MEMORANDUM
David Rico appeals his conviction for engaging in sex trafficking of a child under [598]*598the age of eighteen years,1 and for conspiracy to'so engage.2 Case No. 1450141. In addition, Jack Boltax, Rico’s attorney, appeals the district court’s imposition of monetary sanctions upon him for his conduct in issuing a subpoena. Case No. 14-50280. We affirm as to Rico and reverse as to Boltax.
I. Rico’s Appeal
A. Rico first raises issues regarding the constitutionality and the proper interpretation of § 1591.
Rico attacks the statute on the basis that it is void for vagueness. We disagree. In the first place, he did not raise this argument before the district court and we therefore review for plain error,3 but the standard is of little importance because whether reviewing for plain error or on our usual de novo standard,4 there was no error in the first place.
“A conviction fails to comport with due process if the statute under which it is obtained fails to provide a person of ordinary intelligence fair notice of what is prohibited....” United States v. Williams, 553 U.S. 285, 304, 128 S.Ct. 1830, 1845, 170 L.Ed.2d 650 (2008). We must examine the statute “as applied to the defendant.” United States v. Jae Gab Kim, 449 F.3d 933, 942 (9th Cir.2006); see also Williams, 553 U.S. at 304, 128 S.Ct. at 1845; United States v. Purdy, 264 F.3d 809, 811 (9th Cir.2001). Rico’s conviction is based on the provisions of § 1591 which preclude knowingly enticing, harboring, transporting, providing, obtaining or maintaining a person “knowing, or in reckless disregard of the fact, ... that the person has not attained the age of 18 years and will be caused to engage in a commercial sex act,”5 with the addition that “[i]n a prosecution ... in which the defendant had a reasonable opportunity to observe the person ... the Government need not prove that the defendant knew that the person had not attained the age of 18 years.”6
Rico first argues that the whole of § 1591(a) & (c) is vague because two other courts of appeals have construed the statute in different ways. Compare United States v. Robinson, 702 F.3d 22, 31-32 (2d Cir.2012), with United States v. Mozie, 752 F.3d 1271, 1281-82 (11th Cir.) cert. denied, — U.S. -, 135 S.Ct. 422, 190 L.Ed.2d 305 (2014). We agree that their interpretations differ. However the mere fact that “ ‘other courts of appeals differ in their definitions of a term[ ] does not mean that the term is void for vagueness.’ ” United States v. Davis, 36 F.3d 1424, 1434 (9th Cir.1994). As it is, we do not think the statute is unduly vague as applied to Rico. While we find the Second Circuit’s explication of the provisions persuasive, we need not decide the question because on either reading, the facts of this case would bring Rico well within the statutory terms. We do note, however, that Congress has now amended the statute to comport with the Second Circuit’s approach. See Justice for Victims of Trafficking Act of 2015, [599]*599Pub.L. No. 114-22, 129 Stat. 227; see also 18 U.S.C. § 1591(c) (2015) (if a defendant had the opportunity to observe the victim, “the Government need not prove that the defendant knew, or recklessly disregarded the fact” of the victim’s age). Thus, this issue should not trouble courts in the future.
Rico also argues that the phrase “a reasonable opportunity to observe” is itself impermissibly vague and ambiguous. However, the terms used in the phrase “are not esoteric or complicated terms devoid of common understanding.” United States v. Osinger, 753 F.3d 939, 945 (9th Cir.2014). Again, even if there could be circumstances when the statute would be unduly vague as to a defendant, the facts and circumstances of this case place it well within the plain prohibitions of the statute.
Rico next attacks the district court’s instructions regarding the elements of the crimes. The district court instructed the jury in accordance with the construction of the statute approved in Robinson. Rico’s principal argument is, in effect, that the district court should have used the construction set forth in Mozie.
Here, again, we see no reason to resolve that particular dispute. Based on the evidence before the jury, even if the instruction was in error, that error was harmless because “it is clear beyond a reasonable doubt that a rational jury would have found the defendant guilty absent the error.” United States v. Anchrum, 590 F.3d 795, 801 (9th Cir.2009) (internal quotation marks omitted). The evidence that Rico knew, had a reasonable opportunity to observe, and recklessly disregarded the victim’s age was powerful. Thus, any error was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt. See United States v. Gracidas-Ulibarry, 231 F.3d 1188, 1197 (9th Cir.2000) (en banc).
Rico also argues that the district court erred when it imported its definition of the substantive crime into the conspiracy count, because in charging conspiracy the indictment did not specifically mention the § 1591(c) portion of the substantive crime. That, he asserts, constituted a constructive amendment of the indictment. See United States v. Hartz, 458 F.3d 1011, 1019-20 (9th Cir.2006); see also United States v. Garcia-Paz, 282 F.3d 1212, 1215-16 (9th Cir.2002). We disagree. An indictment count that charges conspiracy “need not allege the offense that is the object of the conspiracy with the same precision as would be necessary where that offense is itself the crime charged.” United States v. Lo, 231 F.3d 471, 481 (9th Cir.2000). There can be little doubt that, taken as a whole, reasonable observation was an evident part of both counts of the indictment in the eyes of the grand jury. See United States v. Berger, 473 F.3d 1080, 1103 (9th Cir.2007). Moreover, Rico could not have been misled or blind-sided. See Hartz, 458 F.3d at 1022-23.
B. Other Issues
(1) Rico argues that the district court erred when it admitted as a business record a letter sent by Time Warner to a government agent in response to a subpoena, which was seeking an internet protocol address. See Fed.R.Evid. 803(6). We agree. The letter was not prepared in the regular course of business; it was prepared for use in litigation. See Melendez-Diaz v. Massachusetts, 557 U.S. 305, 321-22, 129 S.Ct. 2527, 2538, 174 L.Ed.2d 314 (2009); United States v. Miller, 771 F.2d 1219
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MEMORANDUM
David Rico appeals his conviction for engaging in sex trafficking of a child under [598]*598the age of eighteen years,1 and for conspiracy to'so engage.2 Case No. 1450141. In addition, Jack Boltax, Rico’s attorney, appeals the district court’s imposition of monetary sanctions upon him for his conduct in issuing a subpoena. Case No. 14-50280. We affirm as to Rico and reverse as to Boltax.
I. Rico’s Appeal
A. Rico first raises issues regarding the constitutionality and the proper interpretation of § 1591.
Rico attacks the statute on the basis that it is void for vagueness. We disagree. In the first place, he did not raise this argument before the district court and we therefore review for plain error,3 but the standard is of little importance because whether reviewing for plain error or on our usual de novo standard,4 there was no error in the first place.
“A conviction fails to comport with due process if the statute under which it is obtained fails to provide a person of ordinary intelligence fair notice of what is prohibited....” United States v. Williams, 553 U.S. 285, 304, 128 S.Ct. 1830, 1845, 170 L.Ed.2d 650 (2008). We must examine the statute “as applied to the defendant.” United States v. Jae Gab Kim, 449 F.3d 933, 942 (9th Cir.2006); see also Williams, 553 U.S. at 304, 128 S.Ct. at 1845; United States v. Purdy, 264 F.3d 809, 811 (9th Cir.2001). Rico’s conviction is based on the provisions of § 1591 which preclude knowingly enticing, harboring, transporting, providing, obtaining or maintaining a person “knowing, or in reckless disregard of the fact, ... that the person has not attained the age of 18 years and will be caused to engage in a commercial sex act,”5 with the addition that “[i]n a prosecution ... in which the defendant had a reasonable opportunity to observe the person ... the Government need not prove that the defendant knew that the person had not attained the age of 18 years.”6
Rico first argues that the whole of § 1591(a) & (c) is vague because two other courts of appeals have construed the statute in different ways. Compare United States v. Robinson, 702 F.3d 22, 31-32 (2d Cir.2012), with United States v. Mozie, 752 F.3d 1271, 1281-82 (11th Cir.) cert. denied, — U.S. -, 135 S.Ct. 422, 190 L.Ed.2d 305 (2014). We agree that their interpretations differ. However the mere fact that “ ‘other courts of appeals differ in their definitions of a term[ ] does not mean that the term is void for vagueness.’ ” United States v. Davis, 36 F.3d 1424, 1434 (9th Cir.1994). As it is, we do not think the statute is unduly vague as applied to Rico. While we find the Second Circuit’s explication of the provisions persuasive, we need not decide the question because on either reading, the facts of this case would bring Rico well within the statutory terms. We do note, however, that Congress has now amended the statute to comport with the Second Circuit’s approach. See Justice for Victims of Trafficking Act of 2015, [599]*599Pub.L. No. 114-22, 129 Stat. 227; see also 18 U.S.C. § 1591(c) (2015) (if a defendant had the opportunity to observe the victim, “the Government need not prove that the defendant knew, or recklessly disregarded the fact” of the victim’s age). Thus, this issue should not trouble courts in the future.
Rico also argues that the phrase “a reasonable opportunity to observe” is itself impermissibly vague and ambiguous. However, the terms used in the phrase “are not esoteric or complicated terms devoid of common understanding.” United States v. Osinger, 753 F.3d 939, 945 (9th Cir.2014). Again, even if there could be circumstances when the statute would be unduly vague as to a defendant, the facts and circumstances of this case place it well within the plain prohibitions of the statute.
Rico next attacks the district court’s instructions regarding the elements of the crimes. The district court instructed the jury in accordance with the construction of the statute approved in Robinson. Rico’s principal argument is, in effect, that the district court should have used the construction set forth in Mozie.
Here, again, we see no reason to resolve that particular dispute. Based on the evidence before the jury, even if the instruction was in error, that error was harmless because “it is clear beyond a reasonable doubt that a rational jury would have found the defendant guilty absent the error.” United States v. Anchrum, 590 F.3d 795, 801 (9th Cir.2009) (internal quotation marks omitted). The evidence that Rico knew, had a reasonable opportunity to observe, and recklessly disregarded the victim’s age was powerful. Thus, any error was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt. See United States v. Gracidas-Ulibarry, 231 F.3d 1188, 1197 (9th Cir.2000) (en banc).
Rico also argues that the district court erred when it imported its definition of the substantive crime into the conspiracy count, because in charging conspiracy the indictment did not specifically mention the § 1591(c) portion of the substantive crime. That, he asserts, constituted a constructive amendment of the indictment. See United States v. Hartz, 458 F.3d 1011, 1019-20 (9th Cir.2006); see also United States v. Garcia-Paz, 282 F.3d 1212, 1215-16 (9th Cir.2002). We disagree. An indictment count that charges conspiracy “need not allege the offense that is the object of the conspiracy with the same precision as would be necessary where that offense is itself the crime charged.” United States v. Lo, 231 F.3d 471, 481 (9th Cir.2000). There can be little doubt that, taken as a whole, reasonable observation was an evident part of both counts of the indictment in the eyes of the grand jury. See United States v. Berger, 473 F.3d 1080, 1103 (9th Cir.2007). Moreover, Rico could not have been misled or blind-sided. See Hartz, 458 F.3d at 1022-23.
B. Other Issues
(1) Rico argues that the district court erred when it admitted as a business record a letter sent by Time Warner to a government agent in response to a subpoena, which was seeking an internet protocol address. See Fed.R.Evid. 803(6). We agree. The letter was not prepared in the regular course of business; it was prepared for use in litigation. See Melendez-Diaz v. Massachusetts, 557 U.S. 305, 321-22, 129 S.Ct. 2527, 2538, 174 L.Ed.2d 314 (2009); United States v. Miller, 771 F.2d 1219, 1238 (9th Cir.1985). Thus, it was improperly admitted. However, it added very little to the evidentiary mix, and did not substantially affect the verdict. See United States v. Morales, 720 F.3d 1194, [600]*6001199, 1203 (9th Cir.2013). In short, the error was harmless.
(2) Rico also asserts error in the district court’s sustaining of an objection to a question asked of the victim by Rico’s counsel. We disagree. The district court did not abuse its discretion7 when it sustained the objection on the basis that the question sought irrelevant evidence.8 The district court had previously indicated that it would allow questions about the victim’s mode of dress if they were limited to the relevant time frame. The question was not"so limited.
(3) Rico finally claims that we should reverse because the district court erred when it quashed a subpoena directed by his counsel to the counsel for a co-defendant. The subpoena sought materials and testimony with which to impeach the testimony of the co-defendant. While, as we will explain hereafter, we do not find an abuse of discretion,9 even ifwe did, the error would be harmless.10 The subpoena was issued'in order to obtain information with which to impeach the witness if she appeared to testify untruthfully, which she did not. Thus, Rico neither suffered nor points to any prejudice.
Therefore, we affirm Rico’s conviction.
II. Boltax’s Appeal
When the district court quashed the subpoena that Boltax directed at Rico’s co-defendant’s attorney, it considered the issuance unreasonable and, therefore, ordered him to show cause why he should not be sanctioned. Ultimately, it did impose sanctions. Boltax appealed, and we reverse.
The district court imposed sanctions pursuant to its inherent power and the provisions of 28 U.S.C. § 1927. We review its imposition of sanctions for abuse of discretion. See Lahiri v. Universal Music & Video Distrib. Corp., 606 F.3d 1216, 1218 (9th Cir.2010); see also United States v. Hinkson, 585 F.3d 1247, 1262 (9th Cir.2009) (en banc).
? the threshold it is important to consider whether the district court abused its discretion when it quashed the subpoena. See Bergeson, 425 F.3d at 1224. If it did err, an award of sanctions could not be upheld. The court did not err. Despite ■what Boltax argues, the subpoena was quite broad. Besides commanding Mr. Garrison, the co-defendant’s attorney, to appear to testify, the subpoena ordered him to bring: “All notes and/or summaries of any interview or debrief between Assistant U.S. Attorney A. Serano [AUSA] and/or law enforcement including but not limited to interview and/or debrief held on or about August 2, 2013 with codefen-dant. ...” (emphasis added). Notably, the subpoena was not limited to any particular interview with any particular person, nor was it limited to any particular type of note or summary. And lest there be any doubt about what was intended, Boltax sent the AUSA a missive indicating that it was Boltax’s intention to question Garrison about the “exposure of his client under the plea agreement if she doesn’t cooperate and that cooperation will get her a recommendation from the government for less time.” He also indicated that he might question Garrison about “what his client said during the debrief session.”
[601]*601The district court had discretion to quash the subpoena if it was “unreasonable or oppressive”;11 the court expressly determined that it was both. The demands of the subpoena implicated the attorney-client privilege,12 attorney work product concerns,13 and the attorney-client relationship.14
The courts take all of those attorney-client protections, which were erected for good and sufficient public policy purposes, very seriously. It is true that the attorney-client privilege would not offer protection to disclosures made by Garrison’s client to the AUSA. But, the district court did not put weight upon the attorney-client privilege. It did put weight on the work product privilege, and rightly so. Similarly, it put weight on the overall need to protect the attorney-client relationship. Boltax’s general concerns that the witness might lie did not outweigh the dangers posed by his course of action. The district court did not abuse its discretion when it quashed the subpoena based on its scope and timing.
The court then sanctioned Boltax by relying on its inherent power15 and on the statute that authorizes sanctions against an attorney who unnecessarily and vexatiously litigates.16 However, a court’s inherent power must be utilized with caution and restraint,17 although it can be- used when counsel’s actions are in “bad faith” or are “tantamount to bad faith.”18 Imposition of sanctions under § 1927 requires similar, if slightly different, determinations. The statute indicates that actions that multiply the proceedings must be both unreasonable and vexatious, and we have also stated that recklessness alone will not suffice. What is required is recklessness plus something more — for example knowledge, intent to harass, or frivolousness. See B.K.B., 276 F.3d at 1107; see also In re Girardi, 611 F.3d 1027, 1061 (9th Cir.2010);19 Fink, 239 F.3d at 993-94. The district court recognized those standards.
That leaves the question of whether the district court applied those correct legal standards correctly. Hinkson, 585 F.3d at 1262. Our careful review of the record convinces us that it did not. Not every overbroad subpoena is an occasion for sanctions;20 we have said that in general, “sanctions should be reserved for the ‘rare and exceptional case.’ ”21 This record does not present a rare or exceptional situation. True it is that Boltax issued an inappropriately broad subpoena without sufficiently considering the importance of the protections that must surround an attorney’s relationship and duties toward his client. [602]*602Despite that insensitivity, we are unable to see how it meets the level of egregiousness we have seen in other cases where sanctions have been imposed and upheld.22 Moreover, the mere issuance of the over-broad subpoena would not suffice to sustain sanctions. See Mount Hope, 705 F.3d at 429-30. Here, at least, Boltax submitted evidence that other attorneys deeply involved in representing defendants in criminal cases had used subpoenas directed to counsel where the need for the requested information seemed important under the circumstances, or had discussed their use at criminal-law-practitioner conferences. We doubt that the practice is widespread; nor should it be. Important concerns, weigh on both sides of the balance: on one side, the need to protect the sanctity of the attorney-client relationship for everyone, and on the other, the need to protect everyone’s right to vigorous, effective advocacy by counsel. Both of those are essential to the proper functioning of our system of justice. Both can be threatened when a subpoena directed to another party’s attorney is issued. Proper praxis requires that counsel show a great deal of care when considering, drafting and issuing subpoenas of that kind. Boltax was not careful enough, but that lapse under the circumstances was not sufficient to support a discretionary determination that his actions were so inappropriate that they demonstrated bad faith, or were tantamount to bad faith, or were reckless, or vexatious. Therefore, the district court abused its discretion when it imposed sanctions upon him, and the award must be reversed.
AFFIRMED as to Rico (No. 14-50141). REVERSED as to Boltax (No. 14-50280).
This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent except as provided by 9th Cir. R. 36-3.