[Cite as Woods v. Bur. of Workers' Comp., 2016-Ohio-237.]
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT MONTGOMERY COUNTY
WILLARD K. WOODS, JR. : : Plaintiff-Appellee : Appellate Case No. 26561 : v. : Trial Court Case No. 2013-CV-3514 : BUREAU OF WORKERS’ : (Civil Appeal from COMPENSATION, et al. : Common Pleas Court) : Defendants-Appellants :
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OPINION
Rendered on the 22nd day of January, 2016.
GARY D. PLUNKETT, Atty. Reg. No. 0046805, BRETT BISSONNETTE, Atty. Reg. No. 0076527, 3033 Kettering Boulevard, Suite 201, Dayton, Ohio 45439 Attorneys for Plaintiff-Appellee
SHAUN OMEN, Atty. Reg. No. 0083411, 150 East Gay Street, 22nd Floor, Columbus, Ohio 43215 Attorney for Defendant-Appellant-Administrator, Ohio Bureau of Workers’ Compensation
SHAWN W. MAESTLE, Atty. Reg. No. 0063779, DEIRDRE G. HENRY, Atty. Reg. No. 0017483, 1301 East Ninth Street Suite 1900, Cleveland, Ohio 44114 Attorneys for Defendant-Appellant-Dayton-Phoenix Group, Inc.
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WELBAUM, J.
{¶ 1} In this case, Defendant-Appellants, Stephen Buehrer, Administrator, Bureau
of Workers’ Compensation (“Bureau”) and Dayton-Phoenix Group, Inc. (“Phoenix”)
appeal from a judgment in favor of Plaintiff-Appellee, Willard Woods. In support of their
appeals, the Bureau and Phoenix submit a total of seven assignments of error.
{¶ 2} These assignments of error challenge the court’s admission of certain
medical evidence, a jury instruction on pre-existing conditions, and whether the judgment
that Woods’ workplace injury substantially aggravated a preexisting condition was based
on sufficient evidence or was against the manifest weight of the evidence.
{¶ 3} We conclude that the judgment of the trial court was supported by sufficient
evidence and was not against the manifest weight of the evidence. Furthermore, even
though the trial court erred in admitting hearsay evidence, the error was not prejudicial.
The trial court did not err in instructing the jury. Accordingly, the judgment of the trial
court will be affirmed.
I. Facts and Course of Proceedings
{¶ 4} On June 18, 2012, Willard Woods was employed as a welder by Phoenix,
which manufactures locomotive parts. During the course of a typical day, Woods welded
multiple parts together to construct fan frames. While doing so, Woods wore a welding
helmet, which was constructed so that it could stay up when Woods was not welding, and
could fall into place to shield his face and eyes through a flick of his head. Sometimes
Woods used his hands to lower the helmet, but when his hands were not free, he “flicked”
his head to lower the helmet. This was more like a heavy nod, and Woods had done this -3-
action about 100 times per day, or about 1,000 times per week, for the seven years he
worked at Phoenix. He had also worked at another location as a welder prior to working
for Phoenix.
{¶ 5} On June 18, 2012, Woods flicked his helmet down and felt some pain in his
neck. He had never had any neck pain prior to that time, and had never consulted a
physician for neck problems. The pain was not so severe that he had to stop working,
and felt like when he had bumped a shin or elbow and had to deal with the pain until it
went away. After a few minutes, Woods resumed work. He did not seek medical
treatment at that time, nor did he report the accident to his employer.
{¶ 6} That night, Woods was awakened because his left arm went numb. This
had never happened before. Two of his fingers tingled, and he had pain from the left
side of his neck all the way down his arm to his fingers. Woods went to work the next
day, but the pain in his neck and arm did not go away. He continued to have difficulty
sleeping on his left side, and consulted Dr. Black, whom he had seen previously for a
lower back issue. He treated with Dr. Black for six or seven months, after which the
numbness and pain in his left arm had subsided. However, Woods continued to have
problems with his neck. He still experienced pain when turning his neck and had aching
pain.
{¶ 7} Dr. Black sent Woods for an MRI, and also referred him to Dr. West, who
was a neurosurgeon. Dr. West saw Woods in March 2013, and conducted a physical
examination. Dr. West also reviewed MRI films of Woods’ cervical spine. The films
indicated to West that Woods had two herniated discs at the C5-6 and C6-7 levels and
some degeneration of those discs. According to Dr. West, these discs are at the lowest -4-
part of the neck and are the discs most susceptible to a flexion type of injury.
{¶ 8} Because the herniated discs were not bothering Woods much at the time of
the examination, Dr. West concluded that Woods did not need surgery and should
continue conservative care with Dr. Black. Dr. West stated that the problem would not
get better by itself.
{¶ 9} The Bureau originally approved Woods’ claim for a neck sprain, but rejected
his claim for substantial aggravation of a preexisting condition – disc protrusion and disc
herniation at the C5-6 and C6-7 levels. After exhausting appeals at the Bureau, Woods
appealed to the common pleas court in June 2013. A jury trial was held in September
2014, after which the jury rejected Woods’ claim for disc herniation at C5-6 and C6-7.
However, the jury also found that Woods was entitled to participate in the workers’
compensation system for the condition of substantial aggravation of C5-6 and C6-7 disc
herniation. The trial court entered judgment on the verdicts, and also subsequently
overruled motions for judgment notwithstanding the verdict (“JNOV”) filed by the Bureau
and Phoenix.
{¶ 10} The Bureau and Phoenix appealed from the judgment of the trial court. We
briefly remanded the case so that the trial court could clarify whether it intended to make
a September 15, 2014 email to the parties part of the record. On remand, the trial court
concluded that the email should be part of the record, and the record was supplemented
accordingly. The case was returned to the court of appeals and is now ready for
consideration.
II. Substantial Aggravation Verdict
{¶ 11} Phoenix’s First and Fourth Assignments of Error are similar, and will be -5-
considered together. These assignments of error state that:
The Trial Court Erred When It Denied Phoenix’s Motion for a Directed
Verdict on Woods’ Aggravation of a Pre-Existing Condition Claim Since No
Competent Evidence Was Presented Establishing that There Was a Pre-
Existing Herniation.
The Jury’s Verdict Is Not Supported by Legally Sufficient Evidence,
and, Therefore, the Trial Court Erred in Failing to Issue a Judgment
Notwithstanding the Verdict.
{¶ 12} These assignments of error are also similar to the Bureau’s First and
Second Assignments of Error, which state, respectively, that:
The Trial Court Erred in Denying the Defendant-Appellant’s Motion
for a Directed Verdict on the Issue of Substantial Aggravation of Preexisting
Disc Herniation at C5-6 and 7.
The Trial Court Erred in Denying the Defendant-Appellant’s Motion
for Judgment Notwithstanding the Verdict.
{¶ 13} Under these assignments of error, the Bureau and Phoenix contend that the
trial court should have granted their motions for directed verdict and for JNOV because
Woods failed to present evidence that he suffered from a pre-existing disc herniation or
that any pre-existing herniation was substantially aggravated by his 2012 workplace
accident. In contrast, Woods maintains that pre-existing disc degeneration combined
with a later traumatic injury is legally sufficient to allow recovery for the resulting disc
herniation.
{¶ 14} “The standard for granting a motion for j.n.o.v. is the same as that necessary -6-
to sustain a motion for a directed verdict.” (Citation omitted.) Nickell v. Gonzalez, 17
Ohio St.3d 136, 137, 477 N.E.2d 1145 (1985). In either situation, “[t]he evidence
adduced at trial and the facts established by admissions in the pleadings and in the record
must be construed most strongly in favor of the party against whom the motion is made,
and, where there is substantial evidence to support his side of the case, upon which
reasonable minds may reach different conclusions, the motion must be denied. Neither
the weight of the evidence nor the credibility of the witnesses is for the court's
determination in ruling upon either of the above motions.” (Citations omitted.) Posin v.
A. B. C. Motor Court Hotel, Inc., 45 Ohio St.2d 271, 275, 344 N.E.2d 334 (1976).
{¶ 15} “ ‘In order to establish a right to workmen's compensation for harm or
disability claimed to have resulted from an accidental injury, it is necessary for the
claimant to show by a preponderance of the evidence, medical or otherwise, not only that
his injury arose out of and in the course of his employment but that a direct and proximate
causal relationship existed between his injury and his harm or disability.’ ” Cook v.
Mayfield, 45 Ohio St.3d 200, 204, 543 N.E.2d 787 (1989), quoting Fox v. Indus. Comm.,
162 Ohio St. 569, 125 N.E.2d 1 (1955), paragraph one of the syllabus.
{¶ 16} Under R.C. 4123.01(C), an injury for purposes of workers’ compensation
“includes any injury, whether caused by external accidental means or accidental in
character and result, received in the course of, and arising out of, the injured employee's
employment.” Under 4123.01(C)(4), “injury” does not include “[a] condition that pre-
existed an injury unless that pre-existing condition is substantially aggravated by the
injury.” R.C. 4123.01(C)(4) further provides that:
Such a substantial aggravation must be documented by objective -7-
diagnostic findings, objective clinical findings, or objective test results.
Subjective complaints may be evidence of such a substantial aggravation.
However, subjective complaints without objective diagnostic findings,
objective clinical findings, or objective test results are insufficient to
substantiate a substantial aggravation.
{¶ 17} Subdivision (C)(4) was added to R.C. 4123.01 in 2006. Prior to that time,
the Supreme Court of Ohio had held that claimants were not required to prove that an
aggravation was substantial in order to recover. See Pflanz v. Pilkington LOF, 1st Dist.
Hamilton No. C-100574, 2011-Ohio-2670, ¶ 13, citing Schell v. Globe Trucking, Inc., 48
Ohio St.3d 1, 548 N.E.2d 920 (1990). In Pflanz, the court concluded that as a result of
the amendment, “to be compensable, the aggravation of a preexisting condition must be
substantial both in the sense of being considerable and in the sense of being firmly
established through the presentation of objective evidence.” Id. at ¶ 18. However, the
fact that the trier of fact finds one expert’s testimony more compelling than that of a
contradictory expert does not mean that the evidence does not support a finding of
substantial aggravation. Id. at ¶ 22 (concluding that the trial court did not err in finding
substantial aggravation; the court simply found one doctor’s testimony more compelling).
{¶ 18} In this case, when the trial court rejected the motions for JNOV, it relied on
Plaster v. Elbeco, Inc., 3d Dist. Crawford No. 3-07-06, 2007-Ohio-5623, which the court
found to have involved “remarkably similar” issues. Decision, Order and Entry
Overruling Motions for Judgment Notwithstanding the Verdict, Doc. #95, p. 3. In Plaster,
the court of appeals affirmed the verdict of a jury, which found that the plaintiff was entitled
to recover for an additional condition of a herniated disc at C6-7. Id. at ¶ 3. -8-
{¶ 19} The court of appeals concluded in Plaster that an instruction on aggravation
of a pre-existing condition was supported by the evidence. Id. at ¶ 7 and 18-21. In this
regard, the court noted the following evidence:
Plaster contends that Dr. Gordon Kaplan gave an opinion on aggravation.
Specifically, Plaster argues that Dr. Kaplan indicated that Plaster suffered
the pre-existing condition of degenerative disc disease. On cross-
examination, Dr. Kaplan opined it is possible that a repetitive trauma could
aggravate a pre-existing condition, such as degenerative disc disease.
Plaster also relies on the expert testimony of Dr. Chopko, who opined that
Plaster had a history of degenerative disc disease, which was exacerbated
by the work Plaster performed at Elbeco. Furthermore, Plaster contends
that both doctors cited various causes of a herniated disc, such as natural
aging, degeneration, trauma, and repetitive trauma. Plaster contends that
this evidence supports the court's instruction on dual causation.
Id. at ¶ 7.
{¶ 20} After reviewing the evidence, the court of appeals agreed with the plaintiff
that the evidence supported an instruction on aggravation, which included testimony from
plaintiff’s expert that “a herniated disk may be caused by degenerative disease and
trauma, including repetitive trauma.” Id. at ¶ 18. The court also stressed that the
aggravation claim was not precluded by authority prohibiting claimants from recovering
on “new conditions” that were not presented at the administrative level. Id. at ¶ 14-15,
discussing Ward v. Kroger, 106 Ohio St.3d 35, 2005-Ohio-3560, 830 N.E.2d 1155, and
Davidson v. Bur. Of Workers' Compensation, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 21731, 2007- -9-
Ohio-792.
{¶ 21} In this regard, the court of appeals observed that the plaintiff was not
advancing a new condition. Specifically, the court said that:
In this case, the condition claimed was not aggravation of degenerative disc
disease. The only claimed condition was a herniated disc, which both
experts agreed was the diagnosis. How that disc became herniated was
the issue, specifically, whether the disc was herniated in the course of
Plaster's employment. Whether the disc herniated as a direct and
proximate cause of her work, or whether the disc herniated because her
work aggravated the pre-existing condition of degenerative disc disease,
the resulting condition is the same, and that sole resulting condition is the
basis of Plaster's claim.
Plaster, 3d Dist. Crawford No. 3-07-06, 2007-Ohio-5623, at ¶ 15.
{¶ 22} Similarly, in the case before us, the herniated disc is the resulting condition
which forms the basis of Woods’ claim, and the cause—whether it directly resulted from
the trauma or substantially aggravated a pre-existing condition—is the issue. The
Bureau and Phoenix, therefore, are applying an incorrect analysis when they insist that
Woods cannot recover because his disc herniation did not exist before the accident. This
is not a requirement. As is evident from the case law and the testimony at trial, the
resulting condition is the disc herniation, and it can be caused by substantial aggravation
of a pre-existing condition of degenerative disc disease.
{¶ 23} Phoenix contends that Plaster, as well as other cases cited by Woods, have
no merit because they were decided before R.C. 4123.01(C)(4) was amended in 2006 -10-
and “dramatically changed evidentiary requirements for substantial aggravation theory
injuries.” Phoenix Reply Brief, p. 4. The Bureau also asserts that the standard in
Plaster is obsolete. While the amendment did add a requirement that pre-existing
conditions must be substantially aggravated by an injury and that substantial aggravation
must be documented by objective diagnostic findings, this does not mean that Plaster is
obsolete. See R.C. 4123.01(C)(4), as amended by Am.Sub.S.B. 7, 2006 Ohio Laws File
87.
{¶ 24} In a decision occurring well after the 2006 amendments, the Supreme Court
of Ohio cited Plaster, among other cases, in a manner indicating that the court agreed
with the decision. See Starkey v. Builders FirstSource Ohio Valley, L.L.C., 130 Ohio
St.3d 114, 2011-Ohio-3278, 956 N.E.2d 267.
{¶ 25} When Plaster was decided, the Supreme Court of Ohio had not yet
answered a question left open in Ward, i.e., “ ‘whether a claim for a certain condition by
way of direct causation must necessarily include a claim for aggravation of that condition
for purposes of either R.C. 4123.512 or res judicata.’ ” Starkey at ¶ 1, quoting Ward, 106
Ohio St.3d 35, 2005-Ohio-3560, 830 N.E.2d 1155, at ¶ 15, fn. 1. After analyzing the
pertinent matters, including the fact that hearing officers at the administrative level are not
limited to the type of causation that claimants may argue, the Supreme Court of Ohio held
that:
In applying the statutory requirements, we remain mindful that the
workers' compensation statutes should be liberally construed in favor of
employees. R.C. 4123.95. The ultimate question in a workers'
compensation appeal is the claimant's right to participate in the fund for an -11-
injury received in the course of, and arising out of, the claimant's
employment. As long as the injury has a causal connection—whether
direct or aggravated—to the claimant's employment, the claimant is entitled
to benefits.
We therefore agree with the courts that have held that a claimant is
not required to advance a specific theory of causation at the administrative
level if he or she wishes to use that theory in the trial court, because R.C.
4123.512 allows for introduction of new evidence, provided that it relates to
the same medical condition or injury. McManus v. Eaton Corp. (May 16,
1988), 5th Dist. No. CA-7346, 1988 WL 48598 (aggravation of a previously
ruptured disc is not a different injury from a ruptured disc); Plaster v. Elbeco,
Inc., 3d Dist. No. 3-07-06, 2007-Ohio-5623, 2007 WL 3052773 (causation
of disc herniation was not a new condition); Bright v. E. & C. Lyons (Sept.
30, 1993), 11th Dist. No. 93-G-1753, 1993 WL 407361 (the evidence is
admissible when new theory of recovery is offered to advance new theory
of causation, not new injury); Torres v. Gen. Motors Corp., C.P.C. Group
(Nov. 21, 1991), 8th Dist. No. 59122, 1991 WL 243632 (consideration of
aggravation was proper when a single disc injury was claimed); Robinson
v. AT & T Network Sys., 10th Dist. No. 02AP-807, 2003-Ohio-1513, 2003
WL 1563856, ¶ 16 (“advancing a new theory of causation is not tantamount
to trying to prove a new injury”).
Starkey at ¶ 17-18.
{¶ 26} While the Supreme Court of Ohio did not directly address the result in -12-
Plaster, it is unlikely the court would have cited the case if it felt it no longer had merit
after the 2006 amendment. In addition, the court clearly approved of the analysis used
in Plaster, i.e., that “the decision for the common pleas court is the claimant's right to
participate in the fund for a specific injury, not for a specific type of causation.”
(Emphasis sic.) Id. at ¶ 19. This is significant, because it indicates, contrary to the
position of the Bureau and Phoenix, that the herniation did not have to exist prior to the
injury; instead, the type of causation (the degenerative disc, which, in combination with
the industrial trauma, resulted in the herniation), must have existed.
{¶ 27} The Bureau also attempts to distinguish Plaster because it allegedly
focused on “repetitive trauma” combined with degenerative disc disease, whereas the
case before us involves only one alleged incident of trauma. It is true that Plaster
involved repetitive lifting of 50-plus pound bales. Plaster, 3d Dist. Crawford No. 3-07-06,
2007-Ohio-5623, at ¶ 18. However, the doctor’s testimony in Plaster was that “a
herniated disk may be caused by degenerative disease and trauma, including repetitive
trauma.” (Emphasis added.) Id. The doctor did not rule out other kinds of trauma, and
Dr. West’s testimony clearly indicated that disc herniation can be caused by even minor
trauma. We also note that Woods had performed the action of flipping his helmet cover
about 1,000 times per week for the seven years that he worked at Phoenix.
{¶ 28} After reviewing the evidence in the case before us, we agree with the trial
court that the situation is similar to Plaster, even though there are some points of
distinction, like the fact that Woods did raise aggravation at the administrative level (which
is not relevant for purposes of our analysis). We also note that the Bureau and Phoenix
have focused on certain statements in Dr. West’s testimony, but have ignored parts of his -13-
testimony that support a finding of substantial aggravation of a pre-existing condition.
{¶ 29} Specifically, Dr. West testified that discs are cushion pads between the
bones in the neck, which allow people to bend and move their necks. Dr. West compared
discs to sponges, and stated that disc degeneration is a drying out of the disc, which, like
a sponge, loses water as it degenerates. Deposition of Dr. West, Doc. #32, pp. 10 and
24. According to Dr. West, Woods had pre-existing disc degeneration, which takes years
to develop. Id. at pp. 19, 23-24 and 27-28. The MRI films, which Dr. West reviewed,
showed both disc herniation in Woods’ neck at the C5-6 and C6-7 levels and degeneration
of those discs. Id. at p. 19. Dr. West described the degeneration as mild to moderate.
Id. at 24.
{¶ 30} A disc herniation, which Dr. West stated is the same as a disc protrusion,
occurs where some material becomes dislodged or herniated from its normal position and
pinches exiting nerves. Id. at pp. 10 and 23. Typically, some type of trauma causes a
disc to herniate. Often, a large amount of trauma is not required. In this regard, Dr.
West stated that:
Sometimes if the, if the disc is a little bit compromised or weakened,
it could take a, a more trivial trauma. I’ve had people cough or sneeze or
just roll over in bed, when you roll over, you put pressure down on your
head. And you’d be amazed at how many people just rolling over in bed,
putting pressure on their head to, to roll over will develop a disc herniation
from something that trivial.
Id. at p. 11.
{¶ 31} Dr. West also indicated that a quick jerk of the neck downward could -14-
herniate a disc. Id. at p. 12. With respect to his opinion about Woods’ injury, Dr. West
stated to a reasonable degree of medical certainty that:
I feel that he had some underlying degeneration of those discs, but that it
was his work injury when he forcefully hyperflexed his neck that caused the
disc herniations, or substantially aggravated his preexisting condition.
Deposition of Dr. West, Doc. #32, pp. 26-27.
{¶ 32} In addition, Dr. West stated that “[t]he preexisting condition that was
substantially aggravated” was “the degeneration or drying out of the discs that we talked
about. I feel he did have some preexisting drying out of his discs, because they usually
take years to develop. And with his age and line of work, I’m, I’m sure he had some. But
I don’t believe that he had a herniation until his work injury, because that’s what causes
radicular pain. That’s what caused the pain to go down his arm. So, I feel that’s what
caused the herniation.” Id. at p. 27.
{¶ 33} Dr. West went on to state that Woods had degenerative disc disease before
his accident. In this regard, Dr. West said that:
Right. I feel he had that [degenerative disc disease] before the
accident.
***
Well, because degeneration takes years to develop. It’s a, it’s a, like
we mentioned before, it can be an aging process or a, a result of years of
physical work, the kind of work he did. That’s just a gradual problem where
the discs just lose some of their moisture. Typically those patients don’t
have any arm pain. So, I feel that he had that prior to the work injury. -15-
The preexisting condition is the drying out or the degeneration of his
discs. I feel that they were there probably for a number of years. He may
have had some mild chronic neck pain from that condition. But then some
traumatic event, in this case the forceful hyperflexion to drop his welder
shield, I feel caused an aggravation or caused that condition to get worse,
meaning it caused those weakened discs to now herniate out. That is a
substantial aggravation.
Deposition of Dr. West, Doc. #32, pp. 27-28.
{¶ 34} Accordingly, under relevant authority, Woods presented substantial
evidence to support his side of the case, upon which reasonable minds could reach
different conclusions, and the trial court did not err in denying the motions for directed
verdict or for JNOV. Posin v. A. B. C. Motor Court Hotel, Inc., 45 Ohio St.2d at 275, 344
N.E.2d 334. It is true that the Bureau and Phoenix presented evidence from Dr. Wunder,
who stated that the industrial accident did not cause the disc herniation. In fact, Dr.
Wunder denied that a disc herniation existed. However, this simply means that
reasonable minds could reach differing conclusions on the evidence. As was noted
earlier, the trier of fact was not required to believe Dr. Wunder.
{¶ 35} After the amendment to R.C. 4123.01(C)(4), we noted that “[a]lthough
subjective complaints are insufficient, standing alone, to establish a substantial
aggravation, they may be coupled with objective diagnostic findings, objective clinical
findings, or objective test results to satisfy the standard.” (Citation omitted.) Harrison
v. Panera, L.L.C., 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 25626, 2013-Ohio-5338, ¶ 23, citing Brate v. -16-
Rolls–Royce Energy Sys., Inc., 5th Dist. Knox No. 12CA000001, 2012-Ohio-4577, at
¶ 16. We also stressed that “[b]y necessity, the wording of the statute requires an
analysis of the expert testimony presented in each case.” (Citation omitted.) Id. at ¶ 24,
citing Brate at ¶ 24.
{¶ 36} In this case, Dr. West indicated that an objective test, the MRI, is the primary
imaging study that experts prefer for diagnosis. Deposition of Dr. West, Doc. #32, pp.
13-14. Dr. Wunder, the defense expert, also characterized the MRI as “the gold
standard” for diagnosing disc degeneration, protrusion, and herniation. Deposition of Dr.
Wunder, Doc. #53, p. 13.
{¶ 37} As was noted earlier, Dr. West indicated that the MRI showed both disc
herniation and disc degeneration in the cervical spine, the latter of which takes years to
develop. Deposition of Dr. West at pp. 19, 23, 25, and 27-28. Brate at ¶ 25 and 31-32
(affirming denial of directed verdict based on treating doctor’s testimony that bone spurs
shown on post-injury MRI “took years to develop and were there before the January 2010
injury”; therefore, the claimant suffered from pre-existing degenerative cervical disc
disease that was substantially aggravated by the injury).
{¶ 38} The Bureau and Phoenix rely on Strickler v. Columbus, 10th Dist. Franklin
No. 13AP-464, 2014-Ohio-1380, which denied recovery for aggravation. In that case,
the court of appeals stressed the lack of an explanation such as that found in Brate. Id.
at ¶ 13. As a result, the Tenth District Court of Appeals affirmed the decision of the trial
court, which found that the claimant failed to prove her case by a preponderance of the
evidence. Id. at ¶ 15-16. In contrast to Strickler, the expert in the case before us
included an explanation like the one in Brate. -17-
{¶ 39} In light of the preceding discussion, the trial court did not err in denying the
motions for directed verdict and for JNOV. Accordingly, Phoenix’s First and Fourth
Assignments of Error, and the Bureau’s First and Second Assignments of Error, are
overruled.
III. Alleged Error in Admitting Medical Reports Into Evidence
{¶ 40} Phoenix’s Second Assignment of Error states that:
The Trial Court Erred When It Admitted into Evidence Dr. Derek
Blacks’ Medical Reports Since They Contained Impermissible Hearsay on
the Ultimate Issue and No Exceptions Applied.
{¶ 41} Under this assignment of error, Phoenix contends that the trial court erred
in admitting certain medical records of Dr. Black, Wood’s treating physician, into
evidence. The records in question are letters of December 18, 2012, February 19, 2013,
and October 3, 2013, from Dr. Black to Woods’ attorney. In these letters, Dr. Black states
that Woods sustained substantial aggravation at the C5-6 and C6-7 discs. The trial court
admitted the letters, over objection, because they were part of the medical records that
Dr. Wunder reviewed when performing his medical evaluation of Woods.
{¶ 42} “A trial court has broad discretion in determining whether to admit or exclude
evidence. Absent an abuse of discretion that materially prejudices a party, the trial
court's decision will stand.” Krischbaum v. Dillon, 58 Ohio St.3d 58, 66, 567 N.E.2d 1291
(1991).
{¶ 43} The information in the letters was hearsay, because Dr. Black did not testify
at trial. Evid.R. 801(C). However, Evid.R. 803(6) provides an exception to the hearsay -18-
rule for business records like medical records. The Tenth District Court of Appeals has
held that “[t]o qualify for admission under the business-records exception, a medical
record containing a physician's diagnosis must meet certain conditions, as outlined” in
Hytha v. Schwendeman, 40 Ohio App.2d 478, 320 N.E.2d 312 (10th Dist. 1974).
Jefferson v. CareWorks of Ohio, Ltd., 193 Ohio App.3d 615, 2011-Ohio-1940, 953 N.E.2d
353, ¶ 10 (10th Dist.). Our own district has previously applied the criteria outlined in
Hytha. See Ruth v. Moncrief, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 18479, 2001 WL 1346086, *3-4
(Nov. 2, 2001).
{¶ 44} The criteria in Hytha include the following items:
“(1) The record must have been a systematic entry kept in the
records of the hospital or physician and made in the regular course of
business;
(2) The diagnosis must have been the result of well-known and
accepted objective testing and examining practices and procedures which
are not of such a technical nature as to require cross-examination;
(3) The diagnosis must not have rested solely upon the subjective
complaints of the patient;
(4) The diagnosis must have been made by a qualified person;
(5) The evidence sought to be introduced must be competent and
relevant;
(6) If the use of the record is for the purpose of proving the truth of
matter asserted at trial, it must be the product of the party seeking its
admission; -19-
(7) It must be properly authenticated.”
Jefferson at ¶ 10, quoting Hytha at syllabus, which in turn relies on R.C. 2317.40.
{¶ 45} Although the records of Dr. Black were not specifically authenticated, the
defense agreed that Dr. Black’s medical file, which included the letters, had been provided
to Dr. Wunder, and there appears to have been no dispute about the authenticity of the
records, the fact that Dr. Black was competent to make diagnoses, or most of the
remaining factors in the Hytha test.
{¶ 46} In Jefferson, the Tenth District Court of Appeals mentioned an additional
reason why a letter from a doctor to counsel would not be admissible. In this regard, the
court stated that:
Further, it is unlikely that the letter from the physician to appellant's
counsel included as part of the medical-records exhibit would qualify under
the business-records exception. This does not appear to be the type of
document that would be prepared as part of a physician's regular practice
in assessing and treating patients. The fact that the physician's office sent
the letter to appellant's counsel while appellant's claim was pending before
the Industrial Commission further suggests that it was probably not
prepared in the regular course of business. See Johnson v. Cassens
Transport Co., 158 Ohio App.3d 193, 2004-Ohio-4011, 814 N.E.2d 545,
¶ 19 (when a physician's letters to a claimant's attorney were prepared while
litigation was pending, “it was not unreasonable for the trial court to
conclude that the circumstances of their preparation indicated a lack of
trustworthiness,” and the trial court did not abuse its discretion in excluding -20-
the letters). Thus, this portion of the medical-records exhibit would fail to
qualify under the business-records exception even if appellant had provided
a proper foundation at trial.
Jefferson, 193 Ohio App.3d 615, 2011-Ohio-1940, 953 N.E.2d 353, at ¶ 13.
{¶ 47} The Eighth District has employed a somewhat different analysis. In Smith
v. Dillard's Dept. Stores, Inc., 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 75787, 2000 WL 1867272 (Dec.
14, 2000), the court of appeals discussed the common law and a statute (R.C. 2317.40)
that existed prior to the adoption of Evid.R. 803(6) in 1980. Smith was a worker’s
compensation case in which the claimant’s expert testified about opinions of other doctors
who had concluded that the claimant suffered from dystonia. Id. at *3. After a jury
verdict in favor of the claimant, the employer appealed, contending that the trial court had
committed prejudicial error in allowing the doctor to include hearsay opinions of other
doctors in his testimony. Id. The Eighth District Court of Appeals found that no error
had been committed.
{¶ 48} In considering this issue, the court of appeals first discussed the state of the
law prior to the adoption of Evid.R. 803(6). At that time, courts applied the business
records exception adopted in 1939, and currently found in R.C. 2317.40. Id. at *4. In
1947, the Supreme Court of Ohio considered that exception in the context of medical
records, and explained that hospital records could properly include diagnoses by those
qualified to make them. These records would be excepted from the hearsay rule, and
would be accepted as accurate and trustworthy unless shown to be otherwise, or kept for
a “self-serving purpose of the party offering them in evidence * * *.” Id., discussing Weis
v. Weis, 147 Ohio St. 416, 425-416, 72 N.E.2d 245 (1947). -21-
{¶ 49} Smith also mentioned Hytha, which was decided in 1974, and the criteria
listed in Hytha for admission of evidence. Id. at *6. The court of appeals then noted
that Ohio’s statute, R.C. 2317.40, was worded similarly to a federal statute and common
law rules that resulted in the adoption of Fed. Evid. R. 803(6) in 1975. Id. The federal
rule included opinions and diagnoses under the hearsay exception, and the 1972 advisory
committee notes for the federal rule cited Weis as being among state court decisions that
had favored admissibility of diagnostic entries. Id. at *6-7. However, Ohio did not
similarly include opinions and diagnoses within the hearsay exception when it adopted
Evid.R. 803(6) in 1980.
{¶ 50} In Smith, the court of appeals stated that:
Given the language of the federal advisory committee notes, Ohio
courts should not construe the omission of the words “opinions” and
“diagnoses” in the Ohio rule as indicative of an intent to change the
principles of Ohio common law. Because the federal rule setting forth the
hearsay exception regarding records of regularly conducted business
activity was adopted, at least in part, to reflect the common law of this state,
we cannot say that the omission of the words “opinion” and “diagnoses” in
Evid.R. 803(6) reflects an intent to preclude the admissibility of an otherwise
qualified medical report or record under that exception merely because the
report or record contains out-of-court opinions or diagnoses. Moreover, to
have included the words “opinions” and “diagnoses” within the text of
Evid.R. 803(6) would have been redundant of the case law applying R.C.
2317.40. As Evid.R. 102 (as amended eff. July 1, 1996), makes clear, -22-
“[t]he principles of the common law of Ohio shall supplement the provisions
of these rules, and the rules shall be construed to state the principles of the
common law of Ohio unless the rule clearly indicates that a change is
intended. [Emphasis added.]” Based upon Evid.R. 102, and considering
both the case law interpreting R.C. 2317.40 rendered before the inception
of Evid.R. 803(6) and the similarity in wording of both R.C. 2317.40 and
Evid.R. 803(6), together with the intent of Fed.R. Evid. 803(6), it is clear that
“opinions” and “diagnoses” contained within medical reports or records fall
within the business records hearsay exception of Evid.R. 803(6). As such,
the rules announced in Weis and Hytha “supplement” Evid.R. 803(6) to the
extent they: (1) apply to the admissibility of medical records and their
contents; and (2) have not been otherwise superceded by other evidentiary
rules.
(Footnotes omitted.) Smith, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 75787, 2000 WL 1867272, at *7.
{¶ 51} In Smith, the court of appeals held that the trial court did not prejudicially err
in admitting the evidence. In this vein, the court observed that the employer did not
object at trial and did not challenge the foundation of the opinions; instead, the employer
simply contended that the records were not admissible under Evid.R. 803(6) because
they were opinions or diagnoses. Id. at *8.
{¶ 52} The Third District Court of Appeals has also found that a trial court did not
abuse its discretion by allowing a non-testifying doctor’s diagnosis to be admitted into
evidence, where the report containing the diagnosis was kept in the regular course of
treatment, contained relevant evidence about the claimant’s condition, no question was -23-
raised about its authenticity, and the report was used by a testifying doctor in his treatment
and diagnosis. Wasinski v. PECO II, Inc., 3d Dist. Crawford No. 3-08-14, 2009-Ohio-
2615, ¶ 31.
{¶ 53} In contrast, the First District Court of Appeals has rejected the decision in
Smith, and has held that “ ‘Evid.R. 803(6) does not allow for opinions and diagnoses found
in business records to be admitted into evidence.’ ” Guarino-Wong v. Hosler, 1st Dist.
Hamilton No. C-120453, 2013-Ohio-1625, ¶ 15, quoting Meyers v. Hot Bagels Factory,
Inc., 131 Ohio App.3d 82, 101, 721 N.E.2d 1068 (1st Dist.1999). In Guarino-Wong, the
court of appeals noted that the Supreme Court of Ohio had not yet decided the issue, and
that it would continue to follow Myers, which was the law in the First District. Id. at ¶ 17.
{¶ 54} The Supreme Court of Ohio did not permit an appeal in either Smith or
Guarino-Wong. See Smith v. Dillard's Dept. Stores, Inc., 91 Ohio St.3d 1508, 746
N.E.2d 611 (2001) (dismissing appeal sua sponte), and Guarino-Wong v. Hosler, 136
Ohio St.3d 1494, 2013-Ohio-4140, 994 N.E.2d 464 (refusing to accept appeal for review).
However, we need not resolve the issue, because even if the trial court erred in admitting
the letters from Dr. Black, the error was not prejudicial.
{¶ 55} As an initial matter, we note that Phoenix and the Bureau did object to
admission of the records. The discussion at trial about admission appears to have
centered primarily on the fact that the defense did not believe that the doctor’s medical
opinions fell within the hearsay exception of Evid.R. 803(6). See Transcript of
Proceedings, pp. 145-146 and 158-169. However, the defense also objected because
the doctor’s opinion was expressed in a letter to an attorney. On balance, even though
the law is not particularly clear, we think the trial court should have excluded the evidence -24-
because it could be considered “self-serving” under Weis, and, therefore, untrustworthy,
or not within the type of systemic entry kept in a physician’s records under Hytha. Weis,
147 Ohio St. at 425-416, 72 N.E.2d 245; Hytha, 40 Ohio App.2d at 478, 320 N.E.2d 312.
Even if we followed what appears to be the “per se” inadmissibility rule of the First District
Court of Appeals, the result would be the same.
{¶ 56} The issue thus becomes whether the admission of the evidence was
prejudicial. “For error to be reversible, the appellant must be prejudiced.” (Citation
omitted.) Shank v. Charger, Inc., 186 Ohio App.3d 605, 2010-Ohio-1129, 929 N.E.2d
520, ¶ 33 (2d Dist.).
{¶ 57} According to Phoenix, written statements of medical professionals carry
“untold weight” for juries, and an expert’s opinion, when left unchallenged by cross-
examination, is unquestionably prejudicial. However, this ignores the fact that Dr.
Wunder was able in his testimony to challenge and comment on Dr. Black’s analysis.
Compare Reneau v. Con-Way Transp. Services, Inc., 6th Dist. Wood No. WD-07-003,
2007-Ohio-6368, ¶ 36 (finding no abuse of discretion in admitting records of non-testifying
doctor. The court stressed that “[it is illuminating to note that appellant's own expert
witness utilized and relied upon the disputed records in formulating his expert opinion.”)
{¶ 58} Dr. Wunder stated that after his review of Dr. Black’s records, the symptoms
noted were more likely due “to a sprain/strain injury as opposed to a disk problem.”
Deposition of Dr. Wunder, Doc. #53, p. 19. Dr. Wunder, who was board-certified in both
physical medicine and rehabilitation as well as electrodiagnostic medicine, also rejected
the contention that Woods had a disc herniation or that any herniation, bulge, protrusion,
or condition on the MRI was caused by a workplace injury. Id. at pp. 20-23. We -25-
conclude that the Bureau and Phoenix were not materially prejudiced by admission of the
evidence.
{¶ 59} Accordingly, Phoenix’s Second Assignment of Error is overruled.
IV. Alleged Error in Jury Instruction
{¶ 60} Phoenix’s Third Assignment of Error states that:
The Trial Court Erred When It Permitted over Phoenix’s Objection a
Jury Instruction on Woods’ Claim that His 2012 Alleged Work Place Injury
Substantially Aggravated Disc Herniations at C5-6 and C6-7 Levels.
{¶ 61} This assignment of error is based on the lack of sufficient evidence to
support substantial aggravation of a pre-existing condition. Since that argument has
already been rejected, this assignment of error is also without merit and is overruled.
V. Manifest Weight Challenge
{¶ 62} Phoenix’s Fifth Assignment of Error is as follows:
Because There Was Absolutely No Competent Credible Evidence
Establishing that Woods Had a Pre-Existing Disc Herniation Which Was
Substantially Aggravated by His Alleged 2012 Workplace Incident, the
Jury’s Verdict and Trial Court Judgments Are Against the Manifest Weight
of the Evidence.
{¶ 63} Under this assignment of error, Phoenix contends that the judgment is
against the manifest weight of the evidence. In support of this contention, Phoenix
makes the same claims it previously did about denial of the motions for JNOV, i.e., that -26-
the evidence was insufficient to establish substantial aggravation of a pre-existing
condition. Phoenix also adds that there was a lack of credible evidence, although it
makes no specific comments on credibility other than arguing, as before, that there was
no evidence of a pre-existing disc herniation. As we previously noted, that is an incorrect
view of the required evidence.
{¶ 64} In Eastley v. Volkman, 132 Ohio St.3d 328, 2012 Ohio 2179, 972 N.E.2d
517, the Supreme Court of Ohio concluded that the manifest weight standards outlined in
State v. Thompkins, 78 Ohio St.3d 380, 678 N.E.2d 541 (1997), should apply to civil
cases. Id. at ¶ 17. Thus, “[w]hen a [judgment] is challenged on appeal as being against
the weight of the evidence, an appellate court must review the entire record, weigh the
evidence and all reasonable inferences, consider witness credibility, and determine
whether, in resolving conflicts in the evidence, the trier of fact ‘clearly lost its way and
created such a manifest miscarriage of justice that the [judgment] must be reversed and
a new trial ordered.’ ” State v. Hill, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 25172, 2013-Ohio-717, ¶ 8,
quoting Thompkins at 387. “A judgment should be reversed as being against the
manifest weight of the evidence ‘only in the exceptional case in which the evidence
weighs heavily against the [judgment].’ ” Id., quoting State v. Martin, 20 Ohio App.3d
172, 175, 485 N.E.2d 717 (1st Dist.1983).
{¶ 65} In Eastley, the Supreme Court of Ohio also stressed that “[i]n weighing the
evidence, the court of appeals must always be mindful of the presumption in favor of the
finder of fact.” Id. at ¶ 21. As a result:
“[I]n determining whether the judgment below is manifestly against
the weight of the evidence, every reasonable intendment and every -27-
reasonable presumption must be made in favor of the judgment and the
finding of facts. * * *
“If the evidence is susceptible of more than one construction, the
reviewing court is bound to give it that interpretation which is consistent with
the verdict and judgment, most favorable to sustaining the verdict and
judgment.”
Id., quoting Seasons Coal Co., Inc. v. Cleveland, 10 Ohio St.3d 77, 80, 461 N.E.2d
1273 (1984), fn.3, which in turn quotes 5 Ohio Jurisprudence 3d, Appellate Review,
Section 60, at 191-192 (1978).
{¶ 66} For the reasons previously discussed, the judgment is not against the
manifest weight of the evidence. Dr. West testified as to the substantial aggravation of
a pre-existing condition, and the jury could have chosen to find Dr. West’s testimony more
credible. Accordingly, Phoenix’s Fifth Assignment of Error is overruled.
VI. Motion to File Sur Reply Brief
{¶ 67} In December 2015, Woods filed a response to a motion to strike contained
in the Bureau’s Reply Brief. Woods additionally asked permission to file a sur reply brief
responding to issues in the Bureau’s Reply Brief that Woods allegedly did not have a prior
opportunity to address. After consideration of the matters raised, the motion to strike as
well as the motion to file an additional brief are overruled. We are capable of sorting out
the issues that have been properly raised, and our opinion has addressed all relevant
arguments of the parties. -28-
VII. Conclusion
{¶ 68} All the assignments of Phoenix and the Bureau having been overruled, the
judgment of the trial court is affirmed. The Bureau’s motion to strike parts of Woods’
Brief, and Woods’ motion to file a sur reply brief are also overruled.
.............
FAIN, J. and HALL, J., concur.
Copies mailed to:
Gary D. Plunkett Brett Bissonnette Shaun Omen Shawn W. Maestle Deirdre G. Henry Hon. Mary Katherine Huffman