FILED United States Court of Appeals UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS Tenth Circuit
FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT December 21, 2017
Elisabeth A. Shumaker Clerk of Court UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff - Appellee,
v. No. 17-2018 (D.C. Nos. 2:16-CV-00719-JAP-KBM & CHRISTOPHER JOHN HOPSON, 1:03-CR-00677-JAP-1) (D. N.M.) Defendant - Appellant.
ORDER DENYING CERTIFICATE OF APPEALABILITY*
Before KELLY, PHILLIPS, and McHUGH, Circuit Judges.
Christopher John Hopson seeks a certificate of appealability (COA) to
challenge the dismissal of his authorized second or successive 28 U.S.C. § 2255
motion. Hopson argues that the new rule stated by Johnson v. United States,
135 S. Ct. 2551 (2015)—invalidating the residual clause of the Armed Career
Criminal Act’s (ACCA) definition of a “violent felony”—also invalidated the career
offender guideline applied at his sentencing under the mandatory Sentencing
Guidelines. The district court ruled that Hopson’s sentence was enhanced based on a
* This order is not binding precedent except under the doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. It may be cited, however, for its persuasive value consistent with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1 and 10th Cir. R. 32.1. valid enumerated offense—not the residual clause—and dismissed Hopson’s § 2255
motion. The district court denied COA, as do we.
I. Background
Hopson was convicted in 2003 of armed bank robbery and brandishing a
firearm during and in relation to a crime of violence. The presentence report (PSR)
used the 2000 Sentencing Guidelines Manual and recommended Hopson’s sentence
be enhanced based on his status as a career offender. See U.S. Sentencing Guidelines
Manual § 4B1.1 (U.S. Sentencing Comm’n 2000). Section 4B1.1 applied to adult
defendants convicted of a crime of violence or a controlled substance offense who
had “at least two prior felony convictions of . . . a crime of violence . . . .” A “crime
of violence” was defined as a federal or state felony that (1) “has as an element the
use, attempted use, or threatened use of physical force against the person of another”
(the elements clause); (2) is one of the four offenses enumerated in the guideline,
including “burglary of a dwelling” (the enumerated-offenses clause); or
(3) “otherwise involves conduct that presents a serious potential risk of physical
injury to another” (the residual clause). USSG § 4B1.2(a)(1)-(2).
Hopson had prior New Mexico state convictions for armed robbery and
residential burglary, which the PSR concluded both qualified as crimes of violence
under USSG § 4B1.2(a). Hopson did not object to this or any recommendation in the
PSR. Supp. R., Vol. II at 1. He was sentenced to 346 months’ imprisonment.
-2- Hopson challenged the sufficiency of the evidence supporting his conviction
on direct appeal, but did not challenge any aspect of his sentence. United States v.
Hopson, 105 F. App’x 968, 972 (10th Cir. 2004) (affirming conviction). In 2014,
Hopson filed a § 2255 motion claiming his conviction for brandishing a firearm was
unconstitutional, but did not challenge his career-offender sentence enhancement.
That § 2255 motion was dismissed as untimely. United States v. Hopson,
589 F. App’x 417, 418-19 (10th Cir. 2015) (affirming dismissal).
In 2015, the Supreme Court decided Johnson, holding that the ACCA’s
residual-clause definition of crime of violence was unconstitutionally vague.
135 S. Ct. at 2563. We then held that § 4B1.2(a)(2) was also unconstitutionally
vague under Johnson. United States v. Madrid, 805 F.3d 1204, 1211 (10th Cir.
2015), overruled as to advisory Guidelines by Beckles v. United States, 137 S. Ct.
886, 890 (2017). The Supreme Court made Johnson’s holding retroactive to cases on
collateral review in Welch v. United States, 136 S. Ct. 1257, 1268 (2016).
Within a year of the Johnson decision, Hopson sought authorization to file a
second § 2255 motion, which we granted. In re Hopson, No. 16-2175 (10th Cir.
Aug. 23, 2016) (unpublished order). In the authorized motion, he argued his New
Mexico burglary conviction could only have been a crime of violence under the
residual clause of § 4B1.2(a) and thus, his sentence was unconstitutional under
Johnson because § 4B1.2(a)’s residual clause is worded the same as the ACCA
residual clause. He challenged only the use of his residential burglary conviction to
-3- enhance his sentence; he did not argue his New Mexico armed robbery conviction
failed to qualify as a “crime of violence.”1 The district court rejected Hopson’s
assertion he was sentenced under § 4B1.2(a)’s residual clause, ruling he was properly
classified as a career offender under the enumerated-offenses clause for “burglary of
a dwelling.” Relief under Johnson is available only if the unconstitutionally vague
residual clause definition was used to categorize a prior conviction as a crime of
violence; convictions under the enumerated clause are not affected by Johnson.
See United States v. Pam, 867 F.3d 1191, 1203 (10th Cir. 2017). The district court
dismissed Hopson’s § 2255 motion and denied COA.
After that dismissal, the Supreme Court decided Beckles, holding Johnson
does not apply to advisory Sentencing Guideline enhancements. 137 S. Ct. at 890.
In his application for COA, Hopson argues Beckles does not preclude his claim
because he was sentenced in 2003, when the Sentencing Guidelines were considered
mandatory. See United States v. Booker, 543 U.S. 220, 245 (2005) (holding the
Guidelines are advisory only). Whether Johnson applies to pre-Booker guideline
sentences is an open question, Beckles, 137 S. Ct. at 903 n.4 (Sotomayor, J.,
concurring); see also United States v. Miller, 868 F.3d 1182, 1186-87 (10th Cir.
1 Hopson argues for the first time in his COA application that his prior New Mexico armed robbery conviction is not a crime of violence. As he did not raise this argument in his § 2255 motion, we will not consider it. See United States v. Moya, 676 F.3d 1211, 1213 (10th Cir. 2012) (declining to “deviate from the general rule that we do not address arguments presented for the first time on appeal” (internal quotation marks omitted)).
-4- 2017) (“Whether the mandatory Guidelines are amenable to vagueness challenges is
an issue of first impression in our circuit, and one that is sure to recur in light of
Johnson and Beckles.”).
II. Discussion
A prisoner challenging a denial of a § 2255 motion must obtain a COA as a
jurisdictional prerequisite to proceed with an appeal. 28 U.S.C. § 2253(c)(1)(B). We
will issue a COA “only if the applicant has made a substantial showing of the denial
of a constitutional right.” Id. § 2253(c)(2). “The petitioner must demonstrate that
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FILED United States Court of Appeals UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS Tenth Circuit
FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT December 21, 2017
Elisabeth A. Shumaker Clerk of Court UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff - Appellee,
v. No. 17-2018 (D.C. Nos. 2:16-CV-00719-JAP-KBM & CHRISTOPHER JOHN HOPSON, 1:03-CR-00677-JAP-1) (D. N.M.) Defendant - Appellant.
ORDER DENYING CERTIFICATE OF APPEALABILITY*
Before KELLY, PHILLIPS, and McHUGH, Circuit Judges.
Christopher John Hopson seeks a certificate of appealability (COA) to
challenge the dismissal of his authorized second or successive 28 U.S.C. § 2255
motion. Hopson argues that the new rule stated by Johnson v. United States,
135 S. Ct. 2551 (2015)—invalidating the residual clause of the Armed Career
Criminal Act’s (ACCA) definition of a “violent felony”—also invalidated the career
offender guideline applied at his sentencing under the mandatory Sentencing
Guidelines. The district court ruled that Hopson’s sentence was enhanced based on a
* This order is not binding precedent except under the doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. It may be cited, however, for its persuasive value consistent with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1 and 10th Cir. R. 32.1. valid enumerated offense—not the residual clause—and dismissed Hopson’s § 2255
motion. The district court denied COA, as do we.
I. Background
Hopson was convicted in 2003 of armed bank robbery and brandishing a
firearm during and in relation to a crime of violence. The presentence report (PSR)
used the 2000 Sentencing Guidelines Manual and recommended Hopson’s sentence
be enhanced based on his status as a career offender. See U.S. Sentencing Guidelines
Manual § 4B1.1 (U.S. Sentencing Comm’n 2000). Section 4B1.1 applied to adult
defendants convicted of a crime of violence or a controlled substance offense who
had “at least two prior felony convictions of . . . a crime of violence . . . .” A “crime
of violence” was defined as a federal or state felony that (1) “has as an element the
use, attempted use, or threatened use of physical force against the person of another”
(the elements clause); (2) is one of the four offenses enumerated in the guideline,
including “burglary of a dwelling” (the enumerated-offenses clause); or
(3) “otherwise involves conduct that presents a serious potential risk of physical
injury to another” (the residual clause). USSG § 4B1.2(a)(1)-(2).
Hopson had prior New Mexico state convictions for armed robbery and
residential burglary, which the PSR concluded both qualified as crimes of violence
under USSG § 4B1.2(a). Hopson did not object to this or any recommendation in the
PSR. Supp. R., Vol. II at 1. He was sentenced to 346 months’ imprisonment.
-2- Hopson challenged the sufficiency of the evidence supporting his conviction
on direct appeal, but did not challenge any aspect of his sentence. United States v.
Hopson, 105 F. App’x 968, 972 (10th Cir. 2004) (affirming conviction). In 2014,
Hopson filed a § 2255 motion claiming his conviction for brandishing a firearm was
unconstitutional, but did not challenge his career-offender sentence enhancement.
That § 2255 motion was dismissed as untimely. United States v. Hopson,
589 F. App’x 417, 418-19 (10th Cir. 2015) (affirming dismissal).
In 2015, the Supreme Court decided Johnson, holding that the ACCA’s
residual-clause definition of crime of violence was unconstitutionally vague.
135 S. Ct. at 2563. We then held that § 4B1.2(a)(2) was also unconstitutionally
vague under Johnson. United States v. Madrid, 805 F.3d 1204, 1211 (10th Cir.
2015), overruled as to advisory Guidelines by Beckles v. United States, 137 S. Ct.
886, 890 (2017). The Supreme Court made Johnson’s holding retroactive to cases on
collateral review in Welch v. United States, 136 S. Ct. 1257, 1268 (2016).
Within a year of the Johnson decision, Hopson sought authorization to file a
second § 2255 motion, which we granted. In re Hopson, No. 16-2175 (10th Cir.
Aug. 23, 2016) (unpublished order). In the authorized motion, he argued his New
Mexico burglary conviction could only have been a crime of violence under the
residual clause of § 4B1.2(a) and thus, his sentence was unconstitutional under
Johnson because § 4B1.2(a)’s residual clause is worded the same as the ACCA
residual clause. He challenged only the use of his residential burglary conviction to
-3- enhance his sentence; he did not argue his New Mexico armed robbery conviction
failed to qualify as a “crime of violence.”1 The district court rejected Hopson’s
assertion he was sentenced under § 4B1.2(a)’s residual clause, ruling he was properly
classified as a career offender under the enumerated-offenses clause for “burglary of
a dwelling.” Relief under Johnson is available only if the unconstitutionally vague
residual clause definition was used to categorize a prior conviction as a crime of
violence; convictions under the enumerated clause are not affected by Johnson.
See United States v. Pam, 867 F.3d 1191, 1203 (10th Cir. 2017). The district court
dismissed Hopson’s § 2255 motion and denied COA.
After that dismissal, the Supreme Court decided Beckles, holding Johnson
does not apply to advisory Sentencing Guideline enhancements. 137 S. Ct. at 890.
In his application for COA, Hopson argues Beckles does not preclude his claim
because he was sentenced in 2003, when the Sentencing Guidelines were considered
mandatory. See United States v. Booker, 543 U.S. 220, 245 (2005) (holding the
Guidelines are advisory only). Whether Johnson applies to pre-Booker guideline
sentences is an open question, Beckles, 137 S. Ct. at 903 n.4 (Sotomayor, J.,
concurring); see also United States v. Miller, 868 F.3d 1182, 1186-87 (10th Cir.
1 Hopson argues for the first time in his COA application that his prior New Mexico armed robbery conviction is not a crime of violence. As he did not raise this argument in his § 2255 motion, we will not consider it. See United States v. Moya, 676 F.3d 1211, 1213 (10th Cir. 2012) (declining to “deviate from the general rule that we do not address arguments presented for the first time on appeal” (internal quotation marks omitted)).
-4- 2017) (“Whether the mandatory Guidelines are amenable to vagueness challenges is
an issue of first impression in our circuit, and one that is sure to recur in light of
Johnson and Beckles.”).
II. Discussion
A prisoner challenging a denial of a § 2255 motion must obtain a COA as a
jurisdictional prerequisite to proceed with an appeal. 28 U.S.C. § 2253(c)(1)(B). We
will issue a COA “only if the applicant has made a substantial showing of the denial
of a constitutional right.” Id. § 2253(c)(2). “The petitioner must demonstrate that
reasonable jurists would find the district court’s assessment of the constitutional
claims debatable or wrong.” Slack v. McDaniel, 529 U.S. 473, 484 (2000). “In
reviewing the denial of a § 2255 motion, we review the district court’s legal rulings
de novo and its findings of fact for clear error.” United States v. Cockerham,
237 F.3d 1179, 1181 (10th Cir. 2001).
The district court ruled that Hopson’s sentence enhancement was not
unconstitutionally vague because his residential burglary conviction fit the generic
definition of a “burglary of a dwelling” under the valid enumerated-offenses clause
of § 4B1.2(a)(2). An offense constitutes “burglary” under the enumerated clause if it
has the basic elements of a “generic” burglary, that is, any “unlawful or unprivileged
entry into, or remaining in, a building or structure, with intent to commit a crime.”
Taylor v. United States, 495 U.S. 575, 599 (1990). To determine whether an offense
constitutes generic burglary, Taylor held that a court should generally use a
-5- categorical approach, “look[ing] only to the fact of conviction and the statutory
definition of the prior offense.” Id. at 602. If the underlying statute of conviction
“sweeps more broadly than the generic crime,” the prior conviction cannot qualify as
a predicate offense. Descamps v. United States, 133 S. Ct. 2276, 2283 (2013). But if
a statute is “divisible,” that is, if it defines multiple crimes by listing alternative
elements, courts may use a “modified categorical approach” to determine which of
the multiple alternative elements listed in the statute applied to convict the defendant.
Pam, 867 F.3d at 1203-04. Under the modified categorical approach, a sentencing
court looks to the record of conviction to determine what crime, with what elements,
a defendant was convicted of, and then compares the elements of that crime, as the
categorical approach commands, with the elements of the relevant generic offense.
Id. at 1204.
Hopson was convicted of residential burglary in violation of N.M. Stat. Ann.
§ 30-16-3, which provides:
Burglary consists of the unauthorized entry of any vehicle, watercraft, aircraft, dwelling or other structure, movable or immovable, with the intent to commit any felony or theft therein. A. Any person who, without authorization, enters a dwelling house with intent to commit any felony or theft therein is guilty of a third degree felony. B. Any person who, without authorization, enters any vehicle, watercraft, aircraft or other structure, movable or immovable, with intent to commit any felony or theft therein is guilty of a fourth degree felony. Id.
-6- The district court employed the modified categorical approach, concluding
§ 30-16-3 was too broad as a whole to use the categorical approach, but that it was
divisible into subsections A and B, which separate the alternative elements of two
separate crimes: Subsection A, residential burglary, and Subsection B, burglary of a
“vehicle, watercraft, aircraft or other structure, movable or immovable.” Id. Further,
the subsections carry different penalties—Subsection A, burglary of a “dwelling
house,” is a third degree felony, and Subsection B is a fourth degree felony.
See Mathis v. United States, 136 S. Ct. 2243, 2256 (2016) (holding that statutory
alternatives carrying different penalties “must be elements”).
As the district court found, Hopson was indicted for “enter[ing] [a] dwelling
house, R., Vol. I at 16, and he pleaded guilty to “residential burglary, a third degree
felony,” id. at 20 (capitalization omitted). At sentencing, he admitted that the PSR
descriptions of his prior convictions were accurate, including that, as to his
residential burglary conviction, he had “entered the residence of Thomas and Barbara
Bruce located at 2315 Calle De Rafael N.E.” without authorization, with intent to
commit . . . theft and armed himself with a deadly weapon.” Supp. R., Vol. I at 11
and Vol. III at 4. Thus, his residential burglary conviction fits the generic definition
of “burglary of a dwelling” under the enumerated-offenses clause of § 4B1.2(a).
Hopson argues in his COA application that he has established a Johnson error
because it is not clear from the record which § 4B1.2 clause the sentencing court
relied upon. We recently held, however, that even when the sentencing record is
-7- unclear, we may conduct a record and legal review to determine that the sentencing
court did not rely upon the residual clause. United States v. Snyder, 871 F.3d 1122,
1128-29 (10th Cir. 2017) (reviewing the historical record and legal environment at
sentencing to affirm district court’s determination that the defendant was sentenced
under the enumerated-offenses clause, not the residual clause). Here, as in Snyder,
under the legal environment at the time Hopson was sentenced, it was clear under
Taylor that his residential burglary conviction fit within the enumerated-offenses
clause. See id. at 1129. And, as noted above, the record supports the district court’s
finding that Hopson was sentenced under the enumerated-offenses clause.
Hopson also argues that New Mexico’s residential burglary statute is broader
than the generic definition of a burglary because it can include burglaries of movable
structures, such as vehicles or boats, and it can include burglaries of curtilage
buildings, neither of which are included in the generic definition of a burglary.
Hopson could have raised these arguments under Taylor at sentencing or direct
appeal, but did not, thereby waiving them. Taylor articulated the generic definition
of burglary and established the categorical and modified approach, and was decided
in 1990, well before Hopson was sentenced.
-8- In light of the sentencing record and the relevant legal background, no
reasonable jurist would disagree with the district court that Hopson’s sentence was
enhanced based on § 4B1.2(a)(2)’s enumerated-offenses clause, not the residual
clause. We deny Hopson’s request for COA and dismiss this matter.
Entered for the Court
Paul J. Kelly, Jr. Circuit Judge
-9-