24-5-cr United States v. Cepeda
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT
SUMMARY ORDER
RULINGS BY SUMMARY ORDER DO NOT HAVE PRECEDENTIAL EFFECT. CITATION TO A SUM- MARY ORDER FILED ON OR AFTER JANUARY 1, 2007, IS PERMITTED AND IS GOVERNED BY FED- ERAL RULE OF APPELLATE PROCEDURE 32.1 AND THIS COURT’S LOCAL RULE 32.1.1. WHEN CITING A SUMMARY ORDER IN A DOCUMENT FILED WITH THIS COURT, A PARTY MUST CITE EITHER THE FEDERAL APPENDIX OR AN ELECTRONIC DATABASE (WITH THE NOTATION “SUMMARY ORDER”). A PARTY CITING A SUMMARY ORDER MUST SERVE A COPY OF IT ON ANY PARTY NOT REPRESENTED BY COUNSEL.
1 At a stated term of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, held at the 2 Thurgood Marshall United States Courthouse, 40 Foley Square, in the City of New York, on the 3 6th day of December, two thousand twenty-four. 4 5 Present: 6 DEBRA ANN LIVINGSTON, 7 Chief Judge, 8 DENNIS JACOBS, 9 STEVEN J. MENASHI, 10 Circuit Judges. 11 _____________________________________ 12 13 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, 14 15 Appellee, 16 17 v. 24-5-cr 18 19 LUIS CEPEDA, 20 21 Defendant-Appellant, * 22 _____________________________________ 23 24 For Appellee: BRENDAN KEEFE, Assistant United States Attorney 25 (Conor M. Reardon on the brief), on behalf of Vanessa 26 Roberts Avery, United States Attorney for the District 27 of Connecticut, New Haven, CT. 28 29
* The Clerk of Court is respectfully directed to amend the official case caption as set forth above.
1 30 For Defendant-Appellant: J. PATTEN BROWN, III, Law Offices of Pat Brown, 31 Avon, CT. 32 33 Appeal from a judgment of the United States District Court for the District of Connecticut
34 (Hall, J.).
35 UPON DUE CONSIDERATION, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED, ADJUDGED, AND
36 DECREED that the judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED.
37 Defendant-Appellant Luis Cepeda (“Cepeda”) appeals from the judgment of the United
38 States District Court for the District of Connecticut (Hall, J.) entered on December 19, 2023, con-
39 victing him, upon a guilty plea, of conspiracy to distribute and possess with intent to distribute
40 cocaine, in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 846, and sentencing him principally to 70 months’ imprison-
41 ment and three years’ supervised release. In this appeal, Cepeda challenges both the procedural
42 and substantive reasonableness of his sentence. We assume the parties’ familiarity with the un-
43 derlying facts, the procedural history of the case, and the issues on appeal.
44 * * *
45 This Court reviews sentences for “reasonableness, which ‘requires an examination of the
46 length of the sentence (substantive reasonableness) as well as the procedure employed in arriving
47 at the sentence (procedural reasonableness).’” United States v. Chu, 714 F.3d 742, 746 (2d Cir.
48 2013) (quoting United States v. Johnson, 567 F.3d 40, 51 (2d Cir. 2009)).
49 Turning first to Cepeda’s procedural reasonableness challenge, “[a] sentence is procedur-
50 ally unreasonable if the district court fails to calculate (or improperly calculates) the Sentencing
51 Guidelines range, treats the Sentencing Guidelines as mandatory, fails to consider the § 3553(a)
52 factors, selects a sentence based on clearly erroneous facts, or fails to adequately explain the cho-
53 sen sentence.” United States v. Ramos, 979 F.3d 994, 999 (2d Cir. 2020) (quoting United States
54 v. Smith, 949 F.3d 60, 66 (2d Cir. 2020)). The defendant’s actions at the district court, however,
2 1 affect our review of the claim. When a defendant forfeits a claim by failing to timely raise the
2 error in the district court, we retain the discretion to correct for plain error on appeal. United
3 States v. Yu-Leung, 51 F.3d 1116, 1121 (2d Cir. 1995); see also United States v. Spruill, 808 F.3d
4 585, 596 (2d Cir. 2015) (citing Fed. R. Crim. P. 52(b)). But “no such discretion applies when
5 there has been true waiver.” Spruill, 808 F.3d at 596 (emphasis omitted). Instead, because
6 “waiver is the ‘intentional relinquishment or abandonment of a known right’” it “necessarily ‘ex-
7 tinguishes’ the claim altogether.” Yu-Leung, 51 F.3d at 1121–22 (quoting United States v. Olano,
8 507 U.S. 725, 733 (1993)). Thus, “true ‘waiver’ . . . will negate even plain error review.” Id.
9 at 1122.
10 Here, Cepeda argues that his sentence is procedurally unreasonable because the district
11 court relied on the drug quantity calculated in the Probation Department’s Presentence Report
12 (“PSR”) to determine his Sentencing Guidelines advisory range. But the record below shows
13 Cepeda was aware of and intentionally relinquished his right to contest the district court’s adoption
14 of the PSR drug quantity to calculate his sentence. Cepeda’s sentencing memorandum submitted
15 to the district court stated that he would “not be objecting to the Probation Officer’s calculations”
16 as to drug quantity because this issue was “not that important in light of counsel’s arguments”
17 made in the memorandum. App’x at 76 n.2. Furthermore, the district court noted at sentencing
18 that Cepeda’s memorandum indicated some disagreement on drug quantity and asked for any ob-
19 jections to the PSR’s calculation of the applicable Guidelines range. Cepeda’s counsel acknowl-
20 edged that he had indicated some disagreement, but told the district court that he did “not intend
21 to request or demand a Fatico hearing or present any evidence” regarding drug quantity and would
22 instead “just not object to what’s in the Presentence Report.” App’x at 112.
3 1 Cepeda was thus aware of his right to object to the Probation Department’s drug quantity
2 calculations and made the tactical decision not to exercise it, focusing instead on other arguments.
3 This Court typically precludes appellants from attempting to appeal the results of tactical decisions
4 to forgo exercising a right, instead finding the claim waived. See Yu-Leung, 51 F.3d at 1123
5 (finding waiver when a party makes a “clear and conscious tactical decision” not to raise an ob-
6 jection); United States v. Coonan, 938 F.2d 1553, 1561 (2d Cir. 1991) (finding defendant
7 “waived appellate review” of his claim when his appeal attempted “to evade the consequences of
8 an unsuccessful tactical decision”). Here, given Cepeda’s affirmative choice not to object, even
9 when specifically prompted to do so by the district court, we have no difficulty concluding that
10 Cepeda waived appellate review of this claim.
11 As to Cepeda’s challenge to the substantive reasonableness of his sentence, “we apply a
12 deferential abuse-of-discretion standard” on review. 1 United States v. Solis, 18 F.4th 395, 401
13 (2d Cir. 2021). This “review is intended to ‘provide a backstop’ against sentences that are
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24-5-cr United States v. Cepeda
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT
SUMMARY ORDER
RULINGS BY SUMMARY ORDER DO NOT HAVE PRECEDENTIAL EFFECT. CITATION TO A SUM- MARY ORDER FILED ON OR AFTER JANUARY 1, 2007, IS PERMITTED AND IS GOVERNED BY FED- ERAL RULE OF APPELLATE PROCEDURE 32.1 AND THIS COURT’S LOCAL RULE 32.1.1. WHEN CITING A SUMMARY ORDER IN A DOCUMENT FILED WITH THIS COURT, A PARTY MUST CITE EITHER THE FEDERAL APPENDIX OR AN ELECTRONIC DATABASE (WITH THE NOTATION “SUMMARY ORDER”). A PARTY CITING A SUMMARY ORDER MUST SERVE A COPY OF IT ON ANY PARTY NOT REPRESENTED BY COUNSEL.
1 At a stated term of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, held at the 2 Thurgood Marshall United States Courthouse, 40 Foley Square, in the City of New York, on the 3 6th day of December, two thousand twenty-four. 4 5 Present: 6 DEBRA ANN LIVINGSTON, 7 Chief Judge, 8 DENNIS JACOBS, 9 STEVEN J. MENASHI, 10 Circuit Judges. 11 _____________________________________ 12 13 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, 14 15 Appellee, 16 17 v. 24-5-cr 18 19 LUIS CEPEDA, 20 21 Defendant-Appellant, * 22 _____________________________________ 23 24 For Appellee: BRENDAN KEEFE, Assistant United States Attorney 25 (Conor M. Reardon on the brief), on behalf of Vanessa 26 Roberts Avery, United States Attorney for the District 27 of Connecticut, New Haven, CT. 28 29
* The Clerk of Court is respectfully directed to amend the official case caption as set forth above.
1 30 For Defendant-Appellant: J. PATTEN BROWN, III, Law Offices of Pat Brown, 31 Avon, CT. 32 33 Appeal from a judgment of the United States District Court for the District of Connecticut
34 (Hall, J.).
35 UPON DUE CONSIDERATION, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED, ADJUDGED, AND
36 DECREED that the judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED.
37 Defendant-Appellant Luis Cepeda (“Cepeda”) appeals from the judgment of the United
38 States District Court for the District of Connecticut (Hall, J.) entered on December 19, 2023, con-
39 victing him, upon a guilty plea, of conspiracy to distribute and possess with intent to distribute
40 cocaine, in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 846, and sentencing him principally to 70 months’ imprison-
41 ment and three years’ supervised release. In this appeal, Cepeda challenges both the procedural
42 and substantive reasonableness of his sentence. We assume the parties’ familiarity with the un-
43 derlying facts, the procedural history of the case, and the issues on appeal.
44 * * *
45 This Court reviews sentences for “reasonableness, which ‘requires an examination of the
46 length of the sentence (substantive reasonableness) as well as the procedure employed in arriving
47 at the sentence (procedural reasonableness).’” United States v. Chu, 714 F.3d 742, 746 (2d Cir.
48 2013) (quoting United States v. Johnson, 567 F.3d 40, 51 (2d Cir. 2009)).
49 Turning first to Cepeda’s procedural reasonableness challenge, “[a] sentence is procedur-
50 ally unreasonable if the district court fails to calculate (or improperly calculates) the Sentencing
51 Guidelines range, treats the Sentencing Guidelines as mandatory, fails to consider the § 3553(a)
52 factors, selects a sentence based on clearly erroneous facts, or fails to adequately explain the cho-
53 sen sentence.” United States v. Ramos, 979 F.3d 994, 999 (2d Cir. 2020) (quoting United States
54 v. Smith, 949 F.3d 60, 66 (2d Cir. 2020)). The defendant’s actions at the district court, however,
2 1 affect our review of the claim. When a defendant forfeits a claim by failing to timely raise the
2 error in the district court, we retain the discretion to correct for plain error on appeal. United
3 States v. Yu-Leung, 51 F.3d 1116, 1121 (2d Cir. 1995); see also United States v. Spruill, 808 F.3d
4 585, 596 (2d Cir. 2015) (citing Fed. R. Crim. P. 52(b)). But “no such discretion applies when
5 there has been true waiver.” Spruill, 808 F.3d at 596 (emphasis omitted). Instead, because
6 “waiver is the ‘intentional relinquishment or abandonment of a known right’” it “necessarily ‘ex-
7 tinguishes’ the claim altogether.” Yu-Leung, 51 F.3d at 1121–22 (quoting United States v. Olano,
8 507 U.S. 725, 733 (1993)). Thus, “true ‘waiver’ . . . will negate even plain error review.” Id.
9 at 1122.
10 Here, Cepeda argues that his sentence is procedurally unreasonable because the district
11 court relied on the drug quantity calculated in the Probation Department’s Presentence Report
12 (“PSR”) to determine his Sentencing Guidelines advisory range. But the record below shows
13 Cepeda was aware of and intentionally relinquished his right to contest the district court’s adoption
14 of the PSR drug quantity to calculate his sentence. Cepeda’s sentencing memorandum submitted
15 to the district court stated that he would “not be objecting to the Probation Officer’s calculations”
16 as to drug quantity because this issue was “not that important in light of counsel’s arguments”
17 made in the memorandum. App’x at 76 n.2. Furthermore, the district court noted at sentencing
18 that Cepeda’s memorandum indicated some disagreement on drug quantity and asked for any ob-
19 jections to the PSR’s calculation of the applicable Guidelines range. Cepeda’s counsel acknowl-
20 edged that he had indicated some disagreement, but told the district court that he did “not intend
21 to request or demand a Fatico hearing or present any evidence” regarding drug quantity and would
22 instead “just not object to what’s in the Presentence Report.” App’x at 112.
3 1 Cepeda was thus aware of his right to object to the Probation Department’s drug quantity
2 calculations and made the tactical decision not to exercise it, focusing instead on other arguments.
3 This Court typically precludes appellants from attempting to appeal the results of tactical decisions
4 to forgo exercising a right, instead finding the claim waived. See Yu-Leung, 51 F.3d at 1123
5 (finding waiver when a party makes a “clear and conscious tactical decision” not to raise an ob-
6 jection); United States v. Coonan, 938 F.2d 1553, 1561 (2d Cir. 1991) (finding defendant
7 “waived appellate review” of his claim when his appeal attempted “to evade the consequences of
8 an unsuccessful tactical decision”). Here, given Cepeda’s affirmative choice not to object, even
9 when specifically prompted to do so by the district court, we have no difficulty concluding that
10 Cepeda waived appellate review of this claim.
11 As to Cepeda’s challenge to the substantive reasonableness of his sentence, “we apply a
12 deferential abuse-of-discretion standard” on review. 1 United States v. Solis, 18 F.4th 395, 401
13 (2d Cir. 2021). This “review is intended to ‘provide a backstop’ against sentences that are
14 ‘shockingly high, shockingly low, or otherwise unsupportable as a matter of law.’” United States
15 v. Dorvee, 616 F.3d 174, 183 (2d Cir. 2010) (quoting United States v. Rigas, 583 F.3d 108, 123
16 (2d Cir. 2009)). This Court “does not presume that a Guidelines sentence is necessarily substan-
17 tively reasonable,” but we have acknowledged “that conclusion is warranted ‘in the overwhelming
18 majority of cases.’” United States v. Messina, 806 F.3d 55, 66 (2d Cir. 2015) (quoting United
1 While defense counsel did not object to the substantive reasonableness of the 70-month sentence before the district court, this Court has not yet decided “whether plain error review applies to an unpreserved challenge to the substantive reasonableness of a sentence.” United States v. Thavaraja, 740 F.3d 253, 258 n.4 (2d Cir. 2014); see also Watts v. United States, No. 21-2925, 2023 WL 2910634, at *2 n.1 (2d Cir. Apr. 12, 2023) (summary order). We need not resolve that question here, however, because we reach the same result applying either potentially applicable standard.
4 1 States v. Fernandez, 443 F.3d 19, 27 (2d Cir. 2006)). Our review “focuses on a district court’s
2 explanation of its sentence in light of the factors contained in 18 U.S.C. 3553(a).” United States
3 v. DiMassa, 117 F.4th 477, 482 (2d Cir. 2024) (quoting United States v. Matta, 777 F.3d 116, 124
4 (2d Cir. 2015)). We “consider whether [a sentencing] factor . . . can bear the weight assigned it
5 under the totality of circumstances in the case.” United States v. Ceasar, 10 F.4th 66, 79 (2d Cir.
6 2021) (alteration in original) (quoting United States v. Cavera, 550 F.3d 180, 191 (2d Cir. 2008)
7 (en banc)). But on review, we merely “patrol the boundaries of reasonableness” rather than “con-
8 sider how we might have weighed particular factors.” Id. (quoting United States v. Stewart, 590
9 F.3d 93, 135 (2d Cir. 2009)).
10 Cepeda argues that his sentence was substantively unreasonable because the district court,
11 in fashioning its sentence, relied in part on the potential for violence from drug crimes without
12 evidence that Cepeda himself was involved in drug-related violence. We disagree. In explain-
13 ing its reasoning for the sentence imposed, the district court noted that it considered drug distribu-
14 tion a serious offense due to the potential violence from such crimes. But it tempered this per-
15 missible consideration by acknowledging that the defendant had not been involved in violence or
16 linked to a gun related to the charged conspiracy. And the district court went on to weigh a
17 variety of other factors under the Sentencing Guidelines, including the nature and circumstances
18 of the offense, the need to protect the public, and the need to avoid unwarranted sentencing dis-
19 parities. See 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a)(1), (2)(C), (6). Ultimately, the district court emphasized that
20 the primary driver of its sentencing decision was the recency of Cepeda’s prior convictions for
21 drug and gun related offenses, explaining that this demonstrated pattern of recidivism supported
22 the imposition of a significant sentence to protect the public. And the result of the district court’s
23 careful review was a sentence at the bottom of the parties’ agreed-upon advisory range of 70 to 87
5 1 months. Thus, contrary to Cepeda’s argument on appeal, the district court did not assign undue
2 weight to the potential for violence stemming from Cepeda’s crime. 2 Cepeda’s sentence was not
3 substantively unreasonable but fell well within the scope of the district court’s discretion.
4 * * *
5 We have considered Cepeda’s remaining arguments and find them to be without merit.
6 Accordingly, we AFFIRM the judgment of the district court.
7 FOR THE COURT: 8 Catherine O’Hagan Wolfe, Clerk of Court
2 Cepeda also contends the district court erred by giving weight to the government’s argument, made at sentencing, that Cepeda returned cocaine purchased in a surveilled drug transaction because he was seeking more potent and dangerous cocaine. Cepeda contends this argument is not supported by evidence. But the district court’s thorough explanation of it reasoning does not even reference the government’s ar- gument. Therefore, we need not address Cepeda’s contention that the district court gave this argument undue weight, as we are permitted to rely on a district court’s stated reasons for imposing a sentence on review. See United States v. Golomb, 811 F.2d 787, 790 (2d Cir. 1987) (dismissing arguments that the district court improperly relied on prior arrests to impose the defendant’s sentence where the “resentencing transcript does not support the defendant’s contention that his sentence was in any way ‘based’ on these two arrests”).