Cassoday, O. J.
It is conceded that prior to 1897 the compensation of the register of deeds of Milwaukee county consisted of the fees prescribed by sec. 764-, S. & B. Ann. Stats. During the two terms the plaintiff was in office— from January 4, 1897, to January 7, 1901 — he received from such fees for recording and filing documents, and certifying-to copies thereof, and for searches and releases, $58,889.71; for making his annual statistical return to the secretary of state, $101.16; and for registering marriages, births, and deaths, $24,310.49, — making in the aggregate $83,301.36 received by the plaintiff during the period mentioned for and on account of such fees; all of which, on the assumption that ch. 169, Laws of 1895, was valid, he paid over and into- the treasury of the county; and during that period the plaintiff received from the county for salaries, as fixed by ch. 169, Laws of 1895, $61,481.11, — -making a difference of $21,820.25 paid by the plaintiff to the county more than was received by the plaintiff from the county, for which amount he prays judgment
1. The important question in the case is whether ch. 169,, Laws of 1895, is a valid enactment. It is contended that it is in violation of the constitutional provision which declares r
“No private or local bill, which may be passed by the legislature, shall embrace more than one subject, and that shall be expressed in the title.” Sec. 18, art. IV, Oonst.
The act is entitled:
“An act to make the register of deeds’ office of Milwaukee-county a salaried office.”
The contention is that the title of the act restricts it, and makes it operate within Milwaukee county only, and therefore that it is a local law, and that it embraces more than one subject not expressed in the title. The title of an act is not [197]*197always a sure test as to whether it is local or general. Tbe constitutional provision above quoted was copied literally from a section of tbe New York constitution, and in construing that section it was held in that state at an early day tbat “tbe character of an act is to be determined by its provisions, and not by its title; and general provisions are not rendered void by reason of their being contained in the same act with other provisions of merely local application, though the title of the act refers to the latter provisions only.” People v. McCann, 16 N. Y. 58. That decision has frequently been followed and sanctioned in that state. Williams v. People, 24 N. Y. 406, 407; People v. Sup'rs of Chautauqua Co. 43 N. Y. 13; People v. O’Brien, 111 N. Y. 59, 18 N. E. 692; Ferguson v. Ross, 126 N. Y. 463, 27 N. E. 954. In this last case it was said by the court to be “well settled that a general provision inserted in an act containing local provisions is valid, whether the subject is expressed in the title or not, as general acts require an enacting clause only.” In People v. O’Brien, supra, it was said by the court-
“The character of a statute is to be determined by its provisions, and not by its title; but when its language is ambiguous and doubtful, resort may be had to its title, and the occasion of its enactment, to explain an ambiguity in its terms.”
The body of the act provides:
“In all counties in this state having, by the last census, a population of one hundred and fifty thousand people or upwards, the register of deeds shall receive in lieu of all fees a salary,” etc.
The contention is that Milwaukee was the only county in the state having the requisite population to which it could apply at the time of the enactment. But it is a general rule of "construction that statutes are not to be construed so as to operate retrospectively, unless the intention of the legislature that they should so operate is unmistakable. Seamans v. Carter, 15 Wis. 548; Vanderpool v. L. & M. R. Co. 44 Wis. 652, [198]*198663; Boorman v. Juneau Co. 76 Wis. 554, 45 N. W. 675; State ex rel. Davis v. Pors, 107 Wis. 427, 83 N. W. 706. The act in question was not to go into effect at all until fifteen months after its passage. When it did go into effect it must be construed to apply to and embrace within its operation any and all counties answering the requirement. It is held in Pennsylvania that “there can be no proper classification of cities or counties, except by population.” Comm. v. Patton, 88 Pa. St. 258, 260; Wagner v. Milwaukee Co. 112 Wis. 606, 607, 88 N. W. 577. Besides, it is well settled that, where a statute is capable of two different constructions, one of which is repugnant to the constitution and the other of which will support its validity, the latter must be preferred. Att’y Gen. v. Eau Claire, 37 Wis. 400; Bound v. Wis. Cent. R. Co. 45 Wis. 543; Palms v. Shawano Co. 61 Wis. 211, 21 N. W. 77; Johnson v. Milwaukee, 88 Wis. 383, 60 N. W. 270. The section of the constitution quoted is, by its terms, restricted to a “private or local bill.” See Lawton v. Waite, 103 Wis. 244, 79 N. W. 321; Milwaukee Co. v. Isenring, 109 Wis. 18, 19, 85 N. W. 131. We must hold that the body of the act is general in its application.
2. Upon the assumption that the act is a “local- bill,” within the meaning of the section of the constitution quoted, counsel contend that the body of the act provides a radical change of system from fees to fixed salaries, and creates nine new offices and salaries therefor, payable entirely out of the county treasury, irrespective of the receipts of the office, “and without any intimation whatever in the title that such offices are being created.” But this court has recently held:
“The constitution does not require the title of a private or local legislative act to go- further than to express the subject covered by the body of the law. It leaves the method of expressing such subject to legislative discretion within all reasonable boundaries. The statement of a primary purpose in general terms, in a constitutional sense, reasonably includes [199]*199all the means designed to facilitate the accomplishment thereof.” Diana Shooting Club v. Lamoreux, 114 Wis. 44, 89 N. W. 881.
Assuming the act in question to be a “local bill,” within the meaning of the constitutional provision quoted, still it states the primary purpose or object of the act. It was to make the “office” of the register of deeds in Milwaukee county “a salaried office.” That suggested that the compensation of all persons employed in the office should be paid a salary or fixed compensation in lieu of all fees. That was a radical change from the system which had prevailed prior to 1891. So, whether the act is considered general, by reason of the body of the act, or local, by reason of the title of the act, still, if not invalid by reason of other objections hereinafter considered, it covered the plaintiff’s services during his first term of office.
3. This court has held “that the whole subject of the compensation of register of deeds was revised and covered by the revision of 1898, which went into effect September 1, 1898.” Dane Co. v. Reindahl, 104 Wis. 302, 80 N. W. 438. Such revision expressly provided that sec.
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Cassoday, O. J.
It is conceded that prior to 1897 the compensation of the register of deeds of Milwaukee county consisted of the fees prescribed by sec. 764-, S. & B. Ann. Stats. During the two terms the plaintiff was in office— from January 4, 1897, to January 7, 1901 — he received from such fees for recording and filing documents, and certifying-to copies thereof, and for searches and releases, $58,889.71; for making his annual statistical return to the secretary of state, $101.16; and for registering marriages, births, and deaths, $24,310.49, — making in the aggregate $83,301.36 received by the plaintiff during the period mentioned for and on account of such fees; all of which, on the assumption that ch. 169, Laws of 1895, was valid, he paid over and into- the treasury of the county; and during that period the plaintiff received from the county for salaries, as fixed by ch. 169, Laws of 1895, $61,481.11, — -making a difference of $21,820.25 paid by the plaintiff to the county more than was received by the plaintiff from the county, for which amount he prays judgment
1. The important question in the case is whether ch. 169,, Laws of 1895, is a valid enactment. It is contended that it is in violation of the constitutional provision which declares r
“No private or local bill, which may be passed by the legislature, shall embrace more than one subject, and that shall be expressed in the title.” Sec. 18, art. IV, Oonst.
The act is entitled:
“An act to make the register of deeds’ office of Milwaukee-county a salaried office.”
The contention is that the title of the act restricts it, and makes it operate within Milwaukee county only, and therefore that it is a local law, and that it embraces more than one subject not expressed in the title. The title of an act is not [197]*197always a sure test as to whether it is local or general. Tbe constitutional provision above quoted was copied literally from a section of tbe New York constitution, and in construing that section it was held in that state at an early day tbat “tbe character of an act is to be determined by its provisions, and not by its title; and general provisions are not rendered void by reason of their being contained in the same act with other provisions of merely local application, though the title of the act refers to the latter provisions only.” People v. McCann, 16 N. Y. 58. That decision has frequently been followed and sanctioned in that state. Williams v. People, 24 N. Y. 406, 407; People v. Sup'rs of Chautauqua Co. 43 N. Y. 13; People v. O’Brien, 111 N. Y. 59, 18 N. E. 692; Ferguson v. Ross, 126 N. Y. 463, 27 N. E. 954. In this last case it was said by the court to be “well settled that a general provision inserted in an act containing local provisions is valid, whether the subject is expressed in the title or not, as general acts require an enacting clause only.” In People v. O’Brien, supra, it was said by the court-
“The character of a statute is to be determined by its provisions, and not by its title; but when its language is ambiguous and doubtful, resort may be had to its title, and the occasion of its enactment, to explain an ambiguity in its terms.”
The body of the act provides:
“In all counties in this state having, by the last census, a population of one hundred and fifty thousand people or upwards, the register of deeds shall receive in lieu of all fees a salary,” etc.
The contention is that Milwaukee was the only county in the state having the requisite population to which it could apply at the time of the enactment. But it is a general rule of "construction that statutes are not to be construed so as to operate retrospectively, unless the intention of the legislature that they should so operate is unmistakable. Seamans v. Carter, 15 Wis. 548; Vanderpool v. L. & M. R. Co. 44 Wis. 652, [198]*198663; Boorman v. Juneau Co. 76 Wis. 554, 45 N. W. 675; State ex rel. Davis v. Pors, 107 Wis. 427, 83 N. W. 706. The act in question was not to go into effect at all until fifteen months after its passage. When it did go into effect it must be construed to apply to and embrace within its operation any and all counties answering the requirement. It is held in Pennsylvania that “there can be no proper classification of cities or counties, except by population.” Comm. v. Patton, 88 Pa. St. 258, 260; Wagner v. Milwaukee Co. 112 Wis. 606, 607, 88 N. W. 577. Besides, it is well settled that, where a statute is capable of two different constructions, one of which is repugnant to the constitution and the other of which will support its validity, the latter must be preferred. Att’y Gen. v. Eau Claire, 37 Wis. 400; Bound v. Wis. Cent. R. Co. 45 Wis. 543; Palms v. Shawano Co. 61 Wis. 211, 21 N. W. 77; Johnson v. Milwaukee, 88 Wis. 383, 60 N. W. 270. The section of the constitution quoted is, by its terms, restricted to a “private or local bill.” See Lawton v. Waite, 103 Wis. 244, 79 N. W. 321; Milwaukee Co. v. Isenring, 109 Wis. 18, 19, 85 N. W. 131. We must hold that the body of the act is general in its application.
2. Upon the assumption that the act is a “local- bill,” within the meaning of the section of the constitution quoted, counsel contend that the body of the act provides a radical change of system from fees to fixed salaries, and creates nine new offices and salaries therefor, payable entirely out of the county treasury, irrespective of the receipts of the office, “and without any intimation whatever in the title that such offices are being created.” But this court has recently held:
“The constitution does not require the title of a private or local legislative act to go- further than to express the subject covered by the body of the law. It leaves the method of expressing such subject to legislative discretion within all reasonable boundaries. The statement of a primary purpose in general terms, in a constitutional sense, reasonably includes [199]*199all the means designed to facilitate the accomplishment thereof.” Diana Shooting Club v. Lamoreux, 114 Wis. 44, 89 N. W. 881.
Assuming the act in question to be a “local bill,” within the meaning of the constitutional provision quoted, still it states the primary purpose or object of the act. It was to make the “office” of the register of deeds in Milwaukee county “a salaried office.” That suggested that the compensation of all persons employed in the office should be paid a salary or fixed compensation in lieu of all fees. That was a radical change from the system which had prevailed prior to 1891. So, whether the act is considered general, by reason of the body of the act, or local, by reason of the title of the act, still, if not invalid by reason of other objections hereinafter considered, it covered the plaintiff’s services during his first term of office.
3. This court has held “that the whole subject of the compensation of register of deeds was revised and covered by the revision of 1898, which went into effect September 1, 1898.” Dane Co. v. Reindahl, 104 Wis. 302, 80 N. W. 438. Such revision expressly provided that sec. 764, above mentioned, should “not apply to counties” having a population of 150,000 or more, as shown by the last census; but that in all counties containing such population “the register of deeds whose term of office begins next after the taking of any census which shall show such number of inhabitants to be in any such county, shall receive, in lieu of all-fees, a salary,” etc., to be paid by the county treasurer, monthly or quarterly, as provided. Sec. 7640., Stats. 1898. The same section provides that “the register of deeds in every such county shall, quarterly, pay to the county treasurer all the fees and emoluments of every kind and nature received by him as register,” etc. Id. That is substantially the same as sec. 2, ch. 169, Laws of 1895. No one has questioned the validity of sec. 764a as it appears in the revision of 1898. That it embraces [200]*200marriages, births, and deaths, and covers the plaintiff’s second term of office, is too plain for argument. The same is true of sec. 2, ch. 169, Laws of 1895, as to his first term of office.
4. It is contended that ch. 169, Laws of 1895, violates the section of the constitution which declares that “the legislature shall establish but one system of town and county government, which shall be as nearly uniform as practicable.” Sec. 23, art. IY, Const. We perceive no good ground for such contention. It did not attempt to change the compensation of any officer during his term of office, as in a case cited by counsel. Rooney v. Milwaukee Co. Sup’rs, 40 Wis. 23. The register’s office was administered the same as before. The register was elected the same as before. The deputy register and entry or receipting clerk provided for in the act, and all other employees, were to be appointed by the register, with the reserved right in the county board of confirming the deputy register. The register was made responsible for the conduct of all his subordinates by being required to give an additional bond of $25,000, “conditioned for the faithful accounting for and paying over of all money which may come into his hands as such officer, and for the faithful discharge of the duties of his said office.” Sec. 3, ch. 169, Laws of 1895. This was because the fees, under the act, belonged to the county, whereas before the act they belonged to the register, who would, of course, look out for and care for his own. The act in no way attempts to change or interfere with the existing system of county government.
5. It is claimed that the act in question is repugnant to the section of the constitution which declares that “the rule of taxation shall be uniform, and taxes shall be levied upon such property as the legislature shall prescribe.” Sec. 1, art. VILE, Const. It is also claimed to be repugnant to the provision of the constitution which prohibits the enactment of “any special or private laws . . . for assessment or col[201]*201lection of taxes.” Subd. 6, sec. 31, art. IV, Const. Tbe act made no attempt, to interfere with the levy of taxes, nor with the rule of taxation, nor with the assessment or collection thereof. Tbe fees to be exacted by the office remained the same as prescribed by sec. 164. Tbe argument is that under the fee system the register was at liberty to waive bis fees, and do the work for nothing, but now every citizen having services performed must pay the fee, and hence it is in effect •a tax. That section declared then that “every register of deeds shall receive the following fees.” Tbe language is the same now. He was at liberty to give away bis fees then. Under the act be bad a salary in lien, of fees, and hence was accountable for the amount of the fees. In the one case be lost the fee; in the other be must account for the fee. In neither case were the patrons of the office taxed, but merely paid or failed to pay what the law required that they should pay for services rendered. In the present case the fees received and paid by the county greatly exceeded the salaries paid by the county. Had the salaries paid exceeded the amount of fees received, then, of course, the excess would necessarily have been paid out of the county treasury, and would have been supplied by taxation. But even in that event, the enactment being a general law, as shown by the body of the act, as mentioned, there is no force to the further contention that it invades the constitutional prohibition against the levy of a tax by special act. We must bold that ch. 169, Laws of 1895, was a valid enactment.
By the Court. — The order of tbe circuit court is affirmed.