); see also 25 Officers for Justice, 688 F.2d at 625 (“[T]he court’s intrusion upon what is otherwise a 26 private consensual agreement negotiated between the parties . . . must be limited to the 27 extent necessary to reach a reasoned judgment that the agreement is not the product of 1 settlement, taken as a whole, is fair, reasonable and adequate to all concerned.”). 2 Courts use the lodestar method to calculate attorneys’ fees, by “multiplying the 3 number of hours reasonably expended on a case by a reasonable hourly rate,” Kelly v. 4 Wengler, 822 F.3d 1085, 1099 (9th Cir. 2016), and “[t]here is a strong presumption that the 5 lodestar figure is reasonable,” Oviatt v. Pearce, 954 F.2d 1470, 1482 (9th Cir. 1992); 6 Morales v. City of San Rafael, 96 F.3d 359, 363 n.8 (9th Cir. 1996) (same). To determine 7 the appropriate lodestar figure, courts evaluate the following factors:

8 (1) the time and labor required; (2) the novelty and difficulty of the questions; (3) the skill requisite to perform the legal service properly; (4) the preclusion 9 of other employment by the attorney due to acceptance of the case; (5) the customary fee; (6) whether the fee is fixed or contingent; (7) time limitations 10 imposed by the client or the circumstances; (8) the amount involved and the results obtained; (9) the experience, reputation and ability of the attorneys; 11 (10) the “undesirability” of the case; (11) the nature and length of the professional relationship with the client; and (12) awards in similar cases. 12 13 Graves v. Arpaio, 633 F. Supp. 2d 834, 842 (D. Ariz. 2009), aff’d, 623 F.3d 1043, (9th Cir. 14 2010) (quoting Kerr v. Screen Extras Guild, Inc., 526 F.2d 67, 70 (9th Cir. 1975) 15 abrogated on other grounds by City of Burlington v. Dague, 505 U.S. 557 (1992)). 16 In this case, Plaintiffs sought to address the jails’ classification system, suicide 17 prevention practices, and the quality of health care provided to people detained in 18 Defendant’s jails. The Consent Decree, the Remedial Plans, and the remedial actions that 19 Defendant has already instituted require Defendant to implement specific policies, 20 procedures, and practices to address these concerns. To achieve these results, Plaintiffs’ 21 counsel devoted more than four years to investigating this case; meeting, corresponding 22 with, and interviewing people in the jails; reviewing and analyzing records and policies; 23 and meeting and negotiating with Defendant to develop the Consent Decree and Remedial 24 Plans. 25 The Court further finds that the fee request is reasonable and necessary, and was 26 appropriately calculated pursuant to the lodestar method, in accord with controlling Ninth 27 Circuit authority. Kelly, 822 F.3d at 1099; Kerr, 526 F.2d at 70. As of September 4, 2020, 1 more hours in furtherance of the preliminary approval, notice process, and final approval. 2 See Dkt. No. 21-1 ¶ 3. The parties negotiated a blended billing rate of $550 per hour for 3 attorneys and $200 per hour for legal assistants and investigators, both of which are below 4 San Francisco Bay Area market rates charged by law firms to private clients. Id. The 5 $396,543.00 award reasonably reflects the time and labor required to litigate and resolve 6 this matter, the novelty and difficulty of the legal questions presented, and the required 7 skill to litigate the case. 8 Accordingly, the request for $396,543.00 in attorneys’ fees and expenses is 9 approved as fair, adequate, and reasonable, and Plaintiffs’ Unopposed Motion for 10 Attorneys’ Fees and Expenses is GRANTED. 11 2. Compliance Award 12 The parties agreed to compensate Plaintiffs’ counsel for reasonable time and 13 expenses relating to forthcoming monitoring of the Consent Decree and Remedial Plans. 14 See Proposed Consent Decree at 12. The Consent Decree states that “Plaintiffs’ counsel 15 shall submit a detailed invoice for their fees and expenses (including the date, amount of 16 time spent, and a general description of each task) at the end of every quarter and 17 Defendant shall pay the reasonable amount requested by Plaintiffs’ counsel within 45 18 calendar days of receipt of each invoice.” Id. at 12–13. Plaintiffs’ counsel’s fees and 19 expenses are capped at $175,000.00 per calendar year during the first two years of 20 monitoring, after which the parties must confer about any adjustment to the cap. Id. The 21 parties also agreed that Defendant will pay Plaintiffs’ counsel’s reasonable rates for any 22 litigation required to enforce or defend the Consent Decree or Remedial Plans, if Plaintiffs 23 are the prevailing party. Id. at 13. The Court finds that the agreed upon cost of 24 compliance, a maximum $175,000.00 per calendar year, is fair and reasonable. 25 III. CONCLUSION 26 For the reasons stated above, the Court GRANTS the Joint Motion for Final 27 Approval of the Consent Decree, save for the single outstanding term regarding an agreed- 1 || APPROVES and ADOPTS the Consent Decree as the Order of the Court, orders the 2 || parties to comply with all its terms, orders Defendant to implement the Remedial Plans, 3 || and appoints Dr. Roberta Stellman as a Court Expert, pursuant to Federal Rule of Evidence 4 || 706. 5 The Court further orders the parties to submit a status report on March 24, 2021, 6 || and attend a status hearing on March 31, 2021, where they must (1) submit the name of an 7 || agreed-upon expert in medical care to serve as a Court Expert, and (2) provide any other 8 || updates that might assist the Court in overseeing the fair and just administration of the 9 || settlement. 10 The Court GRANTS Plaintiffs’ unopposed motion for attorneys’ fees and other 11 || expenses. The Court awards $396,543.00 in attorneys’ fees and out-of-pocket litigation 12 || expenses. Defendant is ordered to pay Plaintiffs’ counsel $396,543.00 within 60 days of 13 || this Order. Defendants are further ordered to pay Plaintiffs’ counsel reasonable attorneys’ C 14 || fees and expenses up to $175,000.00 per calendar year for monitoring the terms of the 3 15 |} Consent Decree and Remedial Plans for the first two years of the Consent Decree’s 16 |} duration (2021 and 2022). After the first two years of the Consent Decree, the parties must 5 17 || confer about any adjustment to that amount. Plaintiffs’ counsel must submit a detailed 5 18 || invoice of their fees and expenses (including the date, amount of time spent, and a general 19 || description of each task) at the end of every quarter, and Defendant must pay the 20 || reasonable amount requested by Plaintiffs’ counsel within 45 calendar days of receipt of 21 || each invoice. 22 This Order is a final judgment and the Clerk is requested to administratively close 23 || this case. This Court will retain jurisdiction of the matter through the conclusion of the 24 || five-year Consent Decree and will have the power to enforce the Consent Decree, as 25 || discussed above. 26 IT IS SO ORDERED. 27 Dated: February 28, 2021 h-_———— _ NATHANAEL M. COUSINS 28 United States Magistrate Judge