NewMAN, J.
The constitutional provisions which are involved in the decision of this case are:
Art. IY, sec. 31. “The legislature is prohibited from enacting any special or private laws in the following cases: . . . (9) For incorporating any city, town or village, or to amend the charter thereof.”
Art. IY, sec. 32. “ The legislature shall provide general laws for the transaction of any business that may be prohibited by section 31 of this ai’.ticle, and all such laws shall be uniform in their operation throughout the state.”
The statutes challenged, so far as necessary to show the questions raised, are as followTs:
Laws of 1893, ch. 224, sec. 1. “The common council of any city operating under a special charter granted by the legislature of this state, and authorized by such charter to construct sewers, is hereby empowered to divide such city into sewer districts and to levy a special tax of not more than one mill and a half of a mill on the dollar of the assessed value of the taxable property in any such sewer district, if in the opinion of the common council such special tax shall be needed for the extension or improvement of the sewer system for such district.” Sec. 2. “ If in the [387]*387opinion of such common council any such sewer district shall require an extraordinary outlay of money for the construction of outlets or pumping stations to perfect its sewer system, such common counciL is hereby authorized to provide by ordinance for issuing the corporate bonds of such city.”
Laws of 1893, eh. 311, sec. 1. “ The common council of any city incorporated by and operating under a. special charter granted by the legislature of this state, containing a population of three thousand inhabitants or more, as shown by the last state or national census, is hereby authorized to issue corporate bonds . . . for the following purposes: . . . (2) For the construction of sewers, and for the improvement and maintenance of the same. . . . (9) For the purchase of lands for public parks and improvements thereof. . . . (10) For permanently improving streets in such city and for creating a fund out of which to advance the cost of repair to sidewalks. . ..
Doubtless, these statutes, if valid, operate as. amendments to the charter of every city included within their terms. If they are general laws, within the meaning of the constitutional provisions cited, they are valid and are to be given the effect intended by th<p legislature. If, on the other hand, they are special laws, within -the meaning of those constitutional provisions, they are void and can have no effect! So the exact question presented for decision is whether the statutes cited are special or private laws, within the meaning of the constitution. ■
These constitutional provisions came into the constitution by amendment after many cities within the state had been incorporated by special laws. The fact that many cities had been incorporated by special laws may be assumed-to have been borne in mind by the people when they put those amendments into the constitution. It was not provided or intended that these special charters should be superseded by [388]*388incorporation under a general law. At least, that was not made compulsory. But it is permitted to such cities as 'were tfie.n incorporated under special laws to continue to operate under their special charters. This must have been within the purpose of the people in making the amendments. This naturally makes a constitutional division of the cities of the state, into two classes upon that line,— those which are incorporated under special laws, and those which have been organized under the general law. The fact, too, must have been in contemplation of the people, that in process of time, and by reason of the growth and development of the cities which were under special charters, and changed conditions, new and enlarged powers would become necessary to their well-being and progress. It was intended to confer the power to grant such new or enlarged powers upon such cities, by sec. 32 of art. IY. It was intended to confer power ample for the purpose. The only restriction is that such powers shall be conferred only by general laws having a uniform operation through the state. It seems clear that an act of the legislature which should confer a new power upon all the cities in the state which are in that class of cities which are acting under special laws, without any exception, would be a general law and uniform in its operation throughout the state, within the intention of the constitution. If it is found that ch. 224, Laws of 1893, applies to all the cities of the state which are acting under special charters, by this test it is a general law. It does apply to all such cities if all such cities are authorized by their charters to construct sewers.
Perhaps the more natural and obvious meaning of the words of the statute, “ authorized by such charters to construct sewers,” is “ authorized expressly by such charters to construct sewers.” If, with that interpretation, some cities which are acting under special charters would be excluded from its benefits, and if such an interpretation [389]*389would mate the statute a special law, within the meaning of the constitution, then some other interpretation, not inconsistent with the words of the statute, which will support its constitutionality will be preferred; even if it is not the most natural or obvious construction of the language used. Bigelow v. West Wis. R. Co. 27 Wis. 478, 486; Ruggles v. Fond du Lac, 53 Wis. 436; 23 Am. & Eng. Ency. of Law, 349, and cases cited in note 2. To hold that the statute intends to include within its benefits all cities acting under special lq,ws which are authorized, either by express provision or by implication, by their charters to construct sewers, is warranted if that construction is necessary to support the constitutionality of the statute.
It would perhaps be unsafe to assume without examination in detail that all special charters of cities expressly authorize the construction of sewers; but perhaps it will be safe to assume, without such examination, that all special charters do give authorit}7- to repair and keep in order the streets of the city. This is one of the more common and necessary duties of the city. This authority to repair and keep the streets in order carries with it, without special mention, authority to construct drains and sewers. 2 Dillon, Mun. Corp. (4th ed.), § 80.5, and the cases .cited in note 3. So it seems safe to say that all the cities of the state which are acting under special charters are “ authorized by such charters to construct sewers.” So it is held that ch. 224, Laws of 1893, applies to all the cities in the state which are acting under special charters, and is a general law, uniform in its application throughout the state, and is valid.
But ch. 311, Laws of 1893, divides into two classes, for the purposes of that chapter, the cities which are operating under special charters, and confers its benefits on one class only. Those having a population of 3,000 or more are authorized to borrow money and issue bonds for certain [390]*390specified purposes: “(9) For the purchase of lauds for public parks and improvements thereof. . . . (10) For permanently improving streets in such city.” This presents a different question.
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NewMAN, J.
The constitutional provisions which are involved in the decision of this case are:
Art. IY, sec. 31. “The legislature is prohibited from enacting any special or private laws in the following cases: . . . (9) For incorporating any city, town or village, or to amend the charter thereof.”
Art. IY, sec. 32. “ The legislature shall provide general laws for the transaction of any business that may be prohibited by section 31 of this ai’.ticle, and all such laws shall be uniform in their operation throughout the state.”
The statutes challenged, so far as necessary to show the questions raised, are as followTs:
Laws of 1893, ch. 224, sec. 1. “The common council of any city operating under a special charter granted by the legislature of this state, and authorized by such charter to construct sewers, is hereby empowered to divide such city into sewer districts and to levy a special tax of not more than one mill and a half of a mill on the dollar of the assessed value of the taxable property in any such sewer district, if in the opinion of the common council such special tax shall be needed for the extension or improvement of the sewer system for such district.” Sec. 2. “ If in the [387]*387opinion of such common council any such sewer district shall require an extraordinary outlay of money for the construction of outlets or pumping stations to perfect its sewer system, such common counciL is hereby authorized to provide by ordinance for issuing the corporate bonds of such city.”
Laws of 1893, eh. 311, sec. 1. “ The common council of any city incorporated by and operating under a. special charter granted by the legislature of this state, containing a population of three thousand inhabitants or more, as shown by the last state or national census, is hereby authorized to issue corporate bonds . . . for the following purposes: . . . (2) For the construction of sewers, and for the improvement and maintenance of the same. . . . (9) For the purchase of lands for public parks and improvements thereof. . . . (10) For permanently improving streets in such city and for creating a fund out of which to advance the cost of repair to sidewalks. . ..
Doubtless, these statutes, if valid, operate as. amendments to the charter of every city included within their terms. If they are general laws, within the meaning of the constitutional provisions cited, they are valid and are to be given the effect intended by th<p legislature. If, on the other hand, they are special laws, within -the meaning of those constitutional provisions, they are void and can have no effect! So the exact question presented for decision is whether the statutes cited are special or private laws, within the meaning of the constitution. ■
These constitutional provisions came into the constitution by amendment after many cities within the state had been incorporated by special laws. The fact that many cities had been incorporated by special laws may be assumed-to have been borne in mind by the people when they put those amendments into the constitution. It was not provided or intended that these special charters should be superseded by [388]*388incorporation under a general law. At least, that was not made compulsory. But it is permitted to such cities as 'were tfie.n incorporated under special laws to continue to operate under their special charters. This must have been within the purpose of the people in making the amendments. This naturally makes a constitutional division of the cities of the state, into two classes upon that line,— those which are incorporated under special laws, and those which have been organized under the general law. The fact, too, must have been in contemplation of the people, that in process of time, and by reason of the growth and development of the cities which were under special charters, and changed conditions, new and enlarged powers would become necessary to their well-being and progress. It was intended to confer the power to grant such new or enlarged powers upon such cities, by sec. 32 of art. IY. It was intended to confer power ample for the purpose. The only restriction is that such powers shall be conferred only by general laws having a uniform operation through the state. It seems clear that an act of the legislature which should confer a new power upon all the cities in the state which are in that class of cities which are acting under special laws, without any exception, would be a general law and uniform in its operation throughout the state, within the intention of the constitution. If it is found that ch. 224, Laws of 1893, applies to all the cities of the state which are acting under special charters, by this test it is a general law. It does apply to all such cities if all such cities are authorized by their charters to construct sewers.
Perhaps the more natural and obvious meaning of the words of the statute, “ authorized by such charters to construct sewers,” is “ authorized expressly by such charters to construct sewers.” If, with that interpretation, some cities which are acting under special charters would be excluded from its benefits, and if such an interpretation [389]*389would mate the statute a special law, within the meaning of the constitution, then some other interpretation, not inconsistent with the words of the statute, which will support its constitutionality will be preferred; even if it is not the most natural or obvious construction of the language used. Bigelow v. West Wis. R. Co. 27 Wis. 478, 486; Ruggles v. Fond du Lac, 53 Wis. 436; 23 Am. & Eng. Ency. of Law, 349, and cases cited in note 2. To hold that the statute intends to include within its benefits all cities acting under special lq,ws which are authorized, either by express provision or by implication, by their charters to construct sewers, is warranted if that construction is necessary to support the constitutionality of the statute.
It would perhaps be unsafe to assume without examination in detail that all special charters of cities expressly authorize the construction of sewers; but perhaps it will be safe to assume, without such examination, that all special charters do give authorit}7- to repair and keep in order the streets of the city. This is one of the more common and necessary duties of the city. This authority to repair and keep the streets in order carries with it, without special mention, authority to construct drains and sewers. 2 Dillon, Mun. Corp. (4th ed.), § 80.5, and the cases .cited in note 3. So it seems safe to say that all the cities of the state which are acting under special charters are “ authorized by such charters to construct sewers.” So it is held that ch. 224, Laws of 1893, applies to all the cities in the state which are acting under special charters, and is a general law, uniform in its application throughout the state, and is valid.
But ch. 311, Laws of 1893, divides into two classes, for the purposes of that chapter, the cities which are operating under special charters, and confers its benefits on one class only. Those having a population of 3,000 or more are authorized to borrow money and issue bonds for certain [390]*390specified purposes: “(9) For the purchase of lauds for public parks and improvements thereof. . . . (10) For permanently improving streets in such city.” This presents a different question.
It would seem that, if it is competent to legislate at all for cities acting under special charters, it should be competent to make some classification of them suited to their different conditions and necessities. All cannot use with benefit powers which would be of great advantage to some. A law which should provide for one case only, in a proper case, should be held to be a general law. It is not required that all general laws shall be equally general. A law legislating for a class is a general law when it is for a class “ requiring legislation peculiar to itself in the matter covered by the law.” A law relating to particular persons or things as a class is said to be general; while a law relating to particular persons or things of a class is deemed special and private. Whether such laws are to be deemed general laws or special laws depends very much upon whether the classification is appropriate. Certain rules by which the propriety of the classification may be tested have been stated by courts and have become well established. These rules are applied by the decisions with varying strictness. The main difficulty is in the application of the rules.
One rule is: All classification must be based upon substantial distinctions which make one class really different from another. It is urged in favor of the classification made by ch. 311 that there is much less necessity for perfectly and expensively constructed streets and costly and extensive public parks in small cities than there is in large ones. In small cities the streets are much less used, and so high a degree of perfection is not required; while, as to public parks, the people are all, already, as near to the country and the free air as many of the citizens of large cities can be to any public park. It is considered that there [391]*391is something substantial in this view of the different requirements of large cities as compared with small cities, which makes one class really different from the other as respects the propriety of creating debts for permanently improving streets or for buying land for public parks. The difference is sufficient to account for and to justify such a classification for that purpose. It is usually appropriate to classify by population, especially where the object to be advanced by it bears fairly a relation .to the number of population in either class; and, while opinions may fairty differ as to where the line of distinction should be drawn, that is fairly a subject for the exercise of legislative discretion. It is not open to question by the courts, unless it shall appear to be a mere device to evade the constitutional provisions.
.Another rule is: The classification adopted must be germane to the purpose of the law. The distinction in. the classification made by ch. 311 is based upon a real difference of situation, as between large and small cities, as regards the necessity or propriety of creating debts for permanent improvement of streets, and for the purchase of lands .for public parks and their improvement. It is germane to the purpose of the law.
• Another rule is: The classification must not be based upon existing circumstances only. It must not be so constituted as to preclude addition to the numbers included within a class. The test provided by ch. 311 by which to determine which cities are within its provisions, is “ the last state or national census.” On its face, the statute seems intended to be prospective in its operation; so that such cities as in the future shall attain to the required population may have the benefits of its provisions. With this interpretation, it is in compliance with this rule. If its proper interpretation were doubtful, it would receive such interpretation as would render it in compliance with this rule.
[392]*392Another rule is: To whatever class a law may apply, it must apply equally to each member thereof. Ch. 311 complies with this rule. It operates equally upon each member of the class. It applies equally to; every city of the class having a population of 3,000 or more.
Authorities relating to the questions discussed in this opinion will be found as follows: 15 Am. & Eng. Ency. of Law, 978, and several following pages, and in the notes; 23 Am. & Eng. Ency. of Law, 148-151, and notes; articles in 32 Am. Law Reg. & Rev. pp. 127, 816.
The questions presented have not been considered to be free from doubt and difficulty. In their solution the principle that a statute is not to be condemned as unconstitutional unless it is clearly so has had its appropriate influence. Both of the statutes questioned are considered to be general laws, within the intention of the constitution, and so valid. The demurrer to the complaint was rightly sustained.
By the Court.— The order of the circuit court is affirmed.