United States v. Carmona-Alomar

109 F.4th 60

• Court: Court of Appeals for the First Circuit
• Decided: July 22, 2024
• Docket: 21-1707
• Status: Published

Opinion

United States Court of Appeals For the First Circuit

Nos. 21-1705, 21-1707

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

Appellee,

v.

ÁNGEL MANUEL CARMONA-ALOMAR,

Defendant, Appellant.

APPEALS FROM THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF PUERTO RICO

[Hon. Francisco A. Besosa, U.S. District Judge]

Before

Barron, Chief Judge, Thompson and Montecalvo, Circuit Judges.

Héctor Sueiro-Álvarez, with whom Eric Alexander Vos, Federal Public Defender, and Franco L. Pérez-Redondo, Assistant Federal Public Defender, were on brief, for appellant. Gregory B. Conner, Assistant United States Attorney, with whom W. Stephen Muldrow, United States Attorney, and Mariana E. Bauzá-Almonte, Assistant United States Attorney, Chief, Appellate Division, were on brief, for appellee.

July 22, 2024 BARRON, Chief Judge. In these consolidated appeals,

Ángel Manuel Carmona-Alomar ("Carmona") challenges both the

sixty-month prison sentence that he received for his

machinegun-possession-related offenses and the consecutive

two-year prison sentence that he also received for the revocation

of his term of supervised release. We affirm.

I.

In 2017, Carmona was a passenger in a vehicle that

officers of the Puerto Rico Police Department pulled over in

Guaynabo, Puerto Rico.1 Based on what the officers referred to as

an odor of marijuana, they conducted a search of the vehicle's

passenger compartment and discovered, as relevant here, a 9mm Glock

pistol that had been modified to shoot automatically, seventy-four

rounds of 9mm ammunition, marijuana, and Percocet pills. Carmona

admitted to the police that the pistol and ammunition belonged to

him.

Following the search, Carmona was charged in the United

States District Court for the District of Puerto Rico with one

count of unlawful possession of a firearm by a prohibited person

(a drug user) in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(3), and one count

We draw the facts from the uncontested portions of the 1

defendant's presentence investigation report ("PSR") and transcripts of the defendant's change of plea and sentencing hearings. See United States v. Edwards, 857 F.3d 420, 421 n.1 (1st Cir. 2017). - 1 - of unlawful possession of a machinegun in violation of 18

U.S.C. § 922(o). Carmona pleaded guilty to the charges, and, in

February 2018, he was sentenced to thirty months' imprisonment to

be followed by three years' supervised release.

Carmona began serving his supervised release term in

April 2019. As a condition of his supervised release, he was

prohibited from committing another federal, state, or local crime.

On September 9, 2020, an officer with the Puerto Rico

Police Department informed the United States Probation Office

("Probation") that Carmona had been seen placing what was believed

to be a firearm in his waistband. The same day, pursuant to the

conditions of Carmona's supervised release, Probation officers

located Carmona, searched him and the vehicle that he had been

driving, and recovered a .45 caliber Glock pistol modified to shoot

automatically and a total of fifty-six rounds of .45 caliber

ammunition.

The following day, Probation filed a notice of violation

of supervised release in Carmona's 2017 case and requested a

warrant for his arrest. Carmona was subsequently arrested and

ordered detained pending further proceedings related to the

violation of the terms of his supervised release.

On September 23, 2020, a federal grand jury in the

District of Puerto Rico returned a new indictment in relation to

the incident on September 9, 2020. Carmona was charged with - 2 - possessing a firearm as a prohibited person (this time, a felon)

in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1) and possessing a machinegun

in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922(o). Carmona entered a straight

plea of guilty to both new charges.

In preparation for sentencing in relation to Carmona's

new § 922 convictions, Probation prepared a presentence

investigation report ("PSR") pursuant to Federal Rule of Criminal

Procedure 32. In accord with United States Sentencing Guideline

("Guideline") § 3D1.2(d),2 Probation grouped together Carmona's

convictions under §§ 922(g) and (o) for purposes of calculating

his Guidelines sentencing range. Applying Guideline § 2K2.1,

Probation set Carmona's base offense level at 22 based on Carmona's

new offense having involved a machinegun and on Carmona's having

committed the new offense "subsequent to sustaining one felony

conviction of either a crime of violence or a controlled substance

offense" -- namely, his prior §§ 922(g) and (o) convictions,

which, per Guideline § 3D1.2(d), also counted together as one

offense. Probation then subtracted three levels for Carmona's

acceptance of responsibility per Guideline § 3E1.1, leaving

Carmona with a total offense level of 19.

2Because Carmona's PSR was prepared in August 2021, unless otherwise noted, our citations to the Guidelines are to the 2018 edition, which was then in effect. - 3 - Probation determined Carmona's criminal history category

to be III. In making that determination, Probation accounted for

the prior §§ 922(g) and (o) convictions and, per Guideline

§ 4A1.1(d), added two criminal history points to reflect that

Carmona had committed the new offense while he was serving a

"criminal justice sentence" -- specifically, the term of

supervised release that he was serving based on his prior

§§ 922(g) and (o) convictions. Based on an offense level of 19

and a criminal history category of III, Probation determined that

Carmona's Guidelines sentencing range was thirty-seven to

forty-six months' imprisonment. See U.S.S.G. ch. 5, pt. A

(sentencing table).

Carmona's PSR also described an incident that had

occurred on February 26, 2019, after Carmona had been transferred

from U.S. Bureau of Prisons ("BOP") custody to a halfway house to

serve the balance of the prison sentence he had received for his

prior §§ 922(g) and (o) convictions. On that date, a halfway house

employee had conducted a pat-down of Carmona as he had returned to

the facility, felt a "hard object near [Carmona's] groin area,"

and requested that Carmona display the object. Carmona,

"disobey[ing] the direct order" and walking away from the employee,

had allegedly shouted, "This fucking bald guy thinks I have

something, wait until I get to him on the streets." As a result

- 4 - of this incident, Carmona had been removed from the halfway house

and returned to BOP custody.

The parties then submitted sentencing memoranda to the

District Court. Carmona's sentencing memorandum requested a total

sentence of thirty-seven months' incarceration and argued that

"there [were] no aggravating facts relating to the offense in this

case that [were] not fully addressed by the applicable [S]entencing

[G]uideline." Carmona's sentencing memorandum also cited to

eighteen "cases with similarly situated defendants . . . who

received a Guidelines[] sentence in [the District of Puerto Rico]

for convictions under 18 U.S.C. § 922(o)" for possession of a

machinegun, all of whom were sentenced to between twelve and

thirty-three months' incarceration, and reminded the District

Court of its obligation under 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a)(6) to consider

at sentencing "the need to avoid unwarranted sentence disparities

among defendants with similar records who have been found guilty

of similar conduct."

The government's sentencing memorandum advocated for a

sentence of forty-six months' incarceration. Citing to our prior

statement in United States v. Flores-Machicote, 706 F.3d 16, 23

(1st Cir. 2013), that "the incidence of particular crimes in the

relevant community appropriately informs and contextualizes the

relevant need for deterrence" in sentencing, the government urged

- 5 - the District Court in sentencing Carmona to "take in[to]

consideration the problem of gun violence in Puerto Rico."

In support of its position, the government cited to

statistics regarding the prevalence of firearms offenses in Puerto

Rico compared to the rest of the United States, the relatively

high percentage of murders in Puerto Rico involving firearms, and

the fact that a 2019 study by InSight Crime had ranked San Juan

the second-deadliest city in Latin America. The government also

argued that Carmona had demonstrated an "affinity for loaded

machine guns, large quantities of ammunition and extended

magazines." In support of that assertion, the government pointed

to Carmona's prior §§ 922(g) and (o) convictions, as well as

photographs obtained from Carmona's cell phone that purportedly

showed him posing with firearms. The government further submitted

that Carmona's commission of a second machinegun offense after

receiving a sentence for his first machinegun offense that was

"similar . . . to the one[s] cited by the defense in its list of

comparable sentences in this District for first[-time] offenders"

indicated that he "did not avail himself of the prior sentence and

term of supervised release previously imposed by the Court."

Carmona filed a response to the government's sentencing

memorandum. In the response, he objected to the government's

reliance on "faulty" and outdated statistics concerning Puerto

Rico's problem of gun violence. Carmona also asserted that he was - 6 - being sentenced for "a simple gun possession offense" and

argued -- based on our prior decisions in United States v.

Rivera-Berríos, 968 F.3d 130 (1st Cir. 2020) and United States v.

Carrasquillo-Sánchez, 9 F.4th 56 (1st Cir. 2021) -- that for a

simple machinegun possession offense the District Court was not

permitted to rely at sentencing on the "generic consideration of

purported gun violence in Puerto Rico."

On August 19, 2021, the District Court convened a hearing

to sentence Carmona for his new §§ 922(g) and (o) convictions. At

the hearing, defense counsel argued that Carmona's was "an ordinary

machine gun case." Defense counsel argued that Carmona's case was

"ordinary" because his Guidelines sentencing range accounted for

his full "nature and history": his total offense level included an

upward adjustment for his prior §§ 922(g) and (o) convictions, and

his criminal history category was also increased to reflect that

he had been on supervised release for the prior §§ 922(g) and (o)

convictions when he committed the new machinegun possession

offense.

The District Court and defense counsel then engaged in

a colloquy about the permissibility of imposing an upwardly variant

sentence based on the District Court's "societal concern" about

the "dangers posed by machine guns." Defense counsel argued that

because the amount of ammunition with which Carmona had been found

was comparable to the amounts of ammunition at issue in - 7 - Rivera-Berríos and United States v. García-Pérez, 9 F.4th 48 (1st

Cir. 2021), Carmona's conduct was "entirely consistent with simple

possession of a machine gun as found by the First Circuit."

Defense counsel acknowledged that those same cases stood

for the proposition that "community-based factors can be a proper

deterrent consideration," but emphasized that that was so only if

the sentencing court "assessed [those community-based factors] in

case[-]specific terms." And, defense counsel argued, because

Carmona had simply possessed the machinegun and ammunition, was

not found to have used the machinegun, had no criminal history

other than his prior §§ 922(g) and (o) convictions, and had

"admitted to the possession of the weapon for purposes of

protecting himself," his case was not "akin to anything that is

involved in the societal harm that this Court is worried about"

with regard to the rate of gun violence in Puerto Rico.

This colloquy culminated in the following exchange:

District Court: Well, wait a minute. He's done it twice. He's done it twice.

[Defense Counsel]: Yes.

District Court: His previous case was exactly the same as this one, possession of a machine gun.

[Defense Counsel]: That's right. And that's taken into account in the [G]uidelines.

District Court: Yes, but I'm saying that, you know, that shows the problem that there is

- 8 - out there with young people with illegal machine guns.

[Defense Counsel]: And that's why it's factored into the offense level, as well as his Criminal History Category. . . . So all of the concerns that the Court has . . . all of those things are already built into and taken into account when fashioning and when they formulated the [Guidelines] and the range. So that's why, when I started off with my argument, I said this is an ordinary machine gun case. This is. Everything about this case, everything about [Carmona's] nature and history, everything about the nature and circumstances of the offense, everything.

District Court: Well, no.

[Defense Counsel]: Everything is taken into account.

District Court: I think what the Circuit has held is that in -- an ordinary machine gun case is a case where someone possesses a machine gun and really has no criminal history.

[Defense Counsel]: Which case is that?

District Court: All the ones that you've cited in your sentencing memorandum.

[Defense Counsel]: The cases I cited in my sentencing memorandum were for the purposes of trying to show the Court that there's sometimes a disparity.

District Court: Yes, but they may be ordinary . . . machine gun cases[] because they're all either no criminal history, which -- and the other ones that you cite that had a prior conviction, they were all Criminal History I,

- 9 - except for two of them, which were Criminal History Category II.

[Defense Counsel]: Yes. And that's why, when I made my recommendation to the Court about what I felt was a reasonable and appropriate sentence, that -- I believe that my recommendation is higher than all of those cases that I cited.

District Court: No. Well, not really. It's higher, because the criminal history is higher.

The government thereafter advocated for a prison

sentence of forty-six months. The government argued that "in this

case, what we have [are] very specific facts that are tied directly

to gun violence in Puerto Rico." The government noted that "[t]his

[was] the second time that this defendant ha[d] been arrested on

a public thoroughfare, on streets with a machine gun." The

government also pointed to the 2019 halfway house incident,

asserting that it was "very clear that 'wait until I get to him on

the streets' [was] a threat" and pointing out that "[t]he streets

[were] where the defendant in this case was seen by a policeman

carrying a machine gun." The government argued as well that 74

percent of "firearm murders on this island are committed on public

throughways" and that of the "367 murders [in Puerto Rico] this

year, [fifty-one] more than last year, . . . according to police

statistics, over [ninety] percent of those are with guns." As

such, the government contended, "numerous specific details about

- 10 - this case, the specific characteristics of this defendant's

arrest, the kinds of firearms, where those firearms are found[,]

. . . publicly available statistics from the Police of Puerto Rico

about . . . where firearm violence occurs, [and] the fact that

this defendant made violent threats to an individual in a halfway

house, when he should have been on his best behavior" all

"support[ed] the sentence recommended by the government."

At sentencing, the District Court first calculated

Carmona's Guidelines sentencing range and stated that it had "also

considered the other sentencing factors set forth in" 18 U.S.C.

§ 3553(a). Then, noting that Carmona "was in possession of a

loaded Glock pistol . . . modified to operate as a machine gun"

and that "[o]ther photos show [his] affinity to firearms," the

District Court stated the following:

A modern machine gun can fire more than a thousand rounds a minute, which allows a shooter to kill dozens of people within a matter of seconds. Short of bombs, missiles, and biochemical agents, the Court can conceive of few weapons that are more dangerous than machine guns. A machine gun is unusual, and outside of a few government related uses, machine guns largely exist on the black market. In short, machine guns are highly dangerous and unusual weapons that are not typically possessed by law abiding citizens for lawful purposes. This is Mr. Carmona's second offense for illegally possessing a firearm, a machine gun, to be exact.

The District Court went on to describe the 2019 halfway

house incident, noting that Carmona "was transferred to the - 11 - [f]ederal [p]rison . . . because he threatened an employee of the

halfway house." The District Court asserted that "[i]t appears

that [thirty] months of imprisonment for the previous case had no

effect on Mr. Carmona, and that he has made no effort to

rehabilitate himself."

The District Court continued that Carmona "has

demonstrated a lack of remorse for his wrongdoing, and a lack of

respect for the law and this Court. He committed the same crime

for which he was previously sentenced, and the Court has to say it

is not nice to commit the same offense twice." The District Court

next noted that § 3553(a) "requires the Court to consider

preventing criminal behavior by the population at large," that

"the [United States] Sentencing Commission has found [that] longer

sentences involving firearms have [a] deterren[t] effect," and

that "during this year, more murders have been committed in Puerto

Rico than were . . . committed at this time last year."

Finally, the District Court announced that "in this

case, because of the factors that have been mentioned by the Court,

a sentence above the [G]uideline range reflects the seriousness of

the offenses, promotes respect for the law, protects the public

from further crimes by Mr. Carmona, and addresses the issues of

deterrence and punishment." The District Court then imposed

concurrent sentences of sixty months' incarceration for each of

Carmona's new § 922 convictions -- which was a prison sentence - 12 - fourteen months above Carmona's Guidelines sentencing range -- to

be followed by three years of supervised release.

Defense counsel objected to both the procedural and

substantive reasonableness of the sentence, arguing that the

District Court had not given "case-specific reasons for the

variance of such a magnitude," had "failed to give proper treatment

[to] the mitigating factors," and had "failed to adequately explain

the chosen sentence." On the Statement of Reasons form explaining

Carmona's sentence, the District Court enumerated the bases for

its imposition of an upwardly variant sentence. The listed reasons

were: "the lack of respect for the law, the lack of remorse as the

defendant committed the exact same offense after he was sentenced

to a [thirty-]month incarceration period[,] [t]he seriousness of

the offense, the fact that this district is suffering from much

gun violence, specifically machineguns like the one Mr. Carmona

had," and that "sentencing the defendant to [sixty] months was

enough deterrence since lengthy sentences represent more

deterrence than short sentences."

On the same day that Carmona was sentenced for his new

§§ 922(g) and (o) convictions, the District Court held a second

hearing to impose a sentence for the revocation of the term of

supervised release that Carmona had been serving for his prior

§§ 922(g) and (o) convictions. Defense counsel requested a

sentence of thirty days' incarceration to be served concurrently - 13 - with Carmona's sixty-month prison sentence for the new

§§ 922(g) and (o) convictions; the government requested a sentence

of two years' incarceration -- the statutory maximum for the

revocation of supervised release for a § 922(o) conviction, see 18

U.S.C. §§ 3583(e)(3), 924(a)(2), 3559(a)(3) -- to be served

consecutively.

Applying Guidelines §§ 7B1.1–1.4, the District Court

determined that Carmona had committed a Grade A violation of his

term of supervised release, which, combined with Carmona's

criminal history category of I (as calculated at the time of

sentencing for his prior §§ 922(g) and (o) convictions), yielded

a Guidelines sentencing range of twelve to eighteen months'

incarceration. Taking into account "the factors set forth in . . .

Section 3553(a), and the seriousness of Mr. Carmona's violation"

and noting that the revocation of supervised release had been

prompted by "Mr. Carmona's second indictment for the same

charge[s], being a prohibited person in possession of a firearm,

and in possession of a machine gun, and ammunition, and magazines,"

the District Court concluded that "a statutory sentence is a

sentence sufficient but not greater than necessary" to fulfill the

purposes of sentencing. The District Court then imposed an

upwardly variant, statutory maximum term of two years'

imprisonment for the revocation of Carmona's supervised release,

to be served consecutively to the sixty-month sentence it had - 14 - imposed for Carmona's new §§ 922(g) and (o) convictions, followed

by a two-year term of supervised release to be served concurrently

with the three-year supervised release term for his new

§§ 922(g) and (o) convictions. Carmona objected to the revocation

sentence as procedurally and substantively unreasonable.

Carmona timely appealed the imposition of both

sentences, and the appeals were consolidated.

II.

Our review of preserved sentencing challenges is for

abuse of discretion. United States v. Dávila-Bonilla, 968 F.3d 1,

9 (1st Cir. 2020). Where a defendant raises claims of both

procedural and substantive unreasonableness in sentencing, "first

we see if 'the sentence is procedurally reasonable (that is, free

from non-harmless procedural error)' and then we see if 'it is

substantively reasonable.'" Id. (quoting United States v. Nuñez,

840 F.3d 1, 4 (1st Cir. 2016)).

In reviewing claims of procedural unreasonableness, we

apply a "multifaceted" abuse of discretion standard. United States

v. Reyes-Torres, 979 F.3d 1, 7 (1st Cir. 2020) (quoting United

States v. Nieves-Mercado, 847 F.3d 37, 42 (1st Cir. 2017)). In

doing so, we review de novo the resolution of issues of law,

including interpretation and application of the Guidelines. Id.

We review for clear error, however, findings of fact. Id.

- 15 - As to the question of substantive reasonableness, "[a]

sentence is substantively reasonable so long as the sentencing

court has provided a 'plausible sentencing rationale' and reached

a 'defensible result.'" United States v. Sayer, 916 F.3d 32, 39

(1st Cir. 2019) (quoting United States v. Martin, 520 F.3d 87, 96

(1st Cir. 2008)). Our review of substantive reasonableness "is

limited to determining whether [the district court's] sentence,

'in light of the totality of the circumstances, resides within the

expansive universe of reasonable sentences.'" United States v.

Rossignol, 780 F.3d 475, 477 (1st Cir. 2015) (quoting United States

v. King, 741 F.3d 305, 308 (1st Cir. 2014)). When a sentencing

court imposes an upwardly variant sentence, "its reasons for doing

so 'should typically be rooted in either the nature and

circumstances of the offense or the characteristics of the

offender,'" and "the factors deemed relevant by the sentencing

court 'must add up to a plausible rationale' for the sentence

imposed and 'must justify a variance of the magnitude in

question.'" Flores-Machicote, 706 F.3d at 21 (quoting Martin, 520

F.3d at 91).

III.

We begin with Carmona's challenges to the upwardly

variant sixty-month prison sentence that he received for his most

recent convictions under §§ 922(g) and (o). After considering his

procedural unreasonableness challenges to this sentence and - 16 - finding no merit to any of them, we turn to his substantive

unreasonableness challenge to the sentence. See Dávila-Bonilla,

840 F.3d at 9. We conclude that that challenge is also meritless.

A.

1.

Carmona first argues that the sixty-month prison

sentence he received for his new §§ 922(g) and (o) convictions was

procedurally unreasonable because the District Court made an error

of law that "tainted the rest of" the sentencing rationale. He

bases this contention on the District Court's statement at one

point during the sentencing hearing that "an ordinary machinegun

case is a case where someone possesses a machinegun and really has

no criminal history." Carmona contends that this statement

revealed the District Court's "fundamental misunderstanding of the

law: that a mine-run § 922(o) case is a case in which the defendant

has no criminal history."

Carmona correctly points out that it is well-settled law

that "[t]he [S]entencing [G]uidelines are meant to cover the

mine-run of particular crimes." Rivera-Berríos, 968 F.3d at 137

(citing Spears v. United States, 555 U.S. 261, 264 (2009) (per

curiam)). He is also right that a "mine-run" case is one that

falls into the "heartland" of cases "to which the [Sentencing]

Commission intends individual Guidelines to apply." Spears, 555

U.S. at 264 (cleaned up). - 17 - Against this backdrop, Carmona contends that the

District Court clearly misstated the law by asserting, in a portion

of a more fulsome statement, that "an ordinary machine gun case is

a case where someone possesses a machine gun and really has no

criminal history" (emphasis added). A § 922(o) offense can be

"mine-run," Carmona explains, even if the defendant has a prior

criminal background.

In fact, Carmona claims, his was "a mine-run case

precisely because [he] was previously convicted of the same

offense, a factor already accounted for" in his Guidelines

sentencing range. After all, Carmona notes, his prior

§§ 922(g) and (o) convictions both contributed to his criminal

history category of III and increased his base offense level by

two points to reflect his prior conviction for "either a crime of

violence or a controlled substance offense."

We do not disagree that the Guidelines expressly account

for a machinegun-possession-related offense having been committed

by a person with a criminal history. We thus do not disagree that

the Guidelines yield a recommended sentencing range for such a

"mine-run" offender. See Sent'g Table, U.S. Sent'g Guidelines

Manual ch. 5, pt. A (U.S. Sent'g Comm'n 2023) (accounting for

criminal history categories I-VI). But to determine whether the

District Court was laboring under a contrary understanding -- as

Carmona contends is the case -- we must consider the statement by - 18 - the District Court that is at issue in its full context and not in

isolation. United States v. Lanza-Vázquez, 799 F.3d 134, 143 (1st

Cir. 2015). When we do, we cannot say that the statement by the

District Court on which Carmona seizes reflects a mistaken view of

the law.

The colloquy during which the District Court made the

assertedly problematic statement -- "an ordinary machinegun case

is a case where someone possesses a machinegun and really has no

criminal history" -- is best understood to concern our line of

cases exemplified by Rivera-Berríos and García-Pérez and not, in

general, what constitutes a mine-run machinegun possession

offense. During the colloquy, defense counsel was relying on

Rivera-Berríos and García-Pérez to argue that the specific facts

of Carmona's case could not support the District Court's varying

upward based on concerns about machinegun violence in Puerto Rico

because Carmona's conduct was "entirely consistent with simple

possession of a machine gun as found by the First Circuit" in those

cases (emphasis added). In responding to the concern the District

Court expressed with respect to that discussion about

Rivera-Berríos and García-Pérez -- in which the District Court

emphasized that Carmona's "previous case was exactly the same as

this one, possession of a machine gun" -- defense counsel stated,

"[A]ll of these concerns that the Court has, that he's done it

twice . . . are already built into and taken into account when - 19 - fashioning . . . the [Guidelines] and the range. So that's why,

when I started off with my argument, I said this is an ordinary

machine gun case" (emphasis added).

It was only at that point in the colloquy that the

District Court used the specific words -- "an ordinary machine gun

case is a case where someone possesses a machine gun and really

has no criminal history" -- that Carmona contends are problematic.

But Carmona wrenches those words from the fuller statement in which

the District Court made them: "I think what the Circuit has held

is that in -- an ordinary machine gun case is a case where someone

possesses a machine gun and really has no criminal history." And

he also wrenches that fuller statement from the context in which

it was made.

Specifically, the sentencing transcript shows that, in

response to the full statement by the District Court about "what

the Circuit has held," defense counsel asked, "Which case is that?"

and the District Court at that point replied, "All the ones that

you've cited in your sentencing memorandum." The District Court

then went on to explain that those cited cases "may be ordinary

. . . machine gun cases[] because . . . they were all Criminal

History I, except for two of them, which were Criminal History

Category II."

In view of this context, we agree with the government's

characterization of the statement by the District Court that - 20 - grounds this challenge by Carmona. That is to say, we agree that

the statement indicates that the District Court was of the view

that, under the Rivera-Berríos line of cases, it could not rely on

community-based concerns about machinegun violence to vary upward

in an "ordinary" case, and that such a case is one in which no

"special characteristic attributable either to the offender or to

the offense of conviction serves to remove a given case from the

mine-run." Rivera-Berríos, 968 F.3d at 137. And, we also agree

with the government that the statement in question further reflects

the District Court's assessment that Carmona's case was

distinguishable from such an "ordinary" case because -- unlike the

defendants in the Rivera-Berrios line -- Carmona had the "special

characteristic" of having committed not merely a prior offense but

a prior machinegun possession offense. Id.

This understanding of the District Court's statement

about "what the Circuit has held" accords with the District Court's

follow-on statement that the eighteen cases cited by Carmona in

his sentencing memorandum were "ordinary" insofar as the

defendants in those cases had nonexistent or negligible criminal

histories -- and thus were distinguishable from Carmona himself,

who had a prior history of machinegun possession. Indeed, as

Carmona's sentencing memo itself explained, those eighteen cases,

like Rivera-Berríos and García-Pérez, involved defendants who

either had no criminal history or a very minor one. By contrast, - 21 - Carmona had a prior conviction for machinegun possession

specifically and so, to use the District Court's words, had "done

[the underlying offense] twice."

Notably, this conclusion about how to understand the

District Court's statement also accords with the questions that

the District Court later asked of the government during the

sentencing colloquy about Rivera-Berríos and Carrasquillo-Sánchez.

Those questions reflect the District Court's correct understanding

that, under those cases, case-specific factors would need to be

present to justify reliance on community characteristics to

support an upwardly variant sentence in Carmona's case.

We thus are not persuaded that the portion of the

District Court's statement about what constitutes an "ordinary"

case on which Carmona zeroes in demonstrates that the District

Court was relying on a misunderstanding of the relevant law in

imposing the upwardly variant sentence. Rather, from all that we

can tell from the transcript, the District Court understood that

community characteristics can be relied on to support an upwardly

mobile sentence only if they are considered in conjunction with

case-specific factors.

2.

Carmona next contends that the District Court

procedurally erred by basing Carmona's upwardly variant sentence

for his new §§ 922(g) and (o) convictions on four "factors already - 22 - accounted for in his [G]uideline[s] calculation": (1) his previous

§§ 922(g) and (o) convictions; (2) "the dangerous nature of a

machinegun"; (3) the fact that Carmona was on supervised release

at the time of his offense; and (4) "generic, universal concerns

applicable to every machinegun case." Carmona is right to point

out that it is "settled beyond hope of contradiction" within our

Circuit that "when a sentencing court relies on a factor already

accounted for by the [S]entencing [G]uidelines to impose a variant

sentence, [it] must indicate what makes that factor worthy of extra

weight." Rivera-Berríos, 968 F.3d at 136 (quoting United States

v. Díaz-Lugo, 963 F.3d 145, 155 (1st Cir. 2020) (alteration in

original)). But the challenge still fails.

Carmona's criminal history category -- which accounts

for all of a defendant's prior criminal convictions, see U.S.S.G.

§ 4A1.1 -- reflected his prior §§ 922(g) and (o) convictions, as

well as the fact that he was serving a term of supervised release

when he committed the new machinegun possession offense. Moreover,

Carmona's offense level was adjusted to account for a prior "felony

conviction of either a crime of violence or a controlled substance

offense," and so his prior §§ 922(g) and (o) convictions were also

accounted for in that sense. But the District Court's variance

from Carmona's resulting Guidelines sentencing range rested on

more than Carmona's prior criminal history in a general sense, or

even his prior "felony conviction of either a crime of violence or - 23 - a controlled substance offense," because the District Court

emphasized the fact that Carmona's prior convictions had been under

the very same provisions prohibiting machinegun possession by

prohibited persons. Yet, the Guidelines did not account for that

factor in identifying the recommended sentencing range in

Carmona's case. We thus cannot conclude that Carmona's previous

convictions for the same conduct of possessing a machinegun as a

prohibited person was "a factor already accounted for in the

[S]entencing [G]uidelines," such that the District Court was

required to "indicate what ma[de] that factor worthy of extra

weight" in relying on it to justify an upward variance in Carmona's

case. United States v. Fields, 858 F.3d 24, 32 (1st Cir. 2017)

(citing United States v. Zapete-Garcia, 447 F.3d 57, 60 (1st Cir.

2006)).

Indeed, we have previously affirmed the imposition of

upwardly variant sentences for firearms offenses based at least in

part on the defendant's previous conviction for the same or a

similar offense. See, e.g., United States v. Pedroza-Orengo, 817

F.3d 829, 834 (1st Cir. 2016) (affirming an upwardly variant

sentence for a firearm offense where "the district court

highlighted the fact that [the defendant] had committed the instant

offense within a year of his release from incarceration for a prior

firearms offense"). Carmona makes no effort to distinguish his

- 24 - circumstances from those at issue in those cases, nor do we see

any basis on which to do so ourselves.

Carmona does also object that the District Court

procedurally erred in imposing an upwardly variant sentence by

relying in part on "the dangerous nature of a machinegun," the

fact that Carmona was on supervised release at the time of the

offense, and "generic, universal concerns applicable to every

machinegun case." Carmona contends that is so because the

Guidelines already account for each of those factors. Carmona

fails to explain, however, why the mere fact that the District

Court gave some weight to those factors in explaining the basis

for the sentence shows that the District Court's sentence was

procedurally unreasonable.

As we have explained, the District Court also based the

sentence in part on the unaccounted-for factor described

above -- namely, Carmona's having previously been convicted of

possessing a machinegun as a prohibited person under

§§ 922(g) and (o). And, given that the District Court identified

that factor in explaining the reason for the variance, we do not

see any basis for concluding that it was procedural error for the

District Court also to refer to these separate factors, as they

- 25 - helped to establish the Guidelines sentencing range itself from

which the sentence that was imposed upwardly varied.3

3.

Carmona also claims that the upwardly variant sentence

was procedurally unreasonable because the District Court "fail[ed]

to establish a case-specific nexus between [his] case and its

community concerns" about machinegun violence in Puerto Rico. But

our case law makes clear that "a sentencing judge may consider

community-based and geographic factors" in crafting an appropriate

criminal sentence so long as the sentencing court's "emphasis on

factors that are not specifically tied to either the offender or

the offense of conviction" does not "go too far."

3For the same reason, Carmona's procedural reasonableness challenge also fails insofar as it is premised on the District Court's having based the upwardly variant sentence in part on factors that he argues could not in and of themselves support an upward variance, including Carmona's history of drug use, the number of rounds of ammunition at issue, Carmona's employment status, the 2019 halfway house incident, and photographs included in the government's sentencing memorandum that allegedly depicted Carmona brandishing firearms and which the District Court characterized as "show[ing] Mr. Carmona's affinity to firearms." Further, by failing to object to the District Court's reliance on the photographs below, Carmona waived his argument on appeal that the photographs were "unreliable" because the untimeliness of the government's sentencing memorandum meant that Carmona could not "adequately respond" to its contents. See United States v. Slade, 980 F.2d 27, 30 (1st Cir. 1992) ("It is a bedrock rule that when a party has not presented an argument to the district court, she may not unveil it in the court of appeals."). - 26 - Flores-Machicote, 706 F.3d at 22-24. The District Court did not

go too far here.

Carmona analogizes his case to our line of decisions in

Rivera-Berríos, Carrasquillo-Sánchez, and García-Pérez. He argues

that because his was a "mere possession" offense, the District

Court's reliance on generalized concerns about machinegun violence

in Puerto Rico was impermissibly "unmoored from any individual

characteristics of either [Carmona] or the offense of conviction."

In each of these cases, the defendant was convicted of unlawful

possession of a machinegun within Puerto Rico and the sentencing

court imposed an upwardly variant sentence after "ma[king]

pellucid that the driving force behind the upward variance . . .

was the nature of the firearm that the [defendant] possessed" in

light of the sentencing court's perception of the problem of

machinegun violence in Puerto Rico. Rivera-Berríos, 968 F.3d at

135.

Those cases are distinguishable from Carmona's. The

sentencing court in each of them pointed to the dangerousness of

machineguns and the problem of machinegun violence in Puerto Rico.

But the sentencing court in each case emphasized "the nature of

the firearm involved in the offense of conviction" while failing

to provide "an explanation as to how [the defendant's] crime

differed from the mine-run of machine gun possession cases within

the contemplation of the sentencing guidelines." Id. at 136; see - 27 - also Carrasquillo-Sánchez, 9 F.4th at 61 ("The District Court was

clear . . . that 'the driving force behind the upward variance'

was, in its own words, 'the possession of this type of weapon'

itself." (internal citation omitted) (quoting Rivera-Berríos, 968

F.3d at 135)); García-Pérez, 9 F.4th at 53–54 ("The District Court

here, just like the district court in Rivera-Berríos . . . failed

to explain why the defendant's machinegun possession 'was entitled

to extra weight.'" (quoting Rivera-Berríos, 968 F.3d at 136)).

Here, by contrast, the District Court did point "in

case-specific terms" to the relevance to Carmona's sentence of its

concerns about machinegun violence rates in Puerto Rico.

Carrasquillo-Sánchez, 9 F.4th at 61 (citation omitted).

Specifically, the District Court relied on the facts that Carmona's

"previous case was exactly the same as this one, possession of a

machine gun," that "he committed this case while serving his

supervised release term" for his previous §§ 922(g) and (o)

convictions, and that the 2019 halfway house incident had resulted

in his return to prison "because he [had] threatened an

employee" -- all of which, in the District Court's view, reflected

Carmona's "lack of respect for the law."

Indeed, the transcript of Carmona's sentencing hearing

reflects that the District Court cited to Carmona's status as a

second-time §§ 922(g) and (o) offender in direct response to

defense counsel's statement that sentencing courts can consider - 28 - such community-based concerns at sentencing so long as "the

defendant's possession of a machine gun had . . . anything to do

with the problem as the Court sees it." The District Court made

the nexus clearer still by stating that Carmona's status as a

second-time §§ 922(g) and (o) offender "show[ed] the problem that

there is out there with young people with illegal machine guns."

Carmona's case is therefore distinguishable from Rivera-Berríos,

Carrasquillo-Sánchez, and García-Pérez insofar as the District

Court here did anchor its reliance on its understanding of Puerto

Rico's machinegun problem within the specific characteristics of

Carmona's offense.4 On this record, then, we conclude that the

District Court did not abuse its discretion in relying partly on

the incidence of firearms offenses in Puerto Rico to impose an

Carmona does advance an alternative argument as to why the 4

District Court erred in relying on statistics about firearms and violent crime within Puerto Rico that the government included in its sentencing memorandum. Here, Carmona contends the untimeliness of the government's sentencing memorandum -- which was filed one day prior to Carmona's sentencing hearing -- and the District Court's subsequent denial of Carmona's motion to continue his sentencing hearing prevented Carmona from adequately refuting those statistics, such that the government's cited statistics were "never subject to any adversarial testing" and therefore unreliable. But because Carmona made no developed argument about that alleged error in his opening brief, he waived it. See Sparkle Hill v. Interstate Mat Corp., 788 F.3d 25, 29 (1st Cir. 2015) ("[W]e do not consider arguments for reversing a decision of a district court when the argument is not raised in a party's opening brief."); United States v. Zannino, 895 F.2d 1, 17 (1st Cir. 1990) ("[I]ssues adverted to in a perfunctory manner, unaccompanied by some effort at developed argumentation, are deemed waived."). - 29 - upwardly variant sentence for Carmona's §§ 922(g) and (o)

convictions.

B.

Having determined that the upwardly variant prison

sentence that Carmona received for his most recent

§§ 922(g) and (o) convictions was procedurally reasonable, we

proceed to consider Carmona's challenge to the substantive

reasonableness of that sentence. Carmona bases this challenge on

his contention that the District Court "failed to give

case-specific reasons for a variance of such magnitude and failed

to adequately explain the chosen sentence." But, for the reasons

we explained above, we do not agree.

The record makes clear that, in imposing an above-

Guidelines sentence, the District Court relied on its belief that

"longer sentences involving firearms have [a] deterrence effect"

only in connection with Carmona's status as a second-time

§§ 922(g) and (o) offender who had, in its opinion, "demonstrated

a lack of remorse for his wrongdoing [and] a lack of respect for

the law and th[e] Court." Based on this record, moreover, we

conclude that Carmona's sixty-month prison sentence, "in light of

the totality of the circumstances, resides within the expansive

universe of reasonable sentences" he could have received for this

offense. Rossignol, 780 F.3d at 477 (quoting King, 741 F.3d at

- 30 - 308). As such, we find no abuse of discretion as to the District

Court's imposition of the sixty-month sentence.5

IV.

We come, finally, to Carmona's challenge to the

substantive reasonableness of the District Court's imposition of

an upwardly variant, statutory maximum two-year term of

incarceration for his revocation of supervised release. Here,

too, we see no abuse of discretion.

Carmona challenges the substantive reasonableness of his

revocation sentence on two grounds: first, that the District Court

impermissibly and "inextricably intertwined the sentence" with the

sentence for his new §§ 922(g) and (o) convictions; and second,

that the sentencing errors that Carmona alleges the District Court

committed in Carmona's new § 922 case "carried over and

contaminated the revocation hearing." It is not entirely clear to

us that either of these grounds is properly deemed a substantive,

5 Carmona also attacks the substantive reasonableness of his sentence to the extent that the District Court, in imposing the sentence, considered various other factors that we have enumerated above. See supra note 2. But "the weighing of those factors is largely within the [sentencing] court's informed discretion," and we are not persuaded that the District Court abused that discretion simply by weighing those factors differently than Carmona would have had it do. United States v. Clogston, 662 F.3d 588, 593 (1st Cir. 2011) ("That the sentencing court chose not to attach to certain of the mitigating factors the significance that the appellant thinks they deserved does not make the sentence unreasonable."). - 31 - rather than a procedural, reasonableness challenge. But as we

have noted before, "[t]he line between procedural and substantive

sentencing issues is often blurred," United States v.

Reyes-Santiago, 804 F.3d 453, 468 n.19 (1st Cir. 2015), and the

flaws with each of Carmona's challenges are such that the

challenges would fail regardless of how they are characterized.

As to the first challenge, Carmona points to the

Guideline for revocation sentences, which instructs that "the

court should sanction primarily the defendant's breach of trust,

while taking into account, to a limited degree, the seriousness of

the underlying violation and the criminal history of the violator."

U.S. Sent'g Guidelines Manual, ch. 7 pt. A, introductory cmt. (U.S.

Sent'g Comm'n 2018). He argues that because "[t]here [were] no

aggravating factors in this revocation" that could have justified

the District Court's decision to vary upward six months from

Carmona's Guidelines range of twelve to eighteen months'

incarceration for the revocation, the District Court, in fact,

erroneously sentenced him for the revocation of supervised release

for his first §§ 922(g) and (o) convictions based on the facts of

his new §§ 922(g) and (o) convictions.

We disagree. The conduct that grounded the revocation

was the same type of conduct which had itself grounded the

imposition of the term of supervised release that was being

revoked. As a result, we conclude that the District Court's - 32 - imposition of an upwardly variant two-year prison sentence for a

revocation precipitated by Carmona's recommission of the same

offense was "roughly proportionate to [Carmona's] breach of

trust." United States v. Daoust, 888 F.3d 571, 578 (1st Cir.

2018). Indeed, in pronouncing the sentence for the revocation,

the District Court did note, seemingly referring to the new

§§ 922(g) and (o) convictions, that "[t]his [was] Mr. Carmona's

second indictment for the same charge[s], being a prohibited

person . . . in possession of a machine gun, and ammunition, and

magazines," and that "[a]ccordingly, it [was] the judgment of the

Court" that the statutory maximum term of incarceration on

revocation was appropriate.

As to Carmona's second challenge -- that the District

Court's asserted errors in the prior sentencing proceeding

"carried over and contaminated" Carmona's revocation

sentencing -- we also disagree. As we explained above, Carmona's

allegations of error as to the sentence he received for his new

§§ 922(g) and (o) convictions are without merit. Thus, there was

no abuse of discretion in the District Court's imposition of

Carmona's revocation sentence on account of any errors in that

prior proceeding.

For the foregoing reasons, the judgments of the District

Court are affirmed. - 33 -