NOT PRECEDENTIAL
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT _______________
No. 18-2263 _______________
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
v.
FRANCISCO RAMOS, Appellant _______________
On Appeal from the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania (D.C. No. 2-16-cr-00235-001) District Judge: Honorable Nitza I. Quiñones Alejandro _______________
Submitted Under Third Circuit L.A.R. 34.1(a) On June 4, 2019
Before: JORDAN, BIBAS, and MATEY, Circuit Judges
(Filed: September 30, 2019)
_______________
OPINION* _______________
* This disposition is not an opinion of the full Court and, under I.O.P. 5.7, is not binding precedent. BIBAS, Circuit Judge.
There is more than one way to shear a sheep. And there is certainly more than one way
to instruct a jury properly. While pattern jury instructions are often sound templates, they
are not holy writ. Judges are free to adapt them or adopt their own phrasing, so long as their
instructions taken as a whole explain the law clearly and correctly. Here, Francisco Ramos
argues that two jury instructions were wrong. But they did not plainly misstate the law.
So we will affirm.
I. BACKGROUND
Ramos was charged with conspiracy to distribute crystal meth. At trial, he claimed that
he was not guilty because he had not entered into any criminal agreement. After Ramos’s
trial, the judge instructed the jury on the law governing both circumstantial evidence and
conspiracies. The jury then convicted Ramos of conspiracy. He now appeals, challenging
both instructions and seeking a new trial.
II. THE DISTRICT COURT INSTRUCTED THE JURY PROPERLY
Ramos never objected to either jury instruction until now, so we review for plain error.
United States v. Lee, 612 F.3d 170, 191 (3d Cir. 2010). He must show that (1) there was an
error; (2) it was plain; (3) it prejudiced or affected his substantial rights; and (4) not cor-
recting the error would “seriously affect[ ] the fairness, integrity or public reputation of
[the] judicial proceedings.” United States v. Olano, 507 U.S. 725, 732 (1993) (quoting
United States v. Young, 470 U.S. 1, 15 (1985)). An error is plain if it is “more than obvious
or readily apparent” on the face of the record. Young, 470 U.S. at 17 n.14. And we review
2 jury instructions as a whole, not bit by bit. United States v. Greenspan, 923 F.3d 138, 147
(3d Cir. 2019). Ramos cannot show any error here, let alone plain error.
A. The circumstantial-evidence instruction was not plainly erroneous
Ramos raises two objections to the circumstantial-evidence instruction. First, he argues
that the judge should have instructed the jury to weigh competing inferences when evalu-
ating circumstantial evidence. Second, he complains that the judge’s example of circum-
stantial evidence was flawed because it permitted only one possible explanation. While
some of the phrasing was less than ideal, the instruction as a whole was not plainly wrong.
1. The District Court adequately explained the jury’s duty. Ramos argues that the judge
should have told the jury that it had a duty to weigh the competing inferences one could
draw from circumstantial evidence, not to identify a single correct inference. To be sure,
the court must tell the jury to weigh competing inferences. But Ramos’s claim fails because
the judge instructed the jury on precisely this issue.
Time and again, the judge made clear the jury’s role: Before getting to circumstantial
evidence, she charged the jury to “[u]se your common sense in weighing the evidence,”
“[c]onsider the evidence in light of your everyday experience,” and “give it whatever
weight you believe it deserves.” App. 646–47. She noted that “[i]f your experience and
common sense tell[ ] [you that] certain evidence reasonably leads to a conclusion, you may
reach that conclusion.” App. 647 (emphasis added). And she told the jurors that they
“[we]re the sole judges of the evidence.” App. 642.
Ramos objects that the judge did not restate, verbatim, our model jury instructions. Per-
haps the instructions would have been clearer had the judge added: “You, and you alone,
3 must decide what reasonable inferences [to] draw based on all the evidence and your rea-
son, experience and common sense.” Third Circuit Model Criminal Jury Instructions § 3.03
(2018 ed.). But while our model instructions are informative and helpful, they are just
that—a model. They do not bind district courts. United States v. Shannon, 766 F.3d 346,
353 n.9 (3d Cir. 2014). It is not error simply to vary from these instructions. Id. Taken as
a whole, the judge’s instructions explained the law correctly.
2. The example of circumstantial evidence was not plainly inaccurate. Ramos next ar-
gues that the judge’s example of circumstantial evidence was misleading because it was
“not susceptible to competing inferences.” Appellant’s Br. 23. He claims that it left the jury
with only one possible inference—guilt.
The judge’s illustration was simple enough: We enter a building one morning under
clear skies. When we leave in the afternoon, we see ten feet of snow outside. Though we
did not see it happen, “[w]e can conclude based on [the] reasonable evidence in front of us
that a blizzard happened during the day.” App. 650 (emphasis added). As the judge put it,
“[w]e never saw it, but the evidence is there.” Id. This is a variant of our model instruction:
if we see someone enter a building with a wet raincoat and a wet umbrella, we may rea-
sonably infer that it was raining. See Third Circuit Model Criminal Jury Instructions, supra,
§ 3.03.
Ramos claims that the judge’s illustration was misleading because it allowed only one
possible inference, not several. The raincoat and umbrella could have been soaked by a
lawn sprinkler, but only a blizzard could explain the drifts of snow. In response, the
4 government argues that snow blowers or snow machines could have produced a wintry
landscape.
We need not wade into these drifts. No matter the form of precipitation, in each case
the most obvious inference is clear. The point of the judge’s example, and of our model
instruction, is to explain the idea of circumstantial evidence simply and without referring
to the facts of the crime charged. The judge’s example did just that. While the rain example
is preferable for the reasons Ramos notes, the snow example was sensible too. See United
States v. Snyder, 189 F.3d 640, 647 (7th Cir. 1999) (calling a similar snowy instruction a
“classic example of circumstantial evidence”). The judge defined circumstantial evidence,
illustrated it with an example, and explained the jury’s duty to weigh competing inferences
and draw its own conclusions.
So there was no error. Even if there were, any error would not have been plain.
B.
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NOT PRECEDENTIAL
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT _______________
No. 18-2263 _______________
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
v.
FRANCISCO RAMOS, Appellant _______________
On Appeal from the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania (D.C. No. 2-16-cr-00235-001) District Judge: Honorable Nitza I. Quiñones Alejandro _______________
Submitted Under Third Circuit L.A.R. 34.1(a) On June 4, 2019
Before: JORDAN, BIBAS, and MATEY, Circuit Judges
(Filed: September 30, 2019)
_______________
OPINION* _______________
* This disposition is not an opinion of the full Court and, under I.O.P. 5.7, is not binding precedent. BIBAS, Circuit Judge.
There is more than one way to shear a sheep. And there is certainly more than one way
to instruct a jury properly. While pattern jury instructions are often sound templates, they
are not holy writ. Judges are free to adapt them or adopt their own phrasing, so long as their
instructions taken as a whole explain the law clearly and correctly. Here, Francisco Ramos
argues that two jury instructions were wrong. But they did not plainly misstate the law.
So we will affirm.
I. BACKGROUND
Ramos was charged with conspiracy to distribute crystal meth. At trial, he claimed that
he was not guilty because he had not entered into any criminal agreement. After Ramos’s
trial, the judge instructed the jury on the law governing both circumstantial evidence and
conspiracies. The jury then convicted Ramos of conspiracy. He now appeals, challenging
both instructions and seeking a new trial.
II. THE DISTRICT COURT INSTRUCTED THE JURY PROPERLY
Ramos never objected to either jury instruction until now, so we review for plain error.
United States v. Lee, 612 F.3d 170, 191 (3d Cir. 2010). He must show that (1) there was an
error; (2) it was plain; (3) it prejudiced or affected his substantial rights; and (4) not cor-
recting the error would “seriously affect[ ] the fairness, integrity or public reputation of
[the] judicial proceedings.” United States v. Olano, 507 U.S. 725, 732 (1993) (quoting
United States v. Young, 470 U.S. 1, 15 (1985)). An error is plain if it is “more than obvious
or readily apparent” on the face of the record. Young, 470 U.S. at 17 n.14. And we review
2 jury instructions as a whole, not bit by bit. United States v. Greenspan, 923 F.3d 138, 147
(3d Cir. 2019). Ramos cannot show any error here, let alone plain error.
A. The circumstantial-evidence instruction was not plainly erroneous
Ramos raises two objections to the circumstantial-evidence instruction. First, he argues
that the judge should have instructed the jury to weigh competing inferences when evalu-
ating circumstantial evidence. Second, he complains that the judge’s example of circum-
stantial evidence was flawed because it permitted only one possible explanation. While
some of the phrasing was less than ideal, the instruction as a whole was not plainly wrong.
1. The District Court adequately explained the jury’s duty. Ramos argues that the judge
should have told the jury that it had a duty to weigh the competing inferences one could
draw from circumstantial evidence, not to identify a single correct inference. To be sure,
the court must tell the jury to weigh competing inferences. But Ramos’s claim fails because
the judge instructed the jury on precisely this issue.
Time and again, the judge made clear the jury’s role: Before getting to circumstantial
evidence, she charged the jury to “[u]se your common sense in weighing the evidence,”
“[c]onsider the evidence in light of your everyday experience,” and “give it whatever
weight you believe it deserves.” App. 646–47. She noted that “[i]f your experience and
common sense tell[ ] [you that] certain evidence reasonably leads to a conclusion, you may
reach that conclusion.” App. 647 (emphasis added). And she told the jurors that they
“[we]re the sole judges of the evidence.” App. 642.
Ramos objects that the judge did not restate, verbatim, our model jury instructions. Per-
haps the instructions would have been clearer had the judge added: “You, and you alone,
3 must decide what reasonable inferences [to] draw based on all the evidence and your rea-
son, experience and common sense.” Third Circuit Model Criminal Jury Instructions § 3.03
(2018 ed.). But while our model instructions are informative and helpful, they are just
that—a model. They do not bind district courts. United States v. Shannon, 766 F.3d 346,
353 n.9 (3d Cir. 2014). It is not error simply to vary from these instructions. Id. Taken as
a whole, the judge’s instructions explained the law correctly.
2. The example of circumstantial evidence was not plainly inaccurate. Ramos next ar-
gues that the judge’s example of circumstantial evidence was misleading because it was
“not susceptible to competing inferences.” Appellant’s Br. 23. He claims that it left the jury
with only one possible inference—guilt.
The judge’s illustration was simple enough: We enter a building one morning under
clear skies. When we leave in the afternoon, we see ten feet of snow outside. Though we
did not see it happen, “[w]e can conclude based on [the] reasonable evidence in front of us
that a blizzard happened during the day.” App. 650 (emphasis added). As the judge put it,
“[w]e never saw it, but the evidence is there.” Id. This is a variant of our model instruction:
if we see someone enter a building with a wet raincoat and a wet umbrella, we may rea-
sonably infer that it was raining. See Third Circuit Model Criminal Jury Instructions, supra,
§ 3.03.
Ramos claims that the judge’s illustration was misleading because it allowed only one
possible inference, not several. The raincoat and umbrella could have been soaked by a
lawn sprinkler, but only a blizzard could explain the drifts of snow. In response, the
4 government argues that snow blowers or snow machines could have produced a wintry
landscape.
We need not wade into these drifts. No matter the form of precipitation, in each case
the most obvious inference is clear. The point of the judge’s example, and of our model
instruction, is to explain the idea of circumstantial evidence simply and without referring
to the facts of the crime charged. The judge’s example did just that. While the rain example
is preferable for the reasons Ramos notes, the snow example was sensible too. See United
States v. Snyder, 189 F.3d 640, 647 (7th Cir. 1999) (calling a similar snowy instruction a
“classic example of circumstantial evidence”). The judge defined circumstantial evidence,
illustrated it with an example, and explained the jury’s duty to weigh competing inferences
and draw its own conclusions.
So there was no error. Even if there were, any error would not have been plain.
B. The conspiracy instruction accurately stated our precedent
Ramos also argues that the judge’s conspiracy instruction erred by diverging from our
model instruction in two ways: it called conspiracies inherently secretive, and it noted that
they are often proven by circumstantial evidence. Neither argument comes close to show-
ing error, let alone plain error.
1. Conspiracies are inherently secretive. Ramos argues that the judge erred in describ-
ing conspiracies as naturally “secretive operation[s],” calling this language “argumentative
and pejorative.” App. 664; Appellant’s Br. 26.
But as we and the Supreme Court have both recognized, “[s]ecrecy and concealment
are essential features of [a] successful conspiracy.” Blumenthal v. United States, 332 U.S.
5 539, 557 (1947); see United States v. Brodie, 403 F.3d 123, 134 (3d Cir. 2005). That is no
surprise, since the ordinary meaning of “conspiracy” encompasses “a combination of per-
sons banded secretly together and resolved to accomplish an evil or unlawful end.” Web-
ster’s Third New International Dictionary 485 (1993). So that part of the instruction accu-
rately stated the law.
2. Conspiracies are often proven by circumstantial evidence. Ramos also attacks the
judge’s instruction that conspiracies are “not usually proven by direct evidence.”
App. 664. That instruction, he argues, was “particularly imbalanced in the context of the
flawed circumstantial evidence charge” because it urged the jury “to infer guilt from the
circumstantial evidence.” Appellant’s Br. 27.
But the judge’s statement did not suggest that the jury draw a positive inference of guilt.
To the contrary, it faithfully represented our precedent. In one case, we found no error in a
similar instruction that “[p]roof of a conspiracy is very seldom subject to proof by direct
evidence.” United States v. Price, 13 F.3d 711, 725 (3d Cir. 1994) (alteration in original)
(quoting the trial judge’s instruction). And we have noted that “[t]he crime of conspiracy
. . . is seldom susceptible of proof by direct evidence.” United States v. Barrow, 363 F.2d
62, 64 (3d Cir. 1966).
Ramos’s only authority for his argument is two unpublished Fourth Circuit cases. Ap-
pellant’s Br. 27–28 (citing United States v. Anudu, 77 F.3d 471 (4th Cir. 1996) (table); and
United States v. Adams, 161 F.3d 3 (4th Cir. 1998) (table) (per curiam)). But these non-
precedential, out-of-circuit cases do not bind us or any other court. So once again we see
no error, let alone plain error.
6 * * * * *
The conspiracy instruction was wholly accurate. And while the circumstantial-evidence
instruction could have been better, it did not plainly misstate the law. Plus, Ramos never
objected to either instruction. So we will affirm his conviction.