PUBLISH IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT ___________________________
No. 97-6903 FILED ___________________________ U.S. COURT OF APPEALS D.C. Docket No. 97-37-N ELEVENTH CIRCUIT 04/20/99 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, THOMAS K. KAHN CLERK Plaintiff- Appellee,
versus
MICHAEL JON HUNTER,
Defendant-Appellant.
_____________________________
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Middle District of Alabama _____________________________ (April 20, 1999)
Before HATCHETT, Chief Judge, and CARNES, Circuit Judge, and FARRIS*, Senior Circuit Judge.
FARRIS, Senior Circuit Judge:
Background
Michael Jon Hunter was convicted of four counts of possession of narcotics with intent to
distribute in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1). He pled guilty and was sentenced to 57 months
in prison.
* Honorable Jerome Farris, Senior U.S. Circuit Judge for the Ninth Circuit, sitting by designation. Hunter was arrested after selling several grams of amphetamine to a confidential
informant of the Prattville, Alabama Police Department. The transaction took place from
Hunter’s automobile, where he was arrested while preparing to inject himself with a controlled
substance. A subsequent search of the automobile yielded significant quantities of drugs, cash,
and records of drug transactions. Two days later, authorities searched Hunter’s home, which
was located almost 100 miles away from the scene of the arrest. This search yielded no drugs,
but hundreds of plastic baggies, over a hundred glass vials, mixing spoons, diluting agents,
transaction records, and five firearms were recovered. As a result, Hunter was also charged with
being a felon in possession of a firearm.
The sentencing court found that the evidence recovered from Hunter’s home
demonstrated he was engaging in drug trafficking from his home, and such conduct was relevant
to sentencing. United States v. Hunter, 980 F. Supp. 1439, 1445-47 (M.D. Ala. 1997). The
court concluded it could group the four drug charges with the gun charge under U.S.S.G. §
3D1.2, which provides that “[a]ll counts involving substantially the same harm shall be grouped
together.” Multiple counts involve substantially the same harm “[w]hen one of the counts
embodies conduct that is treated as a specific offense characteristic in, or other adjustment to, the
guideline applicable to another of the counts.” U.S.S.G. § 3S1.2(c). A firearm is a specific
offense characteristic of a drug count under § 2D1.1(b)(1). Since the gun in the instant case
was found 100 miles from the scene of the conduct for which Hunter was charged, we must
decide whether that gun involves substantially the same harm as the other charges. Hunter
challenges only the propriety of grouping these counts, which led to his sentence of 57 months.
2 Discussion
The district court’s findings of fact are reviewed for clear error, and its conclusions of
law, including application of the sentencing guidelines, are reviewed de novo. United States v.
Smith, 127 F.3d 1388, 1389 (11th Cir. 1997).
Specific offense characteristic enhancements under U.S.S.G. § 2D1.1(b)(1) for
possession of a firearm are statutorily proper “[i]f a dangerous weapon was possessed.” There
are two recent Eleventh Circuit cases discussing “possession” in this context. In United States v.
Cooper, 111 F.3d 845 (11th Cir. 1997), the defendant was charged with drug trafficking offenses
based on drugs found in a warehouse. Id. at 846. When police searched Cooper’s house several
miles from the warehouse, they found cash, a key to the warehouse, a suitcase similar to that in
which the drugs were stored, and two guns. Id. We vacated a district court determination that
the firearms were possessed in relation to the drug offense and stated that Ҥ 2D1.1(b)(1)
requires the government to show by a preponderance of the evidence that the firearm was present
at the site of the charged conduct.” Id. at 847 (citing United States v. Hall, 46 F.3d 62, 63 (11th
Cir. 1995)). Since the weapons were found at Cooper’s home, not “at the site of the offense
conduct as required by § 2D1.1(b)(1) and its commentary,” the enhancement was improper. Id.
at 847.
We decided the second case, United States v. Smith, 127 F.3d 1388 (11th Cir. 1997),
subsequent to Hunter’s sentencing. In Smith, we found that a firearm enhancement is
“authorized if the weapon was possessed during the offense of conviction or during related
relevant conduct.” Id. at 1390 (emphasis added). We further held “that the enhancement is to be
applied whenever a firearm is possessed during conduct relevant to the offense of conviction.”
3 Id. (citing authority from the Second, Fourth, Fifth, Seventh, and Tenth Circuits). Smith had
sold cocaine to an informant and been observed obtaining the drug from a metal cabinet. Id. at
1389. Several weeks after the sale for which he was indicted, Smith was again observed
retrieving drugs from the cabinet and was arrested after driving away. Id. He had a loaded gun
on the car seat next to him and cocaine in a bag. Id. We considered this “relevant conduct” to
the charged offense and applied a firearm enhancement. Id. at 1390. We factually distinguished
Cooper by noting that Smith had the firearm with him when he was arrested whereas in Cooper
the firearm was neither on the defendant’s person nor found in proximity to the drugs. Id. at
1390 n.1.
Despite arguable inconsistencies, Cooper and Smith yield consistent holdings. In
Cooper, we stated that an enhancement is proper where the firearm was “present at the site of the
charged conduct.” Cooper, 111 F.3d at 847 (citing United States v. Hall, 46 F.3d 62, 63 (11th
Cir. 1995). Recognizing the 1991 Sentencing Guideline amendment deleting the restriction that
the weapon must be possessed during the offense of conviction, we recently clarified our
statement from Cooper. In Smith, we found that a firearm enhancement is “to be applied
whenever a firearm is possessed during conduct relevant to the offense of conviction.” Smith,
127 F.3d at 1390 (citing authority from the Second, Fourth, Fifth, Seventh, and Tenth Circuits).
We therefore clarified that “site of the charged conduct” includes conduct relevant to the offense
of conviction, that is, acts “that were part of the same course of conduct or common scheme or
plan as the offense of conviction.” Id. (citing U.S.S.G. § 1B1.3(a)(2)).
Although decided prior to Smith, the sentence imposed by the district court is consistent
with these holdings. The district court found that in Cooper, unlike the instant case, the Eleventh
4 Circuit was not required to reach the question of whether relevant conduct occurring where the
weapons were found could support an enhancement of the drug offense because it characterized
the suitcase, cash, and warehouse key as insufficient evidence of drug transactions in the home.
Hunter, 980 F. Supp at 1486.
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PUBLISH IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT ___________________________
No. 97-6903 FILED ___________________________ U.S. COURT OF APPEALS D.C. Docket No. 97-37-N ELEVENTH CIRCUIT 04/20/99 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, THOMAS K. KAHN CLERK Plaintiff- Appellee,
versus
MICHAEL JON HUNTER,
Defendant-Appellant.
_____________________________
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Middle District of Alabama _____________________________ (April 20, 1999)
Before HATCHETT, Chief Judge, and CARNES, Circuit Judge, and FARRIS*, Senior Circuit Judge.
FARRIS, Senior Circuit Judge:
Background
Michael Jon Hunter was convicted of four counts of possession of narcotics with intent to
distribute in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1). He pled guilty and was sentenced to 57 months
in prison.
* Honorable Jerome Farris, Senior U.S. Circuit Judge for the Ninth Circuit, sitting by designation. Hunter was arrested after selling several grams of amphetamine to a confidential
informant of the Prattville, Alabama Police Department. The transaction took place from
Hunter’s automobile, where he was arrested while preparing to inject himself with a controlled
substance. A subsequent search of the automobile yielded significant quantities of drugs, cash,
and records of drug transactions. Two days later, authorities searched Hunter’s home, which
was located almost 100 miles away from the scene of the arrest. This search yielded no drugs,
but hundreds of plastic baggies, over a hundred glass vials, mixing spoons, diluting agents,
transaction records, and five firearms were recovered. As a result, Hunter was also charged with
being a felon in possession of a firearm.
The sentencing court found that the evidence recovered from Hunter’s home
demonstrated he was engaging in drug trafficking from his home, and such conduct was relevant
to sentencing. United States v. Hunter, 980 F. Supp. 1439, 1445-47 (M.D. Ala. 1997). The
court concluded it could group the four drug charges with the gun charge under U.S.S.G. §
3D1.2, which provides that “[a]ll counts involving substantially the same harm shall be grouped
together.” Multiple counts involve substantially the same harm “[w]hen one of the counts
embodies conduct that is treated as a specific offense characteristic in, or other adjustment to, the
guideline applicable to another of the counts.” U.S.S.G. § 3S1.2(c). A firearm is a specific
offense characteristic of a drug count under § 2D1.1(b)(1). Since the gun in the instant case
was found 100 miles from the scene of the conduct for which Hunter was charged, we must
decide whether that gun involves substantially the same harm as the other charges. Hunter
challenges only the propriety of grouping these counts, which led to his sentence of 57 months.
2 Discussion
The district court’s findings of fact are reviewed for clear error, and its conclusions of
law, including application of the sentencing guidelines, are reviewed de novo. United States v.
Smith, 127 F.3d 1388, 1389 (11th Cir. 1997).
Specific offense characteristic enhancements under U.S.S.G. § 2D1.1(b)(1) for
possession of a firearm are statutorily proper “[i]f a dangerous weapon was possessed.” There
are two recent Eleventh Circuit cases discussing “possession” in this context. In United States v.
Cooper, 111 F.3d 845 (11th Cir. 1997), the defendant was charged with drug trafficking offenses
based on drugs found in a warehouse. Id. at 846. When police searched Cooper’s house several
miles from the warehouse, they found cash, a key to the warehouse, a suitcase similar to that in
which the drugs were stored, and two guns. Id. We vacated a district court determination that
the firearms were possessed in relation to the drug offense and stated that Ҥ 2D1.1(b)(1)
requires the government to show by a preponderance of the evidence that the firearm was present
at the site of the charged conduct.” Id. at 847 (citing United States v. Hall, 46 F.3d 62, 63 (11th
Cir. 1995)). Since the weapons were found at Cooper’s home, not “at the site of the offense
conduct as required by § 2D1.1(b)(1) and its commentary,” the enhancement was improper. Id.
at 847.
We decided the second case, United States v. Smith, 127 F.3d 1388 (11th Cir. 1997),
subsequent to Hunter’s sentencing. In Smith, we found that a firearm enhancement is
“authorized if the weapon was possessed during the offense of conviction or during related
relevant conduct.” Id. at 1390 (emphasis added). We further held “that the enhancement is to be
applied whenever a firearm is possessed during conduct relevant to the offense of conviction.”
3 Id. (citing authority from the Second, Fourth, Fifth, Seventh, and Tenth Circuits). Smith had
sold cocaine to an informant and been observed obtaining the drug from a metal cabinet. Id. at
1389. Several weeks after the sale for which he was indicted, Smith was again observed
retrieving drugs from the cabinet and was arrested after driving away. Id. He had a loaded gun
on the car seat next to him and cocaine in a bag. Id. We considered this “relevant conduct” to
the charged offense and applied a firearm enhancement. Id. at 1390. We factually distinguished
Cooper by noting that Smith had the firearm with him when he was arrested whereas in Cooper
the firearm was neither on the defendant’s person nor found in proximity to the drugs. Id. at
1390 n.1.
Despite arguable inconsistencies, Cooper and Smith yield consistent holdings. In
Cooper, we stated that an enhancement is proper where the firearm was “present at the site of the
charged conduct.” Cooper, 111 F.3d at 847 (citing United States v. Hall, 46 F.3d 62, 63 (11th
Cir. 1995). Recognizing the 1991 Sentencing Guideline amendment deleting the restriction that
the weapon must be possessed during the offense of conviction, we recently clarified our
statement from Cooper. In Smith, we found that a firearm enhancement is “to be applied
whenever a firearm is possessed during conduct relevant to the offense of conviction.” Smith,
127 F.3d at 1390 (citing authority from the Second, Fourth, Fifth, Seventh, and Tenth Circuits).
We therefore clarified that “site of the charged conduct” includes conduct relevant to the offense
of conviction, that is, acts “that were part of the same course of conduct or common scheme or
plan as the offense of conviction.” Id. (citing U.S.S.G. § 1B1.3(a)(2)).
Although decided prior to Smith, the sentence imposed by the district court is consistent
with these holdings. The district court found that in Cooper, unlike the instant case, the Eleventh
4 Circuit was not required to reach the question of whether relevant conduct occurring where the
weapons were found could support an enhancement of the drug offense because it characterized
the suitcase, cash, and warehouse key as insufficient evidence of drug transactions in the home.
Hunter, 980 F. Supp at 1486. In contrast, it found the paraphernalia recovered from Hunter’s
home to be sufficient evidence of conduct related to the offense of conviction. Id. This is in line
with our holding in Smith.
There was ample evidence in the instant case for the district court to conclude that the
drug paraphernalia found in Hunter’s home was part of the same course of conduct (i.e.
possession with intent to distribute) for which he was charged and convicted. Its statements as to
the enhancement pursuant to U.S.S.G. § 2D1.1(b)(1) were proper.
AFFIRMED.
5 CARNES, Circuit Judge, concurring:
The opinion in United States v. Cooper, 111 F.3d 845, 847 (11th Cir. 1997),
says that Ҥ 2D1.1(b)(1) requires the government to show by a preponderance of
the evidence that the firearm was present at the site of the charged conduct.” The
government did not and could not show that in this case, yet the district court
applied the § 2D1.1(b)(1) dangerous weapon enhancement. If the quoted language
from the Cooper opinion was a holding, we would be required to vacate the
sentence in this case and remand for resentencing without the enhancement.
We would be required to do that, because under our circuit’s operating law,
we must follow the holding of a prior panel even if we believe it is wrong. See,
e.g., Wascura v. Carver, No. 98-4124, (11th Cir. Mar. 9, 1999)(noting that we had
no occasion to pass on a party’s criticism of a prior panel’s decision, because “we
are bound by the [prior] decision regardless of whether we agree with it”); United
States v. Steele, 147 F.3d 1316, 1317 - 18 (11th Cir. 1998) (“Under our prior panel
precedent rule, a panel cannot overrule a prior one’s holding even though
convinced it is wrong.”).
But while the prior precedent rule requires us to follow the holding of an
earlier decision, it does not require us to follow the language of the accompanying
opinion that is unnecessary to the decision, i.e., we are not required to follow
6 dicta. See, e.g., McNely v. Ocala Star-Banner Corp., 99 F.3d 1068, 1077 (11th Cir.
1996) (“we are not required to follow dicta contained in our own precedents”);
Great Lakes Dredge & Dock Co. v. Tanker Robert Watt Miller, 957 F.2d 1575,
1578 (11th Cir. 1992)(what is said in a prior opinion about a question not presented
there is dicta, and dicta is not binding precedent, so a later panel is “free to give
that question fresh consideration”); see also McDonald’s Corp. v. Robertson, 147
F.3d 1301, 1315(11th Cir. 1998)(Carnes, J., concurring) (explaining why “dicta in
our opinions is not binding on anyone for any purpose”). The question, then, is
what is the Cooper holding, and what is merely dicta. More specifically, the
question is did Cooper hold that possession of a dangerous weapon during relevant
conduct away from the site of the offense conduct could not support a §
2D1.1(b)(1) dangerous weapon enhancement?
The answer is Cooper did not and could not have held that, because the
issue was not presented by the facts in Cooper. The holdings of a prior decision
can reach only as far as the facts and circumstances presented to the Court in the
case which produced that decision. There was no proof the weapons found away
from the site of the charged conduct in Cooper were possessed during relevant
conduct, so the panel in that case did not have before it the issue of whether
possession during relevant conduct could satisfy § 2D1.1(b)(1). It is true that the
7 Cooper opinion says that the possession must be at the site of the charged conduct
for the enhancement to be applicable, and that statement certainly implies
possession off-site during relevant conduct is insufficient. But that implication is
only dicta, because it is not necessary to the result the Court reached in the case.
See, e.g., American Bank and Trust Co. v. Dallas County, 463 U.S. 855, 871, 103
S.Ct. 3369, 3379 (1983)(statements in an opinion not necessary to the decision of
the case are dicta); United States v. Eggersdorf, 126 F.3d 1318, 1322 n.4 (11th Cir.
1997) (language in an opinion “not necessary to deciding the case then before us”
is dicta). Because any statement or implication in Cooper about possession during
off-site relevant conduct is dicta, we are “free to give that question fresh
consideration,” Great Lakes Dredge & Dock Co., 957 F.2d at 1578.**
Giving the question fresh consideration, I agree with the majority that
possession of a dangerous weapon during relevant conduct is sufficient for §
2D1.1(b)(1) purposes, even when the weapon was not also possessed at the site of
the charged conduct. By so holding, we give meaning to the 1991 amendment to
the guidelines that deleted from § 2D1.1(b)(1) the requirement the weapon be
** The opinion in Cooper cites identical language from United States v. Hall, 46 F.3d 62, 63 (11th Cir. 1995), but that earlier language is itself dicta insofar as the present issue is concerned, because the firearm in Hall was at the site of the charged conduct. Two layers of dicta cannot do what one does not – bind a later panel.
8 possessed during the offense of conviction, see United States v. Smith, 127 F.3d
1388, 1389 - 90 (11th Cir. 1997)(discussing Amendment No. 394 and its effect),
and we align ourselves with the at least six other circuits that have reached the
same conclusion, see David v. United States, 134 F.3d 470, 476 - 77 (1st Cir.
1998); United States v. Wetwattana, 94 F.3d 280, 284 n. 6 (7th Cir.1996); United
States v. Ortega, 94 F.3d 764, 767-68 (2d Cir.1996); United States v. Vital, 68
F.3d 114, 119 (5th Cir.1995); United States v. Roederer, 11 F.3d 973, 982 (10th
Cir.1993); United States v. Falesbork, 5 F.3d 715, 721 (4th Cir.1993); United
States v. Willard, 919 F.2d 606, 609 - 10 (9th Cir. 1990).