The following opinion was filed January 9, 1912:
Barnes, J.
There was evidence from which the jury might have found that the sign forbidding all persons except the operator to manipulate the gates was not in use at the time of the accident or for some time before. There was also some evidence from which the jury might have found that the employees of the defendant, other- than the operator, customarily raised and lowered the gates of the freight elevator. There was apparently no particular danger to be apprehended from opening the elevator gate by a person riding in the elevator, provided no attempt was made to get off while it was in motion. The jury no doubt acquitted the plaintiff of attempting to leave the car while it was running, and although the great preponderance of the evidence was to the effect that such action on plaintiff’s part was the cause of his injury, yet the jury might and no doubt did give credence to the evidence of the plaintiff, and he denied that he undertook to leave the elevator while it was moving. The fact of contributory negligence on the part of the plaintiff was not so clearly established by the evidence that a court should say as a matter of law that there can be no recovery because of it.
The jury found that the elevator boy, Van Paine, was an incompetent servant, and this is the sole ground of negligence relied on to support the judgment. The appellant contends that Van Paine was not incompetent, and that, if he were, it had no notice, actual or constructive, of such incompetency. Van Paine was sixteen years and seven months of age at the time of the injury to plaintiff. His size and weight were below that of the average boy and he was somewhat pale and nervous. Aside from these facts which the defendant either knew or should have known, there was little evidence of incompetency on the part of Van Paine. The court errone[576]*576ously allowed tide plaintiff to show that Van Paine smoked cigarettes. Thei’e was no pretense that defendant was aware of that fact, and the evidence is undisputed that smoking was forbidden at the store, and no claim is made that Van Paine smoked there. Defendant was not obliged to shadow its employee to ascertain whether he smoked. The court also erroneously permitted Van Paine to testify that he did not get enough to eat during the time he was working for defendant. This evidence would be proper enough if the defendant was feeding the boy, but it was not, and there was no claim that defendant knew that the relative with whom Van Paine boarded was starving him. This evidence, offered for the purpose of showing negligence on the part of the defendant in retaining Van Paine in its employ as elevator boy, could only be made competent by showing actual or presumed knowledge on the part of the defendant of the facts testified to. Such evidence might well operate to the disadvantage of the defendant. We are not satisfied, however, that the result would have been different had this evidence been excluded, so we decline to reverse the judgment because of its admission. The other evidence of incompetency on Van Paine’s part prior to the time the plaintiff was injured was given by himself. He was an accommodating and in a sense an impartial witness. When answering questions for plaintiff’s counsel he made out a strong case of incompetency during all the time he ran the elevator. When answering questions for defendant’s counsel he made out a good case of competency. Perhaps a jury would be warranted in drawing the inference from his testimony that he got tired toward evening and occasionally stopped the elevator too suddenly, which would cause it to bound. Leaving out of consideration the matter of Van Paine’s age, there was very little evidence of his incompetency. No one who ever rode with him was produced to show that he did not run the elevator in the proper way, and two witnesses who frequently rode with him testified that [577]*577be operated it properly. But this court has decided that age may be au important factor in determining competency. The facts in addition thereto that must be shown to establish incompetency, where the employee has just passed the age where he can be legally employed, may be few and in themselves insignificant. Zabawa v. Oberbeck Bros. Mfg. Co. 146 Wis. 621, 131 N. W. 826. The facts tending to show incompetency, aside from age, are more persuasive in this case than in the Zabawa Case, and we must therefore hold that the evidence presented a jury question.
The closest question in the case is whether there was any evidence which warranted the jury in finding that the incompetency of Van Paine was the proximate cause of the plaintiff’s injury. However incompetent Van Paine might have been at other times, the evidence to show any actionable negligence on his part in the management of the elevator at the time plaintiff was injured is slight. There were three persons besides the elevator boy on the elevator when it left the first floor. Two of them were going to the fifth floor, while the plaintiff intended to get off at the third floor. He did not advise the elevator boy of this fact, but the latter knew where he worked and where he intended to get off. Van P'aine testified that he stated before leaving the first floor that he would take the two parties up to the fifth floor first and leave plaintiff at the third floor on the return trip. The jury might have been warranted in finding that this conversation did not take place, but, whether or not it did take place, Van Paine did not intend to stop the elevator at the third floor until after he went to the fifth floor. There is evidence in the case from which the jury might have found that there was a perceptible slackening of the speed of the elevator as it approached the third floor, so that one might be led to believe that it was going to stop there. The plaintiff stepped to the door of the elevator about the time it reached the third floor and placed his hand under it and slid it up, looked at the elevator man, [578]*578and said “Hey.” He testified that thereupon the elevator was brought to a sudden stop, causing it to bound, and that the bound threw him off his feet, and that he fell down the elevator shaft and was injured. The evidence of other witnesses strongly tends to show that the plaintiff was injured by reason of attempting to get off the elevator while it was in motion, and that he had fallen before it was stopped. But the jury had a right to believe the testimony of the plaintiff, if they considered it more credible than that of the other three witnesses who were in the elevator. The appellant argues that in any event Van Paine had a right to act on appearances, and that he was justified in believing from the action of plaintiff that he intended to get off the elevator whether it stopped or not, and, this being the case, the elevator boy very promptly stopped it as quickly as he could. The plaintiff testified that he did not intend to get off the elevator while it was moving; that he supposed the elevator boy would stop when he reached the third floor; and that what he did was done in the way of preparation to leave the car when it came to a standstill.
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The following opinion was filed January 9, 1912:
Barnes, J.
There was evidence from which the jury might have found that the sign forbidding all persons except the operator to manipulate the gates was not in use at the time of the accident or for some time before. There was also some evidence from which the jury might have found that the employees of the defendant, other- than the operator, customarily raised and lowered the gates of the freight elevator. There was apparently no particular danger to be apprehended from opening the elevator gate by a person riding in the elevator, provided no attempt was made to get off while it was in motion. The jury no doubt acquitted the plaintiff of attempting to leave the car while it was running, and although the great preponderance of the evidence was to the effect that such action on plaintiff’s part was the cause of his injury, yet the jury might and no doubt did give credence to the evidence of the plaintiff, and he denied that he undertook to leave the elevator while it was moving. The fact of contributory negligence on the part of the plaintiff was not so clearly established by the evidence that a court should say as a matter of law that there can be no recovery because of it.
The jury found that the elevator boy, Van Paine, was an incompetent servant, and this is the sole ground of negligence relied on to support the judgment. The appellant contends that Van Paine was not incompetent, and that, if he were, it had no notice, actual or constructive, of such incompetency. Van Paine was sixteen years and seven months of age at the time of the injury to plaintiff. His size and weight were below that of the average boy and he was somewhat pale and nervous. Aside from these facts which the defendant either knew or should have known, there was little evidence of incompetency on the part of Van Paine. The court errone[576]*576ously allowed tide plaintiff to show that Van Paine smoked cigarettes. Thei’e was no pretense that defendant was aware of that fact, and the evidence is undisputed that smoking was forbidden at the store, and no claim is made that Van Paine smoked there. Defendant was not obliged to shadow its employee to ascertain whether he smoked. The court also erroneously permitted Van Paine to testify that he did not get enough to eat during the time he was working for defendant. This evidence would be proper enough if the defendant was feeding the boy, but it was not, and there was no claim that defendant knew that the relative with whom Van Paine boarded was starving him. This evidence, offered for the purpose of showing negligence on the part of the defendant in retaining Van Paine in its employ as elevator boy, could only be made competent by showing actual or presumed knowledge on the part of the defendant of the facts testified to. Such evidence might well operate to the disadvantage of the defendant. We are not satisfied, however, that the result would have been different had this evidence been excluded, so we decline to reverse the judgment because of its admission. The other evidence of incompetency on Van Paine’s part prior to the time the plaintiff was injured was given by himself. He was an accommodating and in a sense an impartial witness. When answering questions for plaintiff’s counsel he made out a strong case of incompetency during all the time he ran the elevator. When answering questions for defendant’s counsel he made out a good case of competency. Perhaps a jury would be warranted in drawing the inference from his testimony that he got tired toward evening and occasionally stopped the elevator too suddenly, which would cause it to bound. Leaving out of consideration the matter of Van Paine’s age, there was very little evidence of his incompetency. No one who ever rode with him was produced to show that he did not run the elevator in the proper way, and two witnesses who frequently rode with him testified that [577]*577be operated it properly. But this court has decided that age may be au important factor in determining competency. The facts in addition thereto that must be shown to establish incompetency, where the employee has just passed the age where he can be legally employed, may be few and in themselves insignificant. Zabawa v. Oberbeck Bros. Mfg. Co. 146 Wis. 621, 131 N. W. 826. The facts tending to show incompetency, aside from age, are more persuasive in this case than in the Zabawa Case, and we must therefore hold that the evidence presented a jury question.
The closest question in the case is whether there was any evidence which warranted the jury in finding that the incompetency of Van Paine was the proximate cause of the plaintiff’s injury. However incompetent Van Paine might have been at other times, the evidence to show any actionable negligence on his part in the management of the elevator at the time plaintiff was injured is slight. There were three persons besides the elevator boy on the elevator when it left the first floor. Two of them were going to the fifth floor, while the plaintiff intended to get off at the third floor. He did not advise the elevator boy of this fact, but the latter knew where he worked and where he intended to get off. Van P'aine testified that he stated before leaving the first floor that he would take the two parties up to the fifth floor first and leave plaintiff at the third floor on the return trip. The jury might have been warranted in finding that this conversation did not take place, but, whether or not it did take place, Van Paine did not intend to stop the elevator at the third floor until after he went to the fifth floor. There is evidence in the case from which the jury might have found that there was a perceptible slackening of the speed of the elevator as it approached the third floor, so that one might be led to believe that it was going to stop there. The plaintiff stepped to the door of the elevator about the time it reached the third floor and placed his hand under it and slid it up, looked at the elevator man, [578]*578and said “Hey.” He testified that thereupon the elevator was brought to a sudden stop, causing it to bound, and that the bound threw him off his feet, and that he fell down the elevator shaft and was injured. The evidence of other witnesses strongly tends to show that the plaintiff was injured by reason of attempting to get off the elevator while it was in motion, and that he had fallen before it was stopped. But the jury had a right to believe the testimony of the plaintiff, if they considered it more credible than that of the other three witnesses who were in the elevator. The appellant argues that in any event Van Paine had a right to act on appearances, and that he was justified in believing from the action of plaintiff that he intended to get off the elevator whether it stopped or not, and, this being the case, the elevator boy very promptly stopped it as quickly as he could. The plaintiff testified that he did not intend to get off the elevator while it was moving; that he supposed the elevator boy would stop when he reached the third floor; and that what he did was done in the way of preparation to leave the car when it came to a standstill. While it may have been a negligent act on the part of the operator to attempt to run the elevator to the fifth floor without stopping, when he knew that one of the occupants intended to get off at the third floor, it could not be reasonably anticipated that a person riding thereon would undertake to leave the car while it was in motion, and the actionable negligence, if any there was, arose out of the fact that the elevator boy was wrong in assuming that plaintiff intended to leave the car while it was moving and was therefore at fault in stopping it so suddenly as to cause it to bound and throw the plaintiff off. The court is of the opinion that the jury might reasonably have inferred from the' evidence that the operator was negligent in stopping the elevator so suddenly as to cause it to bound, and that such negligence was the proximate cause of plaintiff’s injury.
[579]*579Tbe defendant requested tbe court to submit tbe following question to tbe jury: “Was tbe plaintiff warned before tbe accident by a sign on tbe gate, or otherwise, not to raise tbe elevator gate on tbe third floor ?” Tbe court refused to submit this question and such refusal is assigned as error. Tbe assignment is not well taken. Tbe pleadings presented no such specific issue. Tbe éourtTn charging tbe jury under tbe question dealing with tbe alleged contributory negligence of -the plaintiff said:
“If tbe plaintiff was warned against raising tbe gate in getting off the car, either by posted sign or by word of mouth, and, contrary to such warning, raised tbe gate, and such act contributed proximately to produce bis injury, then such act constituted want of ordinary care on bis part that contributed proximately to bis injury. Tbe effect, in this respect, of tbe sign ‘Do not raise tbe gate’ on tbe gate, or other gates, facing outwards, if you find such a sign was up at tbe time of or prior to tbe injury, is for you to determine. If you find that tbe natural and reasonable effect of such sign, if you find it bad been posted, was to warn against raising tbe gate in getting off tbe elevator, then tbe plaintiff must be held to have bad knowledge of tbe danger to him of such act, and to have been guilty of contributory negligence if be raised tbe gate and such act contributed proximately to produce bis injury.”
No particular fault is found with tbe accuracy of this instruction, and it informed tbe jury that if tbe notice not to raise tbe gates bad been given, and failure to obey such notice was tbe proximate cause of tbe injury, then it must find plaintiff guilty of contributory negligence. Inasmuch as tbe proposed question did not cover a fact specifically pleaded, tbe instruction quoted was a sufficient substitute therefor. Tbe situation is like that presented in Steber v. C. & N. W. R. Co. 139 Wis. 10, 120 N. W. 502, where it was held not to be error to refuse to submit a specific question because of tbe character of tbe charge upon tbe general question dealing with tbe subject of contributory negligence. What is here said is [580]*580in harmony with Wawrzyniakowski v. Hoffman & B. Mfg. Co. 146 Wis. 153, 131 N. W. 429, where the cases bearing on the subject under consideration are reviewed.
The defendant requested the court to charge the jury as follows:
“In judging of the credibility of the plaintiffs evidence, you may properly consider the interest plaintiff has in the result of his trial, the temptation to which he is subjected, under the circumstances, to color his testimony favorably to himself, and you will consider everything bearing on that subject, and give to the evidence of the plaintiff such weight only as, in your judgment, it is entitled to, and a like test should be applied to the evidence of each, of the witnesses who has testified in this case.”
The instruction was correct and should have been given. This court has decided, in Kavanaugh v. Wausau, 120 Wis. 611, 98 N. W. 550, that it is reversible error not to give such an instruction, and the Kavanaugh Case is expressly approved in. Blankavag v. Badger B. & L. Co. 136 Wis. 380, 117 N. W. 852. The equivalent of this instruction was not given, as respondent’s counsel contend. The court did say:
“You are the sole judges of the credibility of each and every witness sworn upon the trial, as well as of the weight and effect of the evidence as a whole. In determining the credibility you should consider the witness’s apparent intelligence, .candor, knowledge of the matters testified about, interest in the result of the trial, relationship to or relations with the interested parties, corroboration by other credible evidence or proved facts or circumstances, the motives for falsifying, or the absence of these things, or any of them, so far as their presence or absence appears from the trial, the manner and appearance of the witnesses upon the stand, the inherent reasonableness or the absence of it of the statements made, and any other facts or circumstances appearing from the evidence or upon the trial tending to affect the question.”
This instruction does not call the immediate attention of the jury to the fact that the plaintiff had a strong motive for [581]*581testifying to sucb facts as be thought might assist him in securing a verdict. Without his own testimony plaintiff could not have recovered, and his evidence oh some material matters was contradicted by a number of apparently disinterested witnesses. So no good reason is apparent why the court should have refused to give the instruction to the jury for its guidance. However, since the passage of sec. 3072m, Stats. (Laws of 1909, ch. 192), this court has said that the refusal to give this instruction is not prejudicial error, and it has so said in a case where the refusal to give it was at least as likely to result injuriously to the defendant as would the refusal in this case, and in fact more so, because there the more general instruction was not given. Szewczyk v. E. W. Ellis L. Co. 146 Wis. 452, 131 N. W. 977. Under the authority qf that case we must hold that the refusal of the court to give the instruction was not reversible error.
It is insisted by the appellant that the damages assessed, amounting to $3,600, are excessive. There is some evidence of permanent injury, and there is no doubt that plaintiff was very severely hurt by his fall of thirty-eight feet down the elevator shaft and that he suffered a great deal of pain in consequence of such fall. The award of damages is very liberal, but is not so excessive that this court should interfere with it.
A number of other errors are assigned, relating principally to rulings on evidence and to alleged errors in the charge. We do not think the appellant is entitled to a reversal because of them or that any useful purpose would be served by discussing them in detail. We find no reversible error in the record.
By the Court. — Judgment affirmed.
In support of a motion for a rehearing there was a brief for the appellant by Doe & Ballhorn.
Eor the respondent, contra, there was a brief by Charles B. Hammersley and Christian Doerfler.
The motion was denied March 12, 1912.-