IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
AT KNOXVILLE FILED OCTOBER SESSION, 1996 December 23, 1997
Cecil Crowson, Jr. STATE OF TENNESSEE, ) C.C.A. NO. 03C01-9603-CC-00109Clerk Appellate C ourt ) Appellee, ) ) ) SEVIER COUNTY VS. ) ) HON. REX HENRY OGLE JERRY LYNN WALDE, ) JUDGE ) Appellant. ) (Aggravated Sexual Battery-Direct ) Appeal)
FOR THE APPELLANT: FOR THE APPELLEE:
LU ANN BALLEW JOHN KNOX WALKUP Assistant Public Defender Attorney General and Reporter P. O. Box 416 Dandridge, TN 37725-0416 TIMOTHY F. BEHAN Assistant Attorney General 450 James Robertson Parkway Nashville, TN 37243-0493
AL SCHMUTZER, JR. District Attorney General
JAMES L. GASS Assistant District Attorney P. O. Box 70 Dandridge, TN 37725-0070
OPINION FILED ________________________
AFFIRMED
JERRY L. SMITH, JUDGE OPINION
A Sevier County Circuit Court jury found Appellant Jerry Lynn Walde guilty of
three counts of aggravated sexual battery. As a Range I standard offender, he
received a sentence of eleven years for each count. The trial court ordered two of
the sentences served concurrently but the third served consecutively, for an
effective sentence of twenty-two years in the Tennessee Department of Correction.
In this direct appeal, Appellant presents the following issues for review: (1) whether
the State failed to timely present his case to a grand jury; (2) whether the State
violated his right to a speedy trial; (3) whether the trial court erred in admitting his
statement to authorities in its entirety; (4) whether the trial court erred in limiting
defense counsel’s voir dire of the jury; (5) whether the evidence presented at trial is
legally sufficient to sustain a conviction for the January 9, 1995 aggravated sexual
battery; (6) whether the trial court erred in failing to require the State to make an
election as to the set of facts relied upon for each charged offense; and (7) whether
the sentence is excessive.
After a review of the record, we affirm the judgment of the trial court.
I. FACTUAL BACKGROUND
As accredited by the jury’s verdict, the proof shows that, during the first two
weeks of January, 1995, J.H.,1 a ten-year-old female, was sexually abused on three
separate occasions by Appellant, an uncle with whom she lived. On January 12,
1995, J.H. reported the abuse to Penny Inman of the Jefferson County Department
of Human Services. Referring to the area covered by her underwear as her
“downer part,” J.H. stated that Appellant touched her “downer part” with his hands,
1 It is the policy of this C ourt to refra in from referring b y name to mino r victims of sex o ffense s. The victim will be referred to by her initials.
-2- his mouth, and his “downer part.” Later that day, Ms. Inman informed J.H.’s aunt,
Appellant’s wife, of the allegations. Appellant’s wife in turn informed Appellant.
That evening, Appellant proceeded to the Jefferson County Sheriff’s Office
and met with Detective Bud McCoig. According to Detective McCoig, Appellant
stated that he had sexually abused a girl and was there to pay for it. Having waived
his rights, Appellant gave the following statement:
About two weeks ago, me, [J.H.], and [J.H.’s sister] were at home watching movies. [J.H.’s sister] was in her room playing with Barbie dolls or something. Me and [J.H.], age 10, was sitting on the couch. She was in her nightgown. I put my hand over her. I started feeling her private part on top of her clothes. A day or two later, I touch her again in her private parts. Three or four days later, I took my clothes off. I pulled my pants down and she, [J.H.], pulled her pants down. I had an erection; she just touched my penis and I touched her vagina. I just rubbed on the outside of her vagina. This happened over a period of two weeks. I done a stupid thing and now I got to pay for it.
The Jefferson County Grand Jury indicted Appellant on three counts of
aggravated sexual battery in violation of Tennessee Code Annotated Section 39-13-
504(a)(4). However, during the investigation of the case, the State discovered that
the offenses had actually been committed in Sevier County. On June 28, 1995,
Appellant was properly indicted in Sevier County and the charges in Jefferson
County were dismissed According to the indictment, Appellant committed
aggravated sexual battery on January 7 and 9 and on one other unspecified date in
January
On September 28, 1995, Appellant was tried before a jury in the Sevier
County Circuit Court. At trial, Appellant testified that he had never sought sexual
gratification from contact with J.H. but admitted that he had wrestled with J.H., that
he had once awoken from a nap with his hand between J.H.’s legs, and that J.H.
-3- had once made incidental contact with his erect penis while they were watching
television in bed. Appellant further testified that he did not read the statement taken
by Detective McCoig before he signed it and that the statement failed to accurately
reflect what he told the detective. At the conclusion of the trial, the jury found
Appellant guilty of three counts of aggravated sexual battery. Following a
sentencing hearing on November 6, 1995, the trial court imposed an effective
sentence of twenty-two years.
II. PRESENTMENT
Appellant first alleges that the State failed to timely present his case to a
grand jury. According to the Tennessee Rules of Criminal Procedure, “[i]f there is
unnecessary delay in presenting the charge to a grand jury against a defendant who
has been held to answer to the trial court . . . , the court may dismiss the indictment .
. . .” Tenn. R. Crim. P. 48(b). In reviewing a motion to dismiss for failure to timely
present, the trial court must consider (1) the length of the delay, (2) the reasons for
the delay, (3) the prejudice to the defendant, and (4) waiver by the defendant. State
v. Benn, 713 S.W.2d 308, 311 (Tenn. 1986). The decision of whether to grant or
deny such a motion lies within the discretion of the trial court. Id. To establish a
violation of due process rights, the evidence must show that there was a delay, that
the defendant was prejudiced, and that the State intentionally delayed the
prosecution in order to gain a tactical advantage. United States v. Marion, 404 U.S.
307, 324 (1971); State v. Baker, 614 S.W.2d 352, 354 (Tenn. 1981); State v.
Dykes, 803 S.W.2d 250, 255-56 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1990).
Mindful of the factors delineated in Benn and the dictates set out in Marion,
Baker, and Dykes, we look to the circumstances surrounding Appellant’s case. The
period of time between Appellant’s arrest and the presentment of his case to the
appropriate grand jury was approximately five and a half months. The reason for
-4- the delay is uncontested: the State mistakenly believed that Appellant, who lived
very near the county line, committed the offenses in Jefferson County. Once the
error was discovered, the State presented Appellant’s case to the Sevier County
Grand Jury and dismissed the charges in Jefferson County. Appellant concedes
that the delay was unintentional but argues that, due to his extended period of
incarceration, he was unable to effectively prepare a defense. Appellant asserted
his right to timely presentment by filing a motion to dismiss on July 26, 1995.
First and foremost, there is no evidence whatsoever that the State
intentionally delayed Appellant’s prosecution in order to gain a tactical advantage, a
point conceded by Appellant. See Marion, 404 U.S. at 324; Baker, 614 S.W.2d at
354; Dykes, 803 S.W.2d at 255-56. Moreover, Appellant fails to adequately
demonstrate prejudice. See Benn, 713 S.W.2d at 311. The record does not reflect
nor does Appellant allege that defense witnesses died or moved away during the
time period between his arrest and the presentment of his case to the Sevier County
Grand Jury. Furthermore, Appellant fails to specify how his incarceration precluded
preparation of an effective defense. We thus conclude that the trial court properly
denied Appellant’s motion to dismiss for failure to timely present the charges to the
grand jury.
III. SPEEDY TRIAL
Appellant next alleges that the State violated his constitutional right to a
speedy trial.2 Both the United States and the Tennessee Constitutions guarantee
2 Appellant also alleges that the trial court failed to comply with Rule 50 of the Tennessee Rules of Criminal Procedure, requiring that defendants in custody be given preference over other criminal cases. The record, however, is devoid of any underlying support for such an allegation. Because
-5- the right to a speedy trial. See U.S. Const. amend. VI; Tenn. Const. art. I, § 9. This
right arises only after formal accusation, either by arrest or by grand jury action.
State v. Wood, 924 S.W.2d 342, 345 (Tenn. 1996). To determine if a defendant's
right to a speedy trial has been violated, a reviewing court must consider the
following four factors: (1) the length of the delay; (2) the reason for the delay; (3)
whether the defendant asserted his right to a speedy trial; and (4) whether the
defendant was prejudiced by the delay. Barker v. Wingo, 407 U.S. 514, 530 (1972);
State v. Bishop, 493 S.W.2d 81, 83-84 (Tenn. 1973).
The first factor, length of the delay, serves as a triggering mechanism,
necessitating consideration of the other three factors. Barker, 407 S.W.2d at 530.
The reasonableness of the delay depends upon the complexity of the case. Id. at
530-31. This Court has held that a delay of as long as two years, standing alone,
will not support the finding of a speedy trial violation. State v. Vance, 888 S.W.2d
776, 778 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1994). Here, the length of delay between Appellant’s
arrest and his trial was approximately eight and a half months. While we do not find
this delay egregious under the circumstances, we will, for the purpose of review,
consider the remaining factors.
The second factor, reason for the delay, generally falls into one of four
categories: (1) intentional delay to gain a tactical advantage over the defense or
delay designed to harass the defendant; (2) bureaucratic indifference or negligence;
(3) delay necessary to the fair and effective prosecution of the case; and (4) delay
caused, or acquiesced in, by the defense. Wood, 924 S.W.2d at 346-47. Both the
State and Appellant agree that there were two reasons for the delay. First, as
discussed previously, the State originally indicted Appellant in the wrong county.
the reco rd fails to su bstantiate Appellan t’s claim, w e find it withou t merit.
-6- Second, the victim was taken to California by her mother and had to be legally
compelled to return to Tennessee to testify at trial. We believe that the first reason,
although understandable given Appellant’s residence near the county line, falls into
the second category described in Wood and weighs against the State although not
as heavily as deliberate delay. See id. The second reason, however, falls into the
third category and does not weigh against either party. See id.
The third factor, the defendant's assertion of the speedy trial right, is entitled
to strong evidentiary weight in determining whether the right has been denied, and
failure to assert the right will make it difficult to prove it was denied. Barker, 407
S.W.2d at 531-32; Bishop, 493 S.W.2d at 85. Appellant first asserted his speedy
trial right in Jefferson County on June 16, 1995 and then again in Sevier County on
July 12, 1995. This factor weighs in favor of Appellant.
The fourth factor, whether the defendant was prejudiced by the delay, is the
most important factor. Wood, 924 S.W.2d at 348. Three interests of the defendant
are to be considered: (1) preventing oppressive pretrial confinement; (2) minimizing
anxiety and concern that accompanies prosecution; and (3) limiting the possibility
that a defense will be impaired. Barker, 407 U.S. at 532. As discussed previously,
Appellant fails to assert any specific impairment to his defense. Moreover, in
response to Appellant’s motion for a speedy trial, the trial court, in an effort to
prevent oppressive pretrial confinement, reduced his bond to one thousand dollars
and ordered the case set for trial on September 25 or 27, 1995. We find that this
factor weighs heavily in favor of the State.
In light of the minimal length of the delay, the justifiable reasons for the delay,
and, most importantly, the lack of any particularized prejudice to Appellant, we
-7- conclude that the trial court properly denied Appellant’s motion to dismiss for failure
to provide a speedy trial.
IV. APPELLANT’S STATEMENT TO AUTHORITIES
Appellant also alleges that the trial court erred in admitting his statement to
authorities in its entirety. Relying upon the approximate dates given in his statement
as compared to the dates set out in the indictment, Appellant argues that the
statement included references to uncharged conduct and that its admission violates
Tennessee Rule of Evidence 404(b) and State v. Rickman, 876 S.W.2d 824 (Tenn.
1994).
Rule 404(b) states as follows:
(b) Other Crimes, Wrongs, or Acts.--Evidence of other crimes, wrongs, or acts is not admissible to prove the character of a person in order to show action in conformity with the character trait. It may, however, be admissible for other purposes. The conditions which must be satisfied before allowing such evidence are: (1) The court upon request must hold a hearing outside the jury's presence; (2) The court must determine that a material issue exists other than conduct conforming with a character trait and must upon request state on the record the material issue, the ruling, and the reasons for admitting the evidence; and (3) The court must exclude the evidence if its probative value is outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice.
Tenn. R. Evid. 404(b).
In Rickman, the defendant was indicted for one count of statutory rape and
one count of incest, both charges arising from the same incident in August of 1991.
876 S.W.2d at 826 n.1. In a statement to authorities, the defendant admitted that
he had engaged in various forms of sexual contact with the victim over a period of
approximately six years. Id. at 826. The trial court excluded that portion of the
-8- statement in which the defendant discussed sexual contact with the victim before
the August incident charged in the indictment. Id. However, during the State's
case-in-chief, the trial court did allow the victim to testify about prior sexual contact
with the defendant for the purpose of corroboration. Id. The victim testified that the
sexual contact had begun when she was about seven years old and had eventually
progressed to full sexual intercourse. Id. The victim estimated that she had
engaged in sexual intercourse with the defendant between twenty and thirty times.
Id. On appeal, the Tennessee Supreme Court held that, under Rule 404(b),
evidence of the defendant's sexual misconduct not charged in the indictment and
not connected to any of the charges in the indictment was inadmissible in the
State’s case-in-chief as irrelevant and prejudicial. Id. at 829. This rule was based
upon “the recognition that such evidence easily results in a jury improperly
convicting a defendant for his or her bad character or apparent propensity or
disposition to commit a crime regardless of the strength of the evidence concerning
the offense on trial.” Id. at 828.
Appellant’s statement was given to authorities on January 12. It begins with
the reference “about two weeks ago” and goes on to describe in general terms three
incidents of sexual contact with the victim over a period of four to six days. The
indictment alleges unlawful sexual contact on January 7 and 9 and on one other
unspecified date in January. We first note that the inconsistency between
Appellant’s statement and the indictment with regard to the dates of the unlawful
contact is immaterial. This Court has previously held that the actual date of the
commission of an offense may be different than that charged in the indictment so
long as the proof establishes that the offense occurred prior to the finding and
returning of the indictment. See State v. Chance, 778 S.W.2d 457, 462 (Tenn.
Crim. App. 1989); see also State v. Perry, No. 03C01-9401-CR-00016, 1995 WL
433319, at *3 (Tenn. Crim. App. July 24, 1995), perm app. denied, (Tenn. Dec. 28,
-9- 1995). It is undisputed that the offenses discussed in Appellant’s statement
occurred prior to the finding and returning of the indictment. Moreover, unlike in
Rickman, where there was evidence of a long-term history of abuse, Appellant’s
statement is limited to the same number of incidents as set out in the indictment and
in no way reflects a pattern of abuse from which the jury might improperly convict
him for his bad character or his apparent propensity to commit a crime. See
Rickman, 876 S.W.2d at 828. In our opinion, Appellant’s statement did not
constitute evidence of uncharged sexual misconduct, as prohibited by Rickman, but
instead constituted evidence of the exact misconduct for which Appellant was on
trial. Any inconsistencies between Appellant’s statement and the State’s theory of
the case then become questions for reconciliation by the jury as the exclusive trier of
fact. We distinguish the case sub judice from Rickman for the foregoing reasons
and find that the trial court did not err in admitting Appellant’s statement in its
entirety.
V. VOIR DIRE
Appellant alleges that the trial court erred in limiting defense counsel’s voir
dire of the jury. He argues that the trial court improperly prohibited open-ended
questions designed to elicit the prospective jurors’ attitudes, feelings, biases, and
prejudices as they related to the case, thereby compromising his right to a trial by an
impartial jury.
During voir dire, the following exchange took place:
DEFENSE COUNSEL: [Y]ou will hear [the victim] say that [Appellant] touched her in some of those inappropriate places. You will also hear her say that he made her touch him in an inappropriate place on his body. [Prospective Juror], knowing that that’s what you are probably going to hear from this ten-year-old girl as part of the State’s proof, how do you feel about that at this point?
-10- PROSPECTIVE JUROR: Well, I’ll just have to hear her testimony and you know, all the testimony that’s given, then decide for myself.
DEFENSE COUNSEL: Okay. I’m not sure what you mean exactly by “I’ll just have to hear all the testimony.” Could you go a little bit farther into that?
THE STATE: If it please the Court, I guess I’m going to interpose an objection at least with regard to . . . the jurors expressed, I think the standard is can they be fair and impartial.
THE COURT: Approach the bench, counsel, for just a moment.
[Whereupon, a bench conference was held on the record in the presence of the prospective jurors but out of the hearing of the prospective jurors.]
THE COURT: I think the nature of your open-ended questions sort of leaves them uncertain about what you’re asking. You know, how do you feel about that. I don’t think that you can seek commitments from them as to how they’ll vote based on that. I think it would probably be best if you would, you know, at least as to that particular question, I believe you asked them how they would react to that or whatever, and so he told you that he would just have to hear all the proof. I don’t know what more he could say. So don’t ask them open-ended questions. I believe that’s . . .
DEFENSE COUNSEL: Is that not permissible?
THE COURT: It may be . . .
DEFENSE COUNSEL: What I’m trying to do is elicit their personal opinion and it’s kind of hard . . .
THE COURT: About what?
DEFENSE COUNSEL: About the burden of proof, about bias, you know, whether they automatically assume that he’s . . .
THE COURT: Ask them that, ask them that instead of the open-ended questions, because they don’t know what you’re asking.
DEFENSE COUNSEL: Okay.
According to the Tennessee Rules of Criminal Procedure, the trial court “shall
permit questioning by the parties for the purpose of discovering bases for challenge
-11- for cause and enabling an intelligent exercise of peremptory challenges.” Tenn. R.
Crim. P. 24(a). The supervision of voir dire rests within the sound discretion of the
trial court. State v. Cazes, 875 S.W.2d 253, 262 (Tenn. 1994), cert. denied, 115 S.
Ct. 743 (1995). As a result, this Court must uphold the ruling of the trial court unless
the defendant establishes the existence of a clear abuse of that discretion. State v.
Raspberry, 875 S.W.2d 678, 681 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1993).
Here, the trial court expressed concern that the open-ended questions posed
by defense counsel left the prospective jurors uncertain as to how to respond. It
appears from our reading of the record that this concern centered on the manner in
which the questions were asked, not the information the questions were designed to
elicit. Requiring defense counsel to ask clearer, more-pointed and understandable
questions is not an abuse of discretion. We do not believe that the trial court limited
defense counsel’s ability to conduct an effective voir dire.
VI. SUFFICIENCY OF THE EVIDENCE
Appellant alleges that the evidence presented at trial is legally insufficient to
sustain a conviction for the January 9, 1995 aggravated sexual battery. He argues
that neither the victim’s testimony nor his statement to authorities establishes that
any unlawful sexual contact occurred on January 9.
When an appeal challenges the sufficiency of the evidence, the standard of
review is whether, after viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the State,
any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime
beyond a reasonable doubt. Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 318 (1979); State v.
Evans, 838 S.W.2d 185, 190-91 (Tenn. 1992); Tenn. R. App. P. 13(e). On appeal,
the State is entitled to the strongest legitimate view of the evidence and all
reasonable or legitimate inferences which may be drawn therefrom. State v.
-12- Cabbage, 571 S.W.2d 832, 835 (Tenn. 1978). This Court will not reweigh the
evidence, re-evaluate the evidence, or substitute its evidentiary inferences for those
reached by the jury. State v. Carey, 914 S.W.2d 93, 95 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1995).
Furthermore, in a criminal trial, great weight is given to the result reached by the
jury. State v. Johnson, 910 S.W.2d 897, 899 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1995).
Once approved by the trial court, a jury verdict accredits the witnesses
presented by the State and resolves all conflicts in favor of the State. State v.
Williams, 657 S.W.2d 405, 410 (Tenn. 1983). The credibility of witnesses, the
weight to be given their testimony, and the reconciliation of conflicts in the proof are
matters entrusted exclusively to the jury as trier of fact. State v. Sheffield, 676
S.W.2d 542, 547 (Tenn. 1984). A jury’s guilty verdict removes the presumption of
innocence enjoyed by the defendant at trial and raises a presumption of guilt. State
v. Tuggle, 639 S.W.2d 913, 914 (Tenn. 1982). The defendant then bears the
burden of overcoming this presumption of guilt on appeal. State v. Black, 815
S.W.2d 166, 175 (Tenn. 1991).
According to the indictment, Appellant committed three acts of aggravated
sexual battery upon the victim, one of which occurred on January 9. As Appellant
correctly points out, not only did the State fail to offer sufficient evidence to support
its theory that Appellant committed aggravated sexual battery on January 9, but the
victim actually testified during direct examination that no sexual contact occurred
after January 7. However, as stated previously, the actual date of the commission
of an offense may be different than that charged in the indictment so long as the
proof establishes that the offense occurred prior to the finding and returning of the
indictment. See Chance, 778 S.W.2d at 462; see also Perry, 1995 WL 433319, at
*3. During her testimony, the victim detailed three forms of sexual contact: (1)
Appellant touched her “downer part” with his hands; (2) Appellant touched her
-13- “downer part” with his mouth; and (3) Appellant touched her “downer part” with his
“downer part.” The indictment sets out only these three incidents of unlawful
conduct. The fact that there is an inconsistency between the victim’s testimony and
the indictment with regard to the January 9 battery is immaterial under the prior
holdings of this Court. Therefore, we find that, when viewed in a light most
favorable to the State, the evidence is sufficient to sustain all three convictions for
aggravated sexual battery.
VII. ELECTION
Appellant alleges that trial court erred in failing to require the State to make
an election as to the set of facts relied upon for each charged offense. He argues
that J.H.’s testimony established more than the three instances of unlawful sexual
contact charged in the indictment.
Under Tennessee law, a defendant has a fundamental constitutional right to
a unanimous verdict before a conviction for a criminal offense may be imposed.
State v. Shelton, 851 S.W.2d 134, 134 (Tenn. 1993); State v. Brown, 823 S.W.2d
576, 583 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1991). Protection of this right often requires "special
precautions [by the court] to ensure that the jury deliberates over the particular
charged offense, instead of creating a 'patchwork verdict' based on different
offenses in evidence." Shelton, 851 S.W.2d at 134. Where there is evidence of
multiple offenses, the precaution is the doctrine of election, requiring the State to
elect and identify at the end of its case-in-chief the exact offense for which it seeks
conviction. Id.; Burlison v. State, 501 S.W.2d 801, 804 (Tenn. 1973). The
Tennessee Supreme Court has made the following observation:
We appreciate the difficulties involved in prosecuting cases of sexual abuse committed against small children. In such cases, the rules of evidence and the rules of procedure have been relaxed to some extent to accommodate very young witnesses. Nevertheless, the constitutional protections
-14- guaranteed a criminal defendant, who is presumed by law to be innocent until proven guilty, cannot be suspended altogether because of the victim's age or relative inability to testify. In cases such as this one, the state must either limit the testimony of prosecuting witnesses to a single event, or prepare the case so that an election can be made before the matter is submitted to the jury to decide.
Shelton, 851 S.W.2d at 139.
Here, the State limited the testimony of the victim to three specific incidents
of unlawful sexual conduct. The victim testified that Appellant touched her “downer
part” with his hands, his mouth, and his “downer part.” With the exception of the
exact timing of the incidents and the specific description of the contact, all evidence
presented to the jury, including Appellant’s own statement and testimony, remained
consistent with the State’s theory. Because the evidence established only one
unlawful incident for each count in the indictment, a “patchwork verdict” was not
possible and election was therefore not necessary. See Shelton, 851 S.W.2d at
136.
VIII. SENTENCING
Finally, Appellant alleges that his sentence is excessive. Specifically,
Appellant argues that the trial court erred in determining the length of his sentence
and in imposing consecutive sentences.
When an appeal challenges the length, range, or manner of service of a
sentence, this Court conducts a de novo review with a presumption that the
determination of the trial court was correct. Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-401(d).
However, this presumption of correctness is “conditioned upon the affirmative
showing that the trial court in the record considered the sentencing principles and all
-15- relevant facts and circumstances.” State v. Ashby, 823 S.W.2d 166, 169 (Tenn.
1991). In the event that the record fails to demonstrate such consideration, review
of the sentence is purely de novo. Id. If appellate review reflects that the trial court
properly considered all relevant factors and its findings of fact are adequately
supported by the record, this Court must affirm the sentence. State v. Fletcher, 805
S.W.2d 785, 789 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1991). In conducting a review, this Court must
consider the evidence, the presentence report, the sentencing principles, the
arguments of counsel, the nature and character of the offense, mitigating and
enhancement factors, any statements made by the defendant, and the potential for
rehabilitation or treatment. State v. Holland, 860 S.W.2d 53, 60 (Tenn. Crim. App.
1993). The defendant bears the burden of showing the impropriety of the sentence
imposed. State v. Gregory, 862 S.W.2d 574, 578 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1993).
Appellant was convicted of three counts of aggravated sexual battery, a
Class B felony. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-13-504(b). As a Range I standard
offender convicted of a Class B felony, Appellant’s statutory sentencing range for
each conviction was eight to twelve years. See id. § 40-35-112(a)(2). The trial court
found the following enhancement factors applicable to each conviction:
(1) the defendant has a previous history of criminal convictions or criminal behavior in addition to those necessary to establish the appropriate range; and
(2) the defendant abused a position of public or private trust.
Id. § 40-35-114(1), (15). The trial court found the following mitigating factor
applicable to each conviction but gave it little weight:
(1) the defendant’s criminal conduct neither caused nor threatened serious bodily injury.
Id. § 40-35-113(1). The trial court then imposed a mid-range sentence of eleven
years for each offense, ordering two of the sentences served concurrently but the
-16- third served consecutively, for an effective sentence of twenty-two years. We will
address each of Appellant’s sentencing arguments in turn.
A. LENGTH OF SENTENCE
Appellant first maintains that the trial court erred in determining the length of
his sentence by improperly applying certain enhancement factors and failing to
apply certain mitigating factors.
In the absence of enhancement and mitigating factors, the presumptive
length of sentence for a Class B, C, D, and E felony is the minimum sentence in the
statutory range while the presumptive length of sentence for a Class A felony is the
midpoint in the statutory range. Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-210(c). Where one or
more enhancement factors apply but no mitigating factors exist, the trial court may
sentence above the presumptive sentence but still within the range. Id. § 40-35-
210(d). Where both enhancement and mitigating factors apply, the trial court must
start at the minimum sentence, enhance the sentence within the range as
appropriate to the enhancement factors, and then reduce the sentence within the
range as appropriate to the mitigating factors. Id. § 40-35-210(e). The weight
afforded an enhancement or mitigating factor is left to the discretion of the trial court
so long as the trial court complies with the purposes and principles of the
Tennessee Criminal Sentencing Reform Act of 1989 and its findings are supported
by the record. State v. Hayes, 899 S.W.2d 175, 185 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1995).
1. PREVIOUS CRIMINAL HISTORY
Appellant argues that the trial court improperly applied enhancement factor
(1), concerning his previous criminal history. Appellant concedes that his pre-
sentence report reveals two convictions for driving under the influence of an
intoxicant, a conviction for driving with a suspended license, and a conviction for
-17- speeding but argues that these offenses cannot be considered under enhancement
factor (1) because they are dissimilar to his current offenses. However, nothing in
the Sentencing Act requires that prior convictions be similar in nature to the
conviction in question. Moreover, this Court has previously allowed consideration of
such driving-related offenses when applying enhancement factor (1). See, e.g.,
State v. Ruane, 912 S.W.2d 766, 784 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1995)(driving with a
revoked license); State v. Miller, No. 01C01-9309-CR-00329, 1994 WL 236014, at
*6 (Tenn. Crim. App. June 2, 1994), perm. app. denied (Tenn. Sept. 12,
1994)(driving under the influence of an intoxicant and driving with a revoked
license); State v. Upman, No. 03C01-9402-CR-00052, 1994 WL 396355, at *5
(Tenn. Crim. App. Aug. 2, 1994)(speeding); State v. Hurt, No.
01C01-9306-CC-00189, 1993 WL 503713, at *3 (Tenn. Crim. App. Dec. 9,
1993)(speeding); State v. Boswell, No. 2, 1991 WL 2866, at *1 (Tenn. Crim. App.
Jan. 16, 1991)(driving with a suspended license and speeding). Thus, we conclude
that the trial court’s application of enhancement factor (1) was proper.
2. NEITHER CAUSED NOR THREATENED SERIOUS BODILY HARM
Appellant argues that the trial court should have applied mitigating factor (1),
providing that “[t]he defendant’s conduct neither caused nor threatened serious
bodily injury.” It is apparent from the record that the trial court did apply this
mitigating factor but chose to give it little weight, stating “serious bodily injury did not
occur here. There’s no doubt about that. You know, I will give him some benefit . . .
.” As stated previously, the weight afforded a mitigating factor is left to the
discretion of the trial court so long as it complies with the purposes and principles of
the Sentencing Act and its findings are supported by the record. See Hayes, 899
S.W.2d at 185. W e do not believe that the trial court has abused its discretion in
this area and thus decline to afford any more weight to this mitigating factor.
-18- 3. NON-STATUTORY MITIGATING FACTORS
Finally, Appellant argues that the trial court should have considered other
non-statutory mitigating factors pursuant to Tennessee Code Annotated Section 40-
35-113(13). Specifically, Appellant points to the fact that he turned himself in and
gave a statement to the authorities. While Appellant did voluntarily make a
statement to authorities, he subsequently denied its accuracy and moved to exclude
it from evidence. We do not believe that Appellant’s actions warrant consideration
as a mitigating factor. Even if given some marginal weight, we do not believe that
such actions justify a reduction in his mid-range sentence.
B. CONSECUTIVE SENTENCING
Appellant also contends that the trial court erred in imposing consecutive
sentences. When imposing sentences for multiple offenses, the trial court has the
discretion to order the sentences served concurrently or consecutively. Tenn. Code
Ann. § 40-20-111(a). The imposition of consecutive sentences is appropriate if the
defendant has been convicted of more than one offense and the trial court finds, by
a preponderance of the evidence, one or more of the following criteria:
(1) The defendant is a professional criminal who has knowingly devoted himself to criminal acts as a major source of livelihood; (2) The defendant is an offender whose record of criminal activity is extensive; (3) The defendant is a dangerous mentally abnormal person so declared by a competent psychiatrist who concludes as a result of an investigation prior to sentencing that the defendant's criminal conduct has been characterized by a pattern of repetitive or compulsive behavior with heedless indifference to consequences; (4) The defendant is a dangerous offender whose behavior indicates little or no regard for human life, and no hesitation about committing a crime in which the risk to human life is high; (5) The defendant is convicted of two (2) or more statutory offenses involving sexual abuse of a minor with consideration of the aggravating circumstances arising from the relationship between the defendant and victim or victims, the time span of defendant’s undetected sexual activity, the nature and scope of the sexual acts and the extent of the
-19- residual, physical and mental damage to the victim or victims; (6) The defendant is sentenced for an offense committed while on probation; or (7) The defendant is sentenced for criminal contempt.
Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-115(b).
Here, the trial court relied upon subsection (5) in ordering consecutive
sentences. Appellant argues that this reliance is misplaced because of the short-
term nature of the abuse. However, the time-span of the undetected unlawful
conduct is but one consideration under subsection (5). The remaining
considerations include the relationship between the defendant and the victim, the
nature and scope of the sexual acts, and the extent of the residual, physical and
mental damage to the victim. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-115(b)(5). In
accordance with the statute, the trial court made the following findings: (1) Appellant
was the victim’s uncle, resided with her, and, along with his wife, was responsible for
her care; (2) the offenses involved three different forms of unlawful contact,
including an incident where Appellant lay nude in the bed with the victim; and (3) the
victim suffers from some residual mental problems. In light of these findings, most
significantly the relationship between Appellant and the victim, we do not believe
that the trial court abused its discretion in imposing consecutive sentences. We
further believe that consecutive sentences are necessary to protect the public from
Appellant’s possible future criminal conduct and that the aggregate sentence is
reasonably related to the severity of Appellant’s present offenses. See State v.
Woodcock, 922 S.W.2d 904, 915 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1995).
Accordingly, the judgment of the trial court is affirmed.
____________________________________ JERRY L. SMITH, JUDGE
-20- CONCUR:
___________________________________ GARY R. WADE, JUDGE
___________________________________ DAVID H. WELLES, JUDGE
AT KNOXVILLE FILED OCTOBER 1996 SESSION December 23, 1997
Cecil Crowson, Jr. Appellate C ourt Clerk
STATE OF TENNESSEE, * C.C.A. # 03C01-9603-CC-00109
Appellee, * SEVIER COUNTY
VS. * Hon. Rex Henry Ogle, Judge
JERRY LYNN WALDE, * (Aggravated Sexual Battery-3 Counts)
Appe llant. * DISSENTING OPINION
I concur with the results as to the defendant's first, second, fourth,
fifth and seventh issues. I agree with the resolution of the third issue (Section
IV), but disagree as to the rationale. I dissent, however, based upon the
court's res olution of th e sixth issu e.
I.
In his third issue, the defendant argued that the trial court erred
by not pe rmitting him to redac t his statem ent prior to its a dmiss ion in evide nce.
The majority distinguishes this case from State v. Rickman, 876 S.W.2d 824
(Tenn . 1994), to c onclud e that the d efenda nt's statem ent is adm issible in its
entirety. I agree that the statement is admissible in its entirety, but see no
reason to distinguish Rickman from the facts here, particularly as to whether
these incide nts sh owed a patte rn of ab use th at wou ld lead a jury to im prope rly
convict the defend ant.
In Rickman, the indictment charged unlawful contact on August
11. Rickman's statement as to unlawful contact before August 11 was
redacted because it was "wholly independent from the sex crime for which the
defendant was indicted." The supreme court cited to Bunch v. State, 605
S.W.2d 227, 229 (Tenn. 1980), for the general rule:
It is well established, of course, that in a criminal trial evidence that the defendant has committed some other crime wholly independent of that fo r which he is charged, even though it is a crime of the same
-22- chara cter, is u sually n ot adm issible b ecau se it is irrelevant.
Id., 876 S.W.2d at 827 (emphasis added). The court in Rickman affirmed the
special rule articulated in State v. Shelton, 851 S.W .2d 134 (Te nn. 1993),
which allowed evidence of other sex crimes
when [the] indictment is not time specific and when the evid ence relates to sex c rimes that alle gedly occurred during the time as charged in the indictment. In such cases, the State must elect at the close of its proof-in-chief as to the particular incident fo r which a conviction is being so ught.
Id. at 829.
Recently, our supreme court, after review of Rules 401, 402, and
404(b), Tenn. R. Evid., determined that the standard of appellate review, after
the trial court had allowed evidence of relevant prior bad acts, is abuse of
discretion so long a s the trial cou rt comp lied with the proced ural requ iremen ts
of the rules . State v. James DuBose, No. 01S 01-960 2-CC -00029 , slip op. at 7
(Tenn ., at Nash ville, Sept. 29 , 1997). H ere, the trial jud ge hea rd argum ents
outside the presence of the jury on the defendant's pre-trial motion to redact
his statement. The following appears in the record:
THE COUR T: Well, he says here that this happened over a period of two weeks. So I think in all candor with you that that will have to be admissible. You know, if he's not clear on the time frame and as I understand the case law in regards to the testimony of underage victims, the appellate courts have given a lot greater leeway on those types of cases and those types of victims obviously than they have other cases. And in fact, as we know on other cases, you've got to b e pretty dogg oned spec ific. But I d on't think, at least based on his own statement, he's clear as to the tim e frame .
-23- DEFENS E COUN SEL: It's not clear, but the phrase "about two weeks ago" could mean as early as December 29th.
THE COUR T: It very well could be.
DEFENSE COUNSEL: ...or possibly a day or two earlier.
THE COUR T: And so after I hear the proof, you know, it may be such that as to at least one of the coun ts it ma y not fly, I d on't kn ow. Yo u kno w, we'll see a bout th at as it co mes in, but in regard s to his statem ent, be caus e it is not c lear, yo u kno w, I don 't think it can be redacted.
Thu s, the tria l court ru led tha t the inc idents includ ed in th e defe ndan t's
statement could have been the same incidents for which he was indicted and
not, therefore, prior acts. Under the appropriate standard of review, that
decis ion, in m y view, s hould be up held. T he inc idents in the d efend ant's
statem ent are not "wh olly inde pend ent" of th e pen ding c harge s, and Rule
404(b ), Ten n. R. E vid., doe s not e xclude the inc idents as irrele vant an d und uly
prejudicial prior bad acts.
II.
As to the defendant's sixth issue on election, I disagree with the
majority of this court as to both the rationale and the result. The law on
election h as bee n prima rily framed by three m ajor case s. Burlison v. State,
501 S.W .2d 801 (Tenn . 1973); State v. Shelton, 851 S.W.2d 134 (Tenn.
1993); and Tidwe ll v. State, 922 S.W .2d 497 (Tenn . 1996).
In Burlison our supreme court considered a number of cases for
guidance in its ruling, including Jamis on v. State , 94 S.W . 675 (T enn. 19 06).
-24- In Jamison, where the indictment charged unlawful sexual contact on a
particular d ay, the state introduce d proof o f several ac ts of unlaw ful contac t;
the trial cou rt denied defend ant's mo tion for elec tion. On a ppeal the state
argued that violation of the age of consent law was a continuous offense. The
supreme court held as follows:
[T]he State c ould b e requ ired to e lect the spec ific offense upon which a verdict of guilty would be dema nded, fo r three fun dame ntal reaso ns. First, to enab le the d efend ant to p repar e for an d ma ke his defense to the specific charge; second, to protect him from double jeopardy by individualization of the issue, and third, so that the jury's verdict may not be a matter of cho ice between offenses, som e jurors convicting on on e offense an d others, anoth er.
Burlison, 501 S.W.2d at 803 (discussing the ruling in Jamison, which has been
distinguished a nd partially overruled by Rickman on an unre lated issue).
The court in Burlison next cited Vinson v. State, 203 S.W. 338
(Tenn. 1918), and Cox v. Sta te, 270 S.W.2d 182 (Tenn. 1954). In Vinson,
the defendant was indicted for violating the age of consent law in the month of
Septem ber. At trial, the state offered pro of of violations in July, Septem ber,
and December. The defense request for an election was denied. The
supreme court reversed because the "error committed immediately touched
the con stitutional righ ts of the de fendan t . . . ." Id. In Cox, the suprem e court
had ruled that the purpose of election is so the "jury will then know for which
offense the State seeks a conviction, and will all vote upon guilt or innocence
for that par ticular offen se." Id.
-25- After e xamin ing the rulings on ea ch of th ese c ases , the co urt in
Burlison held as fo llows:
[I]t was the duty of the trial judge to require the State, at the close of its proof-in-chief, to elect the particular offens e of ca rnal kn owled ge up on wh ich it wo uld rely for conviction, and to properly instruct the jury so that the verdict of every juror would be united on the one offense.
Id. at 804.
In Shelton, the indictment charged unlawful sexual penetration of
one victim and unlawful sexual contact of two other victims on or about the
___ day of ___, 1989. The time was narrowed to April through September of
that year. In lieu of election, the trial court gave a specific instruction to the
jury:
You cannot in your verdict find that the defendant committed more than one offense against each alleged victim. The law requires that every juror be united on the one a lleged offens e in ea ch co unt in the indictment. If you find beyond a reasonable doubt that there has be en mo re than o ne allege d offense to an alleged victim you must isolate your verdict on the first alleged occurren ce after April 7, 1989 and before September 6, 1989, as to each victim.
Shelton, 851 S.W.2d at 136. The supreme court held that this instruction was
an inad equate substitute for election . Id. Citing to the three basic reasons for
election, as confirmed in Burlison, the court c onclud ed that alth ough th e "state
is not requ ired to iden tify the particu lar date of th e chos en offen se ... the state
must either limit the testimony of prosecuting witnesses to a single event, or
prepa re the c ase s o that a n elec tion ca n be m ade b efore th e ma tter is
subm itted to the jury to decide . Id. at 137, 13 9.
-26- Election is particularly imp ortant in sexual ab use trials where
children te stify. The su preme court disc ussed these sp ecial prob lems in its
Shelton opinion:
If, for example, the evidence indicates various types of abuse, the prosecution may identify a particular type of abuse and elect that offense. Moreover, when recalling an assault, a child may be able to describe unique surroun dings or c ircums tances that help to identify an in cident. T he child m ay be ab le to identify an as sault w ith refer ence to a m eanin gful eve nt in his or her life, su ch as the beginn ing of sch ool, a birthda y, or a re lative's vis it. Any d escrip tion tha t will identify th e pros ecute d offen se for th e jury is sufficient. In fulfilling its obligation under Burlison to ensu re that a n elec tion oc curs, th e trial co urt sho uld bear in mind that the purpos e of election is to ensu re that each juror is con sidering th e sam e occu rrence. If the prosecution cannot identify an event for which to ask a conviction, then the court cannot be assured of a unanimous decision.
Id. at 138.
Although the right to a unanimous verdict is fundamental, the
failure to elect may be classified as harmless, depending on the
circumstances. In Shelton, one of three victims testified to a single instance of
partial in tercou rse on her birth day. T here w ere m ultiple in dictm ents, b ut only
one charging rape. The jury returned a guilty verdict only as to one count of
aggravated rape for that victim. The court concluded that the "jurors must
have considered the evidence of this particular incident in convicting the
defendant...[and] therefore, the Burlison error... was harmless beyond a
reason able do ubt ...." Id. at 138. As to the s econd victim, ho wever, the cou rt
found the failure to elect was not harmless and reversed the conviction. The
second victim had testified to several occasions of digital fondling and did not
-27- differentiate the events. The jury returned a guilty verdict to aggravated
sexual b attery. Th e court ru led that the conviction could no t be uph eld due to
the "nature of the evidence presented on this charge and the Burlison error
resulting fro m the s tate's failure to elect. ..." Id. at 139.
In Tidw ell, the supre me co urt stated th at lack of ce rtainty
regarding the unanimity of the jury's verdict was the more troublesome aspect
of failure to e lect:
The indictm ents as returne d contain fifty-six counts-- fourteen each of aggravated rape, statutory rape, incest, an d contribu ting to the d elinquen cy of a minor. Each count charges the commission of an offens e on th e "___ " day of a nam ed m onth. T hus, it is quite evid ent that the re is no ap parent m eans to differentiate among various counts of the same offense. Additionally, the indictments provide no mea ns to e nable a fact-fin der to m atch a spec ific condu ct to a spe cific count. *** Thus, a defendant's right to a unanimous verdict before imposition of conviction requires that trial court to take prec autions to ens ure that the jury deliberates over the particular charged offense, instead of assembling a "patchwork verdict" based on the d ifferent offen ses in evid ence.
Id. at 500-0 1.
Here, the three indictments charge one count each of aggravated
sexual battery on January 7, 9 a nd "___", 199 5. The victim testified to m ore
than thre e inciden ts of such unlawfu l contact:
1. "He [defendant] put his downer part on mine [sometimes while defenda nt was wea ring clothes]." (Tr. 44).
2. "He [defendant] put his downer part on mine [sometimes while defe ndant w as not w earing clo thes]." (Tr. 4 4-45).
-28- 3. Defe ndan t touch ed victim on he r "dow ner pa rt" with "h is hands" ... on top o f her clothes. (Tr. 45-4 6).
4. Defe ndan t touch ed victim on he r "dow ner pa rt" with "h is hands " ... underne ath her c lothes. (T r. 45-46).
5. Defen dant tou ched victim 's "lower pa rt" with "[h]is m outh." (Tr. 51).
More troublesome is that the defendant acknowledged several incidents of
unlawful sexual contact in either his confession or his trial testimony. The
statement of the defendant encompassed four instances of sexual
misco nduct:
1. "I put my hand over her. I started fe[e]ling he r private part on top o f her clothe s."
2. "A day o r two la[]ter, I touc h[ed] he r again in h er private parts."
3. "Three or four days la[]ter I took my clothes off ... she just touche d my pe []nis."
4. "I touched her v[a]gina... I just rubbed on the outside of her v[a]gina."
(See Exhibit #2, Tr. 137). The majority found that the state limited the
testimon y of the victim to three sp ecific incide nts of unla wful sexu al condu ct,
and th erefor e, elec tion wa s not re quired . I cann ot agre e. W hile the victim
testified as to three types of sexual contact, her testimony encompassed at
least five incide nts of u nlawfu l touch ing. Mo reove r, beca use th e victim 's
testimony and the defendant's confession differ, there were other incidents the
jury could h ave use d to conv ict, if they indee d accre dited his co nfession .
These facts are analogous to those in Tidw ell and a s to the seco nd victim in
Shelton in that there is no way to associate a particular event of unlawful
contac t with a spe cific indictm ent.
-29- This error was not harmless. At both the close of the state's proof
and the close of all the proof, the defendant requested that the state make an
election as to the offenses. Neither the jury instructions nor the state's closing
argument were curative. The trial judge did not specifically instruct the jury as
to the requirements for a unanimous verdict. He merely instructed, "your
verdict, whether 'guilty' or 'not guilty' must be unanimous." In addition, during
its closing argument, the state did not limit their recitation of the proof to any
three sp ecific instan ces. Ra ther, the sta te sugg ested tha t the jury belie ve both
the de fenda nt's co nfess ion an d the vic tim's te stimo ny as w ell.
On this basis, I would ordinarily remand to the trial court for a new
trial.
_________________________________ Gary R. Wade, Judge
-30-