Opinion of the Court
GIERKE, Judge.
A general court-martial composed of officer and enlisted members convicted appellant, contrary to his pleas, of unpremeditated murder of his infant son, in violation of Article 118, Uniform Code of Military Justice, 10 USC § 918. Appellant was sentenced to a dishonorable discharge, confinement for 22 years, total forfeitures, and reduction to E-l. The convening authority reduced the confinement to 14 years but approved the remainder of the sentence.
This Court granted review of three issues raised by appellate defense counsel and one modified issue as follows:
I
WHETHER THE EVIDENCE ADDUCED AT TRIAL WAS LEGALLY INSUFFICIENT TO SUPPORT THE FINDINGS OF GUILTY.
[462]*462II
WHETHER THE MILITARY JUDGE ERRED TO APPELLANT’S SUBSTANTIAL PREJUDICE BY PERMITTING EVIDENCE REGARDING A POEM WRITTEN BY APPELLANT WHILE HE WAS IN HIGH SCHOOL.
Ill
WHETHER THE ADDENDUM TO THE STAFF JUDGE ADVOCATE’S RECOMMENDATION CONTAINED NEW MATTERS NOT PROVIDED TO APPELLANT OR TRIAL DEFENSE COUNSEL BEFORE THE RECORD WAS FORWARDED TO THE CONVENING AUTHORITY FOR ACTION.
Modified Issue
WHETHER THE MILITARY JUDGE ERRED TO THE SUBSTANTIAL PREJUDICE OF APPELLANT BY REFUSING TO INSTRUCT THE MEMBERS ON THE DEFENSE OF ACCIDENT.
I. Factual Background
On the afternoon of March 9,1988, appellant’s wife left their 3-month-old child in appellant’s care. At 4:09 p.m., the security police received an urgent call from appellant, who related that his child had stopped breathing. An emergency medical team from the base hospital immediately responded and found appellant trying to revive the infant by mouth-to-mouth and cardio-pulmonary resuscitation. First Lieutenant Lotsch, a physician’s assistant, asked appellant what had happened, and appellant responded that he was changing the baby’s diaper “and he just stopped breathing.” Lieutenant Lotsch remembered that appellant seemed upset.
Staff Sergeant Webb, an emergency medical technician assigned to the emergency room of the base hospital, was in the emergency room when the ambulance bearing appellant’s child arrived at the hospital. After “code procedures” to revive the child were begun, Sergeant Webb took over the role of comforting the child’s parents. She testified as follows:
Q. Do you remember hearing from the accused what happened?
A. Yes sir, I do.
Q. Would you please explain to the members the setting, and how he said it and what he said?
A. We were sitting in the OIC’s office in the emergency room. That’s where we put the family members of a code victim. He had come in ... he was crying when he initially came in and he was sitting in one of the chairs and he told me that he had been holding the baby and the baby squirmed and fell out of his arms. He was standing up and he said ... he held his arms out at a 90 degree angle and said the baby fell out of my arms, when he first came in.
Q. Then, what did he say happened? A. He didn’t say much for a long time; he closed up into himself and didn’t say much for awhile.
Q. Where did he go?
A. He was still in the office, in the OIC’s office and he was fidgeting in his chair and moving around a little bit and then all of a sudden he would say something like, the baby was laying on the couch and he just fell off and then he’d be quiet again for awhile and my role as family support member is not to really do anything other than offer coffee, offer a shoulder, kleenex, just support. So, he would get quiet again and then he’d just start talking again and one time he said, I was putting the baby in the swing and he fell out of my arms onto the floor and then he would be quiet again for awhile and then he would go back to the story where he was holding the baby with his arms in a 90 degree angle like this (Witness extended both arms at approximately a 90 degree angle.) and the baby fell out of his arms onto the floor.
Q. Three separate accounts of what happened?
A. Yes, sir.
[463]*463The infant was diagnosed as suffering from a “head bleed” which caused significant brain damage. He was transferred to Lubbock General Hospital, where he lapsed into a vegetative state and eventually died on December 20, 1988.
Mrs. Van Syoc, appellant’s ex-wife, testified that appellant would sometimes try to stop the baby’s crying by “screaming” at the baby, telling him to “shut up, shut up.” Appellant told his wife that the baby’s crying “hurt his ears, ... like a plane taking off, the same decibels or something.” Mrs. Van Syoc testified that on one occasion the baby “had been crying and all of a sudden it got really muffled and he [appellant] had two fingers over the baby’s mouth.” Appellant told his wife that he was “trying to block the noise” because it hurt his ears. Except for the manner in which he tried to stop the baby from crying, appellant was “usually very careful about” the way he held the baby.
Mrs. Van Syoc testified that the baby seemed normal and was sleeping when she left him with appellant. When she returned home, a neighbor told her that the baby had been taken to the hospital. When she arrived at the hospital, the first thing she heard appellant say was, “Oh God, she’s never going to let me hold him again.” Mrs. Van Syoc asked appellant what he meant, and he replied:
I’m sorry, honey ... I dropped him____ I was picking him up out of his crib ... I had just changed his diaper and he wiggled or squirmed or moved and I couldn’t hang on to him. I wasn’t expecting it and I dropped him, and ... as soon as he hit the floor he became unresponsive.
Dr. John Turnbow, an expert in pediatrics, first examined the baby on March 10 at Lubbock General Hospital. He found no signs of external trauma but evidence of “bleeding in the head.” In his opinion the injuries were “non-accidental” and “not consistent” with appellant’s explanation.
After the baby had been at Lubbock General Hospital for about 5 weeks, Mrs. Van Syoc asked one of the doctors to show her the “CT scans.” The doctor told Mrs. Van Syoc and appellant that the baby was suffering from shaken-baby syndrome. The doctor explained the syndrome as existing “when the parent or somebody gets violently angry with the child, picks the child up and ... shakes them so violently that it causes massive brain damage.” Mrs. Van Syoc testified that she had never punished the baby and had never shaken him.
Dr. Jin Song Leo, an expert in diagnostic radiology and neuroradiology, testified that the baby’s injuries were not consistent with a “simple fall” but were consistent with the shaken-infant syndrome. Likewise, Dr. Howard Morgan, a neurological surgeon, concluded that there was a high probability of “the type of acceleration and deceleration of the head that is seen in what’s called the shaken-baby syndrome.”
Dr. Wilber L.
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Opinion of the Court
GIERKE, Judge.
A general court-martial composed of officer and enlisted members convicted appellant, contrary to his pleas, of unpremeditated murder of his infant son, in violation of Article 118, Uniform Code of Military Justice, 10 USC § 918. Appellant was sentenced to a dishonorable discharge, confinement for 22 years, total forfeitures, and reduction to E-l. The convening authority reduced the confinement to 14 years but approved the remainder of the sentence.
This Court granted review of three issues raised by appellate defense counsel and one modified issue as follows:
I
WHETHER THE EVIDENCE ADDUCED AT TRIAL WAS LEGALLY INSUFFICIENT TO SUPPORT THE FINDINGS OF GUILTY.
[462]*462II
WHETHER THE MILITARY JUDGE ERRED TO APPELLANT’S SUBSTANTIAL PREJUDICE BY PERMITTING EVIDENCE REGARDING A POEM WRITTEN BY APPELLANT WHILE HE WAS IN HIGH SCHOOL.
Ill
WHETHER THE ADDENDUM TO THE STAFF JUDGE ADVOCATE’S RECOMMENDATION CONTAINED NEW MATTERS NOT PROVIDED TO APPELLANT OR TRIAL DEFENSE COUNSEL BEFORE THE RECORD WAS FORWARDED TO THE CONVENING AUTHORITY FOR ACTION.
Modified Issue
WHETHER THE MILITARY JUDGE ERRED TO THE SUBSTANTIAL PREJUDICE OF APPELLANT BY REFUSING TO INSTRUCT THE MEMBERS ON THE DEFENSE OF ACCIDENT.
I. Factual Background
On the afternoon of March 9,1988, appellant’s wife left their 3-month-old child in appellant’s care. At 4:09 p.m., the security police received an urgent call from appellant, who related that his child had stopped breathing. An emergency medical team from the base hospital immediately responded and found appellant trying to revive the infant by mouth-to-mouth and cardio-pulmonary resuscitation. First Lieutenant Lotsch, a physician’s assistant, asked appellant what had happened, and appellant responded that he was changing the baby’s diaper “and he just stopped breathing.” Lieutenant Lotsch remembered that appellant seemed upset.
Staff Sergeant Webb, an emergency medical technician assigned to the emergency room of the base hospital, was in the emergency room when the ambulance bearing appellant’s child arrived at the hospital. After “code procedures” to revive the child were begun, Sergeant Webb took over the role of comforting the child’s parents. She testified as follows:
Q. Do you remember hearing from the accused what happened?
A. Yes sir, I do.
Q. Would you please explain to the members the setting, and how he said it and what he said?
A. We were sitting in the OIC’s office in the emergency room. That’s where we put the family members of a code victim. He had come in ... he was crying when he initially came in and he was sitting in one of the chairs and he told me that he had been holding the baby and the baby squirmed and fell out of his arms. He was standing up and he said ... he held his arms out at a 90 degree angle and said the baby fell out of my arms, when he first came in.
Q. Then, what did he say happened? A. He didn’t say much for a long time; he closed up into himself and didn’t say much for awhile.
Q. Where did he go?
A. He was still in the office, in the OIC’s office and he was fidgeting in his chair and moving around a little bit and then all of a sudden he would say something like, the baby was laying on the couch and he just fell off and then he’d be quiet again for awhile and my role as family support member is not to really do anything other than offer coffee, offer a shoulder, kleenex, just support. So, he would get quiet again and then he’d just start talking again and one time he said, I was putting the baby in the swing and he fell out of my arms onto the floor and then he would be quiet again for awhile and then he would go back to the story where he was holding the baby with his arms in a 90 degree angle like this (Witness extended both arms at approximately a 90 degree angle.) and the baby fell out of his arms onto the floor.
Q. Three separate accounts of what happened?
A. Yes, sir.
[463]*463The infant was diagnosed as suffering from a “head bleed” which caused significant brain damage. He was transferred to Lubbock General Hospital, where he lapsed into a vegetative state and eventually died on December 20, 1988.
Mrs. Van Syoc, appellant’s ex-wife, testified that appellant would sometimes try to stop the baby’s crying by “screaming” at the baby, telling him to “shut up, shut up.” Appellant told his wife that the baby’s crying “hurt his ears, ... like a plane taking off, the same decibels or something.” Mrs. Van Syoc testified that on one occasion the baby “had been crying and all of a sudden it got really muffled and he [appellant] had two fingers over the baby’s mouth.” Appellant told his wife that he was “trying to block the noise” because it hurt his ears. Except for the manner in which he tried to stop the baby from crying, appellant was “usually very careful about” the way he held the baby.
Mrs. Van Syoc testified that the baby seemed normal and was sleeping when she left him with appellant. When she returned home, a neighbor told her that the baby had been taken to the hospital. When she arrived at the hospital, the first thing she heard appellant say was, “Oh God, she’s never going to let me hold him again.” Mrs. Van Syoc asked appellant what he meant, and he replied:
I’m sorry, honey ... I dropped him____ I was picking him up out of his crib ... I had just changed his diaper and he wiggled or squirmed or moved and I couldn’t hang on to him. I wasn’t expecting it and I dropped him, and ... as soon as he hit the floor he became unresponsive.
Dr. John Turnbow, an expert in pediatrics, first examined the baby on March 10 at Lubbock General Hospital. He found no signs of external trauma but evidence of “bleeding in the head.” In his opinion the injuries were “non-accidental” and “not consistent” with appellant’s explanation.
After the baby had been at Lubbock General Hospital for about 5 weeks, Mrs. Van Syoc asked one of the doctors to show her the “CT scans.” The doctor told Mrs. Van Syoc and appellant that the baby was suffering from shaken-baby syndrome. The doctor explained the syndrome as existing “when the parent or somebody gets violently angry with the child, picks the child up and ... shakes them so violently that it causes massive brain damage.” Mrs. Van Syoc testified that she had never punished the baby and had never shaken him.
Dr. Jin Song Leo, an expert in diagnostic radiology and neuroradiology, testified that the baby’s injuries were not consistent with a “simple fall” but were consistent with the shaken-infant syndrome. Likewise, Dr. Howard Morgan, a neurological surgeon, concluded that there was a high probability of “the type of acceleration and deceleration of the head that is seen in what’s called the shaken-baby syndrome.”
Dr. Wilber L. Smith, an expert in pediatric radiology, concluded, based on the presence of old blood in the brain, that there were at least two shakings, with one of them preceding March 9 by at least 14 days. In his opinion the fatal injuries were inflicted on March 9. Dr. Smith’s diagnosis was that the baby “suffered from ... at least two major episodes of shaking.” He testified that dropping the child could not have caused the injuries. Asked if this was a close case, Dr. Smith responded, “No, sir. This is a straight forward case.”
Dr. Randell Alexander, a pediatrician, testified that, based on the pattern of injuries suffered by the Van Syoc baby, they could not have been caused by a fall, even if the baby hit the edge of the crib on the way down. In his opinion the Van Syoc baby suffered from a repetitive, oscillating force consistent with shaking but not consistent with a single impact. He testified that the shaking in this case would have been “extremely severe” and prolonged, “in the order of seven to ten shakes at a minimum.”
Dr. Zumwalt, a forensic pathologist, interpreted the medical records and examined the victim. Dr. Zumwalt testified that the injuries were “classical for a Whiplash Shaken Infant.” He testified that the ex[464]*464planations offered by appellant were not consistent with the injuries.
Appellant presented no evidence on the merits. The defense argued that the baby’s death was an accident, relying on the testimony of prosecution witnesses, Mrs.Van Syoc and Sergeant Webb, who related appellant’s claim that the baby had squirmed and fallen from his arms.
Both the prosecution and the defense requested that the military judge instruct the members on the defense of accident. The military judge initially agreed to give such an instruction but then reversed his ruling and refused to give an accident instruction, explaining that he did not believe that an “innocent explanation” for the baby’s death raises the defense of accident. Notwithstanding his ruling, the military judge informed defense counsel that “you can argue that in terms of the lay use of the word accident, you know, it was an accident.”
II. Discussion
In this case, the prosecution had the burden of proving that appellant “had the intent to kill or inflict great bodily harm upon” his infant son. See para. 48b(2)(d), Part IV, Manual for Courts-Martial, United States, 1984. The prosecution theory was that appellant killed his infant son by violently shaking him and that appellant’s intent to kill or inflict great bodily harm could be inferred from appellant’s violent acts. The military judge properly instructed the members on circumstantial proof of intent, as follows:
[I]t may be inferred that a person intends the natural and probable results of an act he purposely does. Therefore, if a person does an intentional act which is likely to result in death or great bodily harm, it may be inferred that he intended to inflict death or great bodily harm. The drawing of this inference, however, is not required.
I have instructed you that the intent to kill or to inflict great bodily harm must be proved beyond a reasonable doubt. Direct evidence of intent is often unavailable. The accused’s intent, however, may be proved by circumstantial evidence. In deciding this issue, you must consider all relevant facts and circumstances including but not limited to the force demonstrated by the expert as required to produce the shaken baby injury, the testimony of the witnesses as to the extent and the nature of the injuries.
See para. 43c(3)(a).
The defense theory was that the baby’s death was an accident. The affirmative defense of accident is defined in RCM 916(f), Manual, supra, as follows: “A death, injury, or other event which occurs as the unintentional and unexpected result of doing a lawful act in a lawful manner is an accident and excusable.” This Court has held that the defense of accident has three elements:
First, evidence must be introduced that the accused was engaged in an act not prohibited by law, regulation, or order. Second, this lawful act must be shown by some evidence to have been performed in a lawful manner, i.e., with due care and without simple negligence. Third, there must be some evidence in the record of trial that this act was done without any unlawful intent.
United States v. Ferguson, 15 MJ 12, 17 (1983) (citations omitted). In deciding whether an instruction on accident is required, the question is whether “evidence [was] presented ... to which the members might attach credit which would raise the defense of accident.” Id. at 17. “Any doubt whether the evidence” raises an affirmative defense requiring “an instruction should be resolved in favor of the accused.” United States v. Steinruck, 11 MJ 322, 324 (CMA 1981), citing United States v. Staten, 6 MJ 275 (CMA 1979). The duty to instruct arises whenever “some evidence” is presented raising the defense, RCM 916(b); it need not “be compelling or convincing beyond a reasonable doubt.” United States v. Jackson, 12 MJ 163, 166-67 (CMA 1981). The duty to instruct arises whether the evidence raising [465]*465the defense comes from prosecution or defense witnesses. RCM 916(b), Discussion. See United, States v. Buckley, 35 MJ 262, 264 (CMA 1992); id. at 264-65 (Gierke and Wiss, JJ., dissenting).
III. Conclusion
We hold that the defense of accident was reasonably raised by the testimony of Mrs. Van Syoc and Sergeant Webb, each of whom described appellant’s innocent explanation for the baby’s injuries. The military judge erred when he ruled that appellant’s innocent explanation for the baby’s fatal injuries did not raise the defense of accident and when he denied the defense request for an instruction on accident. See United States v. Ferguson, supra.
We hold further that the error was prejudicial because it deprived the defense of an instruction on their theory of the case. Although the military judge properly instructed the members on the prosecution theory that they could infer appellant’s intent to kill or inflict great bodily harm, he refused to instruct on the defense theory that the baby’s death was an accident and that the prosecution had the burden of proving beyond a reasonable doubt that the fatal injuries were not accidentally inflicted. Given the posture of the evidence and the theories of the parties in this case, we are not satisfied that the error was harmless. See generally United States v. Manee, 26 MJ 244, 254-57 (CMA 1988).
In light of our disposition of this issue, we need not address the merits of the remaining granted issues.
The decision of the United States Air Force Court of Military Review is reversed. The findings of guilty and the sentence are set aside. The record of trial is returned to the Judge Advocate General of the Air Force. A rehearing may be ordered.
Judges COX, CRAWFORD, and WISS concur.