United States of America v. General Dynamics Information Technology, Inc

Opinion

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 9 SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 10 11 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA ex rel. Case No.: 21cv1109-LL-BLM ERIK LECKNER, 12 ORDER: Plaintiff, 13 v. 1) GRANTING DEFENDANT 14 APEX SYSTEMS, LLC’S GENERAL DYNAMICS 15 MOTION TO DISMISS THE INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY, INC.; AMENDED COMPLAINT 16 APEX SYSTEMS, LLC, [ECF No. 20] 17 Defendants. 2) GRANTING DEFENDANT 18 GENERAL DYNAMICS 19 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY, INC.’S 20 MOTION TO DISMSS 21 AMENDED COMPLAINT [ECF No. 22] 22

23 24 Before the Court are (1) Defendant Apex Systems, LLC’s (“Apex”) Motion to 25 Dismiss the Amended Complaint [ECF No. 20] and (2) Defendant General Dynamics 26 Information Technology, Inc.’s (“GDIT”) Motion to Dismiss the Amended Complaint 27 [ECF No. 22]. Relator Plaintiff (“Plaintiff”) filed an Opposition to both Motions to Dismiss 28 [ECF No. 30], and Defendants filed Replies [ECF Nos. 33, 34]. The Court took this matter 1 under submission without oral argument pursuant to Civil Local Rule 7.1(d)(1). ECF 2 No 26. For the reasons stated below, the Court GRANTS WITH PREJUDICE Apex’s 3 Motion to Dismiss and GRANTS WITH PREJUDICE GDIT’s Motion to Dismiss. 4 I. BACKGROUND 5 A. Procedural History 6 On June 14, 2021, Plaintiff, proceeding pro se, filed a complaint under seal against 7 Defendants (1) seeking to prosecute a False Claims Act (“FCA”), 31 U.S.C. §§ 3729–33, 8 qui tam claim on behalf of the United States, and (2) for retaliation in violation of the FCA, 9 31 U.S.C. § 3730(h). ECF No. 1. On June 18, 2021, Plaintiff filed an Amended Complaint 10 (“FAC”) under seal alleging the same two causes of action. ECF No. 2. 11 On October 21, 2021, the United States declined to intervene in this action. ECF No. 12 3. On the same day, the Court ordered the FAC to be unsealed and required Plaintiff to 13 show cause why his FCA qui tam claim should not be dismissed because a person not 14 represented by counsel cannot prosecute a qui tam claim on behalf of the United States. 15 ECF No. 4. The Court subsequently granted multiple requests for extensions of time by 16 Plaintiff to show cause, and Plaintiff ultimately responded on May 2, 2022. ECF No. 28. 17 On May 4, 2022, the Court dismissed Plaintiff’s FCA qui tam claim without prejudice. 18 ECF No. 29. 19 On July 25, 2022, the Court sua sponte struck pages 1 through 16 of Plaintiff’s 20 Opposition [ECF No. 30] for exceeding the page limit but did not strike any pages from 21 his memorandum of points and authorities [ECF No. 30-1]. ECF No. 35. 22 B. Factual Allegations 23 On January 16, 2018, Plaintiff was jointly employed as a lead engineer by GDIT and 24 Apex to work on an information technology project for the U.S. Environmental Protection 25 Agency (EPA). FAC ¶¶ 29, 55, 56. GDIT’s contract with the EPA included providing 26 “developmental, infrastructural, and operational services” for the EPA’s electronic 27 emergency management portal (“EMP”), which consists of a suite of highly advanced 28 1 software modules and tools for emergency management and preparedness. Id. ¶¶ 2, 30, 38, 2 45. Apex was a subcontractor to GDIT that provided engineering services. Id. ¶ 55. 3 In 2017, GDIT was responsible for transitioning the EMP system from Salient, a 4 former contractor, to GDIT, and then to begin maintenance and implementation of the EMP 5 system in 2018. Id. ¶ 59. GDIT failed to transition the EMP source code repository, but 6 told EPA on and after January 30, 2018, that the EMP was successfully transitioned. 7 Id. ¶¶ 6, 51. Subsequently, from January 30, 2018 through May 2018, Plaintiff told GDIT 8 management that the source code repository needed to be retrieved from Salient and that 9 without it the EMP system was not ready for implementation. Id. ¶ 13. When GDIT 10 management initially dismissed these concerns, Plaintiff contacted EPA’s EMP 11 management from January 30, 2018 through May 2018 and explained the problems with 12 the EMP, including the impending failure of the implementation without the original source 13 code repository and GDIT’s failure to transition, “to provide necessary accesses, rights, 14 and permissions to the engineering team,” and to “clear EMP’s cybersecurity violations.” 15 Id. ¶¶ 13, 72. Subsequently, the EPA instructed GDIT to perform a late transition. Id. ¶ 13. 16 On April 16, 2018, Plaintiff warned GDIT and Apex again about the “technical 17 difficulties with the EMP system without the source code repository and without properly 18 administered rights, accesses, and permissions for GDIT and Apex employees to perform 19 their work.” Id. ¶ 14. GDIT learned that Plaintiff had communicated directly with the EPA. 20 Id. ¶¶ 86, 87. Plaintiff was terminated from the EMP project on April 16, 2018. 21 Id. ¶¶ 86, 14 n.2. Apex’s account manager requested that Plaintiff provide information to 22 her on his protected activities, and then reinstated Plaintiff the same day with the condition 23 “that he no longer communicate directly with the EPA.” Id. ¶ 86. 24 A GDIT supervisor “harassed” Plaintiff for continually raising the issue of the source 25 code repository problem with GDIT and Apex management. Id. ¶ 83. An Apex account 26 manager “made defamatory remarks” about Plaintiff “in private EPA.gov emails” when 27 she learned that Plaintiff “was engaged in private protected activity with the EPA in an 28 1 official proceeding and investigation of fraud, waste, and abuse conducted by 2 EPA management.” Id. 3 On May 1, 2018, Plaintiff was assigned the task to perform a partial restoration of 4 the source code repository “based on the broken developer’s code base which was missing 5 files.” Id. ¶ 12. On May 25, 2018, Plaintiff completed the creation of a new source code 6 repository based on the broken developer code. Id. ¶ 71. The following business day, 7 May 29, 2018, GDIT discharged Plaintiff, and his access to the EPA network was cut off 8 “only minutes” before a meeting with GDIT, Apex, and the EPA in which he had prepared 9 “an overview of the deficiencies and ethical obligations of engineers.” Id. ¶¶ 71, 14 n.2, 10 96. On June 13, 2018, Plaintiff was discharged by Apex. Id. ¶ 14 n.2. 11 Plaintiff was “retaliated and terminated by GDIT for reporting problems with the 12 EMP system” to GDIT and the EPA, including that “GDIT was fraudulently billing the 13 EPA for no work being performed on the EMP based on false claims.” Id. ¶¶ 88, 93. 14 II. LEGAL STANDARD 15 Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6) permits a party to raise by motion the 16 defense that the complaint “fail[s] to state a claim upon which relief can be granted,” 17 generally referred to as a motion to dismiss. The Court evaluates whether a complaint states 18 a cognizable legal theory and sufficient facts pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 19 8(a), which requires a “short and plain statement of the claim showing that the pleader is 20 entitled to relief.” Although Rule 8 “does not require ‘detailed factual allegations,’” it does 21 require “more than an unadorned, the-defendant-unlawfully-harmed-me accusation.” 22 Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (quoting Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 23 550 U.S. 544, 555 (2007)). A “formulaic recitation of the elements of a cause of action” is 24 insufficient. Id. (quoting Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555). “Nor does a complaint suffice if it 25 tenders ‘naked assertion[s]’ devoid of ‘further factual enhancement.’” Id. (alteration in 26 original) (quoting Twombly, 550 U.S. at 557). 27 “When ruling on the motion to dismiss, the court may consider the facts alleged in 28 the complaint, documents attached to the complaint, documents relied upon but not 1 attached to the complaint when authenticity is not contested, and matters of which the court 2 takes judicial notice.” Joseph v. Am. Gen. Life Ins. Co., 495 F. Supp. 3d 953, 958 3 (S.D. Cal. 2020) (citing Lee v. Los Angeles, 250 F.3d 668, 688–89 (9th Cir. 2001)), aff’d, 4 No. 20-56213, 2021 WL 3754613 (9th Cir. Aug. 25, 2021), cert. denied, 142 S. Ct. 2711 5 (2022). In reviewing the plausibility of a complaint, courts “accept factual allegations in 6 the complaint as true and construe the pleadings in the light most favorable to the 7 nonmoving party.” Manzarek v. St. Paul Fire & Marine Ins. Co., 519 F.3d 1025, 1031 8 (9th Cir. 2008). Nonetheless, courts do not “accept as true allegations that are merely 9 conclusory, unwarranted deductions of fact, or unreasonable inferences.” In re Gilead Scis. 10 Secs. Litig., 536 F.3d 1049, 1055 (9th Cir. 2008) (quoting Sprewell v. Golden State 11 Warriors, 266 F.3d 979, 988 (9th Cir. 2001)). The Court also need not accept as true 12 allegations that contradict matter properly subject to judicial notice or allegations 13 contradicting the exhibits attached to the complaint. Sprewell, 266 F.3d at 988. 14 “To survive a motion to dismiss, a complaint must contain sufficient factual matter, 15 accepted as true, to ‘state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.’” Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 16 678 (quoting Twombly, 550 U.S. at 570). A claim is facially plausible when the facts 17 pleaded “allow[] the court to draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for 18 the misconduct alleged.” Id. (citing Twombly, 550 U.S. at 556). That is not to say that the 19 claim must be probable, but there must be “more than a sheer possibility that a defendant 20 has acted unlawfully.” Id. (citing Twombly, 550 U.S. at 556). Additionally, a court “will 21 dismiss any claim that, even when construed in the light most favorable to plaintiff, fails 22 to plead sufficiently all required elements of a cause of action.” Student Loan Mktg. Ass’n 23 v. Hanes, 181 F.R.D. 629, 634 (S.D. Cal. 1998). 24 When a motion to dismiss is granted, “leave to amend should be granted ‘unless the 25 court determines that the allegation of other facts consistent with the challenged pleading 26 could not possibly cure the deficiency.’” DeSoto v. Yellow Freight Sys., Inc., 957 F.2d 655, 27 658 (9th Cir. 1992) (quoting Schreiber Distrib. Co. v. Serv-Well Furniture Co., 28 1 806 F.2d 1393, 1401 (9th Cir. 1986)). The Court may deny leave to amend where an 2 amendment would be futile. DeSoto, 957 F.2d at 658 (citation omitted). 3 III. DISCUSSION 4 Because the Court previously dismissed Plaintiff’s FCA qui tam claim on 5 May 4, 2022, the Court will only address Defendants’ Motions to Dismiss the sole 6 remaining claim alleging retaliation under the FCA. 7 A. GDIT’S MOTION TO DISMISS 8 GDIT moves to dismiss Plaintiff’s claim alleging retaliation under the FCA for the 9 following reasons: (1) it is barred by the statute of limitations, (2) it is barred by collateral 10 estoppel (issue preclusion), and (3) it fails to state a claim upon which relief may be 11 granted. ECF No. 22-1 at 13–16. 12 Section 3730(h) of the FCA prohibits retaliation against any employee “because of 13 lawful acts done by the employee . . . in furtherance of an action under this section or other 14 efforts to stop 1 or more violations of [the FCA].” 31 U.S.C. § 3730(h). A civil action for 15 retaliation under the FCA “may not be brought more than 3 years after the date when the 16 retaliation occurred.” Id. Dismissal of an action is appropriate under Rule 12(b)(6) “on the 17 ground that it is barred by the applicable statute of limitations only when ‘the running of 18 the statute is apparent on the face of the complaint.’” Von Saher v. Norton Simon Museum 19 of Art at Pasadena, 592 F.3d 954, 969 (9th Cir. 2010). 20 GDIT argues that Plaintiff’s claim is time-barred because Plaintiff alleges that GDIT 21 retaliated by removing him from the project on May 29, 2018, but did not file his complaint 22 in this action until June 14, 2021. ECF No. 22-1 at 14–15; ECF No. 33 at 3; ECF No. 1. 23 The Court finds that it is apparent on the face of the complaint that Plaintiff filed his 24 complaint in this matter more than three years after the date when the alleged retaliation 25 by GDIT occurred. Plaintiff argues his complaint was timely filed because he received his 26 discharge letter on June 13, 2018. ECF No. 30-1 at 45. However, Plaintiff states several 27 times in the FAC that he was discharged by GDIT on May 29, 2018. FAC ¶¶ 14 n.2, 29, 28 71, 96. He attributes the June 13, 2018 discharge date to Apex. FAC ¶¶ 14 n.2, 29. Because 1 the Court finds that Plaintiff alleges retaliation by GDIT occurred on May 29, 2018, 2 Plaintiff must have filed his complaint within three years, by June 1, 2021. See 3 Fed. R. Civ. P. 6(a) (computing time). 4 The Court is not persuaded by Plaintiff’s argument for equitable tolling. “If a 5 reasonable plaintiff would not have known of the existence of a possible claim within the 6 limitations period, then equitable tolling will serve to extend the statute of limitations for 7 filing suit until the plaintiff can gather what information he needs.” Santa Maria v. 8 Pac. Bell, 202 F.3d 1170, 1178 (9th Cir. 2000), overruled on other grounds by 9 Socop–Gonzalez v. I.N.S., 272 F.3d 1176, 1194–96 (9th Cir. 2001) (en banc). Plaintiff 10 claims that Defendants prevented him from “knowing and discovering the requisite 11 elements of a prima facie case” until August 21, 2019 when he obtained a copy of an April 12 16, 2018 email from a GDIT program manager to her supervisor about replacing Plaintiff, 13 which stated that “he’s really gotten out of control with his communications and it’s 14 overflowing to the customer at this point.” ECF No. 30-1 at 45; FAC ¶ 87. However, 15 elsewhere in his Opposition, Plaintiff states that “[Plaintiff] had written his FCA complaint 16 in June 2018, which was enhanced over time as evidence was recovered by FOIA and the 17 EPA OIG.” ECF No. 30-1 at 25. In another statement, he infers that he knew of a possible 18 retaliation claim immediately upon his removal from the EPA project: “After his unlawful 19 removal from the EPA project by defendant GDIT but before his discharge,” he “filed 20 complaints with the U.S. Department of Labor (“DOL”) Occupational Safety and Health 21 Administration (“OSHA”) and the United States EPA Office of Inspector General (“EPA- 22 OIG”), a federal partner of OSHA, for violations of the employee protection (whistle- 23 blower) provisions” in various federal statutes. ECF No. 30-1 at 18. Plaintiff references 24 this same retaliation claim he filed with the DOL in the FAC. FAC ¶ 15. Because Plaintiff 25 filed claims alleging retaliation with the DOL before he obtained the email in 2019, he was 26 aware he had a possible claim for retaliation before receiving that email. The Court does 27 not find Plaintiff is entitled to equitable tolling until the receipt of the email in 2019, 28 particularly when he began drafting his FCA complaint in June 2018 following his 1 discharge by GDIT on May 29, 2018. See Lee v. ING Groep, N.V., 671 F. App'x 945, 948 2 (9th Cir. 2016) (“[P]laintiff is not entitled to equitable tolling up until the point he is certain 3 that he was fired in retaliation.”). 4 For the reasons above, the Court finds it is apparent on the face of the complaint that 5 Plaintiff’s claims against GDIT are barred by the statute of limitations and that Plaintiff is 6 not entitled to equitable tolling. Under these circumstances, an amendment would be futile 7 and could not cure this deficiency. See DeSoto, 957 F.2d at 658 (citation omitted). 8 Accordingly, the Court GRANTS Defendant GDIT’s Motion to Dismiss Plaintiff’s claim 9 alleging retaliation under the FCA WITH PREJUDICE and without leave to amend.1 10 B. APEX’S MOTION TO DISMISS 11 Apex moves to dismiss Plaintiff’s claim alleging retaliation under the FCA for the 12 following reasons: (1) it is barred by the statute of limitations, (2) it is barred by collateral 13 estoppel (issue preclusion), and (3) it fails to state a claim upon which relief may be 14 granted. ECF No. 20-1 at 14–19. The Court will analyze each of these alternative 15 arguments in turn. 16 Apex filed a Request for Judicial Notice in support of its Motion to Dismiss 17 Plaintiff’s FAC. ECF No. 20-3. Specifically, Apex requests judicial notice of seven sets of 18 documents that are complaints, decisions, or findings from state or federal administrative 19 agencies in actions brought by Plaintiff against Defendants for employment-related claims, 20 and two opinions by the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals related to these administrative 21 actions. Id. “On a Rule 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss, when a court takes judicial notice of 22 another court’s opinion, it may do so ‘not for the truth of the facts recited therein, but for 23 the existence of the opinion, which is not subject to reasonable dispute over its 24 25 26 1 Because the Court concludes Plaintiff’s FCA retaliation claim against GDIT is barred by 27 the statute of limitations, the Court declines to address GDIT’s alternative argument for dismissal for failure to state a claim upon which relief may be granted. The Court will 28 1 authenticity.’” Lee v. City of Los Angeles, 250 F.3d at 690 (citation omitted). A Court may 2 take judicial notice of records and reports of administrative agencies. Mack v. S. Bay Beer 3 Distributors, Inc., 798 F.2d 1279, 1282 (9th Cir. 1986), abrogated by Astoria Fed. Sav. & 4 Loan Ass’n v. Solimino, 501 U.S. 104, 111 (1991) (citation omitted). Plaintiff has not 5 opposed. The Court GRANTS Apex’s request for judicial notice of the documents 6 (ECF No. 20-2, Exhibits 1–9), but not for the truth of the facts recited therein. See 7 Lee v. City of Los Angeles, 250 F.3d at 690; King v. California Dep’t of Water Res., 8 561 F. Supp. 3d 906, 910 (E.D. Cal. 2021) (“Judicial notice establishes only that these 9 [administrative agency records] are as they are; it does not establish the correctness of any 10 determinations therein.”). 11 1. Statute of Limitations 12 Apex argues that Plaintiff’s claim is time-barred because “the uncontroverted facts” 13 show Plaintiff was terminated on May 29, 2018, but did not file his complaint in this action 14 until June 14, 2021. ECF No. 20-1 at 14–15. Apex claims that it is a staffing company and 15 GDIT contracted with it to provide temporary staffing support for the EPA contract. 16 Id. at 9. When GDIT removed Plaintiff from its project on May 29, 2018, Apex claims this 17 led to Plaintiff’s termination from his employment with Apex on the same date. Id. at 10. 18 Apex argues that when GDIT removed Plaintiff, Apex made its decision to terminate 19 Plaintiff the same day, and this is the date of the alleged FCA retaliation action. Id. at 15; 20 ECF No. 34 at 4. Apex further argues that in several prior litigation matters brought by 21 Plaintiff against Apex and GDIT, Plaintiff alleged that his termination date was 22 May 29, 2018. Id. at 14–15. Apex claims that this litigation is the first time Plaintiff claims 23 he was terminated on June 13, 2018. Id. at 15. 24 Plaintiff disputes this and argues that for the last four years he has stated that he was 25 terminated on June 13, 2018 and reported this termination date to various federal agencies 26 and officials. ECF No. 30-1 at 25. Plaintiff attached to his Opposition a copy of the 27 discharge email from Apex referenced in the FAC and dated June 13, 2018 that reads in 28 part, “Attached you will find a document indicating your employment with Apex 1 Systems/Apex Life Science has come to an end, which is required by state law.” ECF No. 2 30-2 at 8–9 (Ex. 3 to Oppo.); see also FAC ¶ 29. 3 Accepting the factual allegations in the FAC as true and construing the pleadings in 4 the light most favorable to Plaintiff, the Court finds that Plaintiff’s claim against Apex is 5 not barred by the statute of limitations. Apex argues that the judicially noticed documents 6 include statements by Plaintiff that he was terminated on May 29, 2018, which directly 7 contradict the allegation in the FAC that Plaintiff was terminated by Apex on June 13, 8 2018. However, in one of the documents, a California administrative agency determined 9 that Plaintiff was terminated on May 29, 2018 after considering that “Plaintiff testified that 10 on May 29, 2018, he was removed from the EPA project” and “Plaintiff testified that he 11 was not told by Apex until June 13, 2018, that he was being terminated.” ECF No. 20-2 at 12 17, 40 (Ex. 2). The Court cannot take judicial notice of the correctness of any 13 determinations made in the administrative agency findings, which includes the termination 14 date in this instance. See Lee v. City of Los Angeles, 250 F.3d at 690; King v. California 15 Dep’t of Water Res., 561 F. Supp. 3d at 910. As for the other judicially noticed documents, 16 all involved claims that were made against both Apex and GDIT or GDIT’s predecessor. 17 As the Court has already determined, GDIT terminated Plaintiff on May 29, 2018. It is 18 unclear if the May 29, 2018 termination date on the other documents were determinations 19 made by the administrative agency or a self-reported date indicating Plaintiff’s termination 20 by GDIT or Apex or both. For these reasons, the Court cannot find that the judicially 21 noticed documents contradict Plaintiff’s allegation of a June 13, 2018 termination date by 22 Apex. 23 Further, Plaintiff has included a copy of the discharge email he received from Apex 24 dated June 13, 2018, and Apex does not dispute its authenticity. The FCA statute providing 25 relief from retaliatory actions describes such retaliation as when an employee, contractor 26 or agent is “discharged, demoted, suspended, threatened, harassed, or in any other manner 27 discriminated against in the terms and conditions of employment.” 31 U.S.C. § 3730(h). 28 Plaintiff alleges that the retaliation from Apex came in the form of his discharge letter on 1 June 13, 2018, which is sufficient for pleading purposes. FAC §§ 14 n.2, 29, 81. Apex’s 2 argument that the alleged act of retaliation was its decision on May 29, 2018 to terminate 3 Plaintiff is not applicable in this Motion to Dismiss because it requires a presentation and 4 consideration of the facts. Accordingly, the Court finds that it is not apparent on the face 5 of the FAC that Plaintiff’s claim against Apex is time-barred and DENIES Apex’s Motion 6 to Dismiss on this ground. 7 2. Collateral Estoppel 8 Apex argues that Plaintiff’s FCA retaliation claim is barred by collateral estoppel, 9 or issue preclusion, because of Plaintiff’s previous legal actions arising from his 10 termination. ECF Nos. 20-1 at 16; 22-1 at 15–19; 34 at 6–8. Plaintiff opposes. ECF 11 No. 30-1 at 46–50. 12 The Court looks to the judicially noticed decisions made in response to Plaintiff’s 13 whistleblower complaint—and his subsequent objections and appeals—against Apex and 14 GDIT filed with the U.S. Department of Labor’s Occupational Safety and Health 15 Administration (hereinafter “DOL Proceeding”) to determine if the elements of collateral 16 estoppel have been met. See Reyn’s Pasta Bella, LLC v. Visa USA, Inc., 442 F.3d 741, 746 17 (9th Cir. 2006). The DOL Proceeding includes the following decisions: (1) Plaintiff’s 18 whistleblower complaint filed with the U.S. Department of Labor (“DOL”) on July 18, 19 2018 and its accompanying notice [ECF No. 20-2 at 43–58, Ex. 3]; (1) the February 22, 20 2019 investigation report and findings of the DOL [ECF No. 20-2 at 60–64, Ex. 4]; 21 (2) the January 23, 2020 decision of the Administrative Law Judge (“ALJ”) of the DOL 22 [ECF No. 20-2 at 66–82, Ex. 5]; (3) the October 22, 2020 decision of the DOL 23 Administrative Review Board [ECF No. 20-2 at 84–90, Ex. 6]; (4) the Ninth Circuit 24 Court of Appeals decision in Leckner v. General Dynamics Information Technology, 25 No. 21-70284, 2021 WL 4843881, (9th Cir. Oct. 18, 2021), cert. denied, 142 S. Ct. 2872 26 (2022), reh’g denied sub nom. Leckner v. Gen. Dynamics, No. 21-1387, 2022 WL 3580324 27 (U.S. Aug. 22, 2022) [ECF No. 20-2 at 92–93, Ex. 7]; and (5) the January 25, 2022 28 Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals order in Leckner v. General Dynamics Information 1 Technology, Case No. 21-70284, denying Plaintiff’s petition for rehearing en banc 2 [ECF No. 20-2 at 95–96, Ex. 8]. 3 Collateral estoppel applies to proceedings before state or federal administrative 4 agencies when the agency acts “in a judicial capacity and resolves disputed issues of fact 5 properly before it which the parties have had an adequate opportunity to litigate.” Univ. of 6 Tennessee v. Elliott, 478 U.S. 788, 797–98 (1986) (quoting United States v. Utah Const. & 7 Min. Co., 384 U.S. 394, 422 (1966)). “Collateral estoppel applies to a question, issue, or 8 fact when four conditions are met: (1) the issue at stake was identical in both proceedings; 9 (2) the issue was actually litigated and decided in the prior proceedings; (3) there was a full 10 and fair opportunity to litigate the issue; and (4) the issue was necessary to decide the merits 11 Oyeniran v. Holder, 672 F.3d 800, 806 (9th Cir. 2012), as amended (May 3, 2012) (citation 12 omitted). 13 i. Identical Issues 14 Courts in the Ninth Circuit look to the following four factors to determine if issues 15 are identical for collateral estoppel: 16 (1) Is there a substantial overlap between the evidence or argument to be advanced in the second proceeding and that advanced in the first? 17 (2) Does the new evidence or argument involve the application of the same 18 rule of law as that involved in the prior proceeding? (3) Could pretrial preparation and discovery related to the matter presented in 19 the first action reasonably be expected to have embraced the matter sought to 20 be presented in the second? (4) How closely related are the claims involved in the two proceedings? 21 22 Sec. & Exch. Comm’n v. Stein, 906 F.3d 823, 829 (9th Cir. 2018) (citation omitted). 23 The Court finds substantial overlap between the evidence or arguments advanced in 24 this proceeding and that advanced in the DOL Proceeding. In both proceedings Plaintiff 25 argues that Apex and GDIT retaliated against him for reporting fraudulent billing to the 26 EPA related to GDIT’s failure to successfully recover the source code repository and 27 delaying the project, including over-billing or billing for tasks not performed. FAC ¶¶ 18, 28 24, 88; ECF No. 20-2 at 50–51, 62–63, 76–78, 86. The evidence Plaintiff obtained in 1 discovery and relied on in the DOL Proceeding are cited by Plaintiff to support his claims 2 in this matter. See FAC ¶¶ 15–21, 89 (claiming that “evidence adduced in the [DOL] 3 proceeding—documents, depositions, and testimony—” supports the allegations in the 4 FAC). Thus, discovery and pretrial preparation in the DOL Proceeding are also reasonably 5 expected to have embraced the claims in this matter. 6 The Court finds the claims in the DOL Proceeding and this matter are closely related. 7 They both involve claims of workplace retaliation that arise from the same alleged facts. 8 Plaintiff claimed in the DOL Proceeding and in this matter that GDIT and/or Apex failed 9 to successfully recover the source code repository for the EPA, delayed the project, billed 10 for work not performed, over-billed, created cybersecurity issues, and then terminated him 11 for reporting these issues to the EPA. In the DOL Proceeding, Plaintiff also argued that his 12 termination was in violation of the False Claims Act’s protection against retaliation for 13 reporting false reports made to the government. ECF No. 20-2 at 51. 14 Although Plaintiff alleged his retaliation claim under a different statute in the DOL 15 Proceeding, the Court finds this matter would apply a similar analysis to the same set of 16 facts. In the DOL Proceeding, Plaintiff’s surviving claim for retaliation was an alleged 17 violation of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (“SOX”). ECF No. 20-2 at 76. The SOX retaliation 18 claim required Plaintiff to demonstrate that “(1) he engaged in protected activity or 19 conduct; (2) his employer knew or suspected, actually or constructively, that he engaged 20 in the protected activity; (3) he suffered an unfavorable personnel action; and (4) the 21 circumstances were sufficient to raise an inference that the protected activity was a 22 contributing factor in the unfavorable action.” ECF No. 20-2 at 76 (citing Tides v. 23 The Boeing Co., 644 F.3d 809, 814 (9th Cir. 2011)). If Plaintiff established a prima facie 24 case, then the burden shifts to the employer to demonstrate that it would have taken the 25 same adverse employment action in the absence of Plaintiff’s protected activity. Id. In this 26 matter, Plaintiff alleges an FCA retaliation claim, which requires Plaintiff to demonstrate 27 “(1) that he or she engaged in activity protected under the statute; (2) that the employer 28 knew the plaintiff engaged in protected activity; and (3) that the employer discriminated 1 against the plaintiff because he or she engaged in protected activity.” Mendiondo v. 2 Centinela Hosp. Med. Ctr., 521 F.3d 1097, 1103 (9th Cir. 2008) (citations omitted). Both 3 retaliation claims under SOX and the FCA consider protected activity to be reporting, 4 investigating, or causing information to be provided to appropriate authorities that he 5 reasonably believes to be fraudulent conduct by his employer. See ECF No. 20-2 at 77; 6 Moore v. California Inst. of Tech. Jet Propulsion Lab’y, 275 F.3d 838, 845–46 (9th Cir. 7 2002). The elements of both retaliation claims are essentially the same. Their definitions 8 of protected activity differ slightly but both are premised on a common denominator of 9 fraudulent activity. With the shared facts of the two separate retaliation claims, the Court 10 finds the analysis would follow similar rules of law. 11 Taking the above factors into consideration, the Court finds the issues in the DOL 12 Proceeding and this matter to be substantially identical for collateral estoppel. 13 ii. Issue Previously Litigated and Decided 14 An issue is actually litigated “when an issue is raised, contested, and submitted for 15 determination.” Janjua v. Neufeld, 933 F.3d 1061, 1066 (9th Cir. 2019). 16 The Court finds the retaliation issue was actually litigated and decided in the DOL 17 Proceeding. After Plaintiff filed his initial DOL retaliation complaint, the investigator 18 noted that he considered evidence submitted by Plaintiff, which included various emails 19 between Plaintiff, the EPA representative, and Defendants. ECF No. 20-2 at 63. When 20 Plaintiff requested a hearing before an Administrative Law Judge (“ALJ”) following the 21 investigator’s dismissal of his complaint, he was represented by counsel, engaged in 22 discovery, took depositions, and the parties participated in briefing on motions for 23 summary judgment. FAC ¶¶ 9–10, 15–21; ECF No. 20-2 at 66, 72 n.6, 77, 78 n.16; 24 ECF No. 30-1 at 48. Plaintiff, appearing pro se, appealed the ALJ’s decision granting 25 summary judgment in Defendants’ favor to the Administrative Review Board (“ARB”), 26 and the ARB affirmed the ALJ’s decision in a reasoned opinion. ECF No. 20-2 at 84–90. 27 Next, Plaintiff, again appearing pro se, appealed to the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals for 28 review of the ARB’s decision, but his petition for review was denied in a reasoned opinion. 1 ECF No. 20-2 at 92–93. Plaintiff’s petition to the Ninth Circuit for panel rehearing and 2 petition for rehearing en banc was also denied. ECF No. 20-2 at 95–96. Finally, the Court 3 notes that after briefing was completed on these Motions, Plaintiff’s petition to the 4 U.S. Supreme Court for rehearing was denied.2 Leckner v. Gen. Dynamics, No. 21-1387, 5 2022 WL 3580324, at *1 (U.S. Aug. 22, 2022). Throughout the DOL Proceeding, 6 Plaintiff’s retaliation issue against GDIT and Apex was raised, contested, and submitted 7 for determination. 8 The Court is not persuaded by Plaintiff’s argument that the issue was not actually 9 litigated because the ALJ “failed to put any of his evidence on record and took an email 10 out of context.” ECF No. 30-1 at 48; see also ECF No. 20-2 at 67 n.3, 73 n.8, 78 & n.16. 11 Plaintiff was represented by counsel before the ALJ, had otherwise substantially 12 participated in the litigation, took discovery, and had the opportunity to submit evidence, 13 but failed to do so. See In re Gottheiner, 703 F.2d 1136, 1140 (9th Cir. 1983) (finding an 14 issue was actually litigated despite an uncontested motion for summary judgment because 15 the plaintiff had actively participated in the litigation for sixteen months before “giving 16 up”). Accordingly, the Court finds the retaliation issue against Defendants was previously 17 litigated and decided in the DOL Proceeding. 18 iii. Full and Fair Opportunity to Litigate 19 The Court finds that Plaintiff and Defendants had a full and fair opportunity to 20 litigate the retaliation issue in the DOL Proceeding for the same reasons as stated above. 21 See supra Part III.B.2.ii. Plaintiff brought a SOX retaliation claim against Defendants to a 22 federal administrative agency acting in a judicial capacity and then appealed to the ALJ, 23 the ARB, the Ninth Circuit, and the Supreme Court, receiving reasoned opinions from all 24 25 2 Therefore, the Court finds Plaintiff’s argument that the retaliation issue has not been fully 26 litigated and decided because his petition to the Supreme Court was pending is now moot. 27 Even if it was pending, it would not bar issue preclusion. See Robi v. Five Platters, Inc., 838 F.2d 318, 327 (9th Cir. 1988) (finding that an undecided appeal does not “affect the 28 1 except the Supreme Court. See Kwan v. Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms & 2 Explosives, No. 20-35132, 2021 WL 1118023, *23 (9th Cir. Mar. 24, 2021) (“Federal 3 courts apply preclusive effect to determinations made by administrative agencies acting in 4 a judicial capacity, so long as the parties had an opportunity to litigate the matter.”). The 5 Court is unconvinced by Plaintiff’s arguments that he did not have a full and fair 6 opportunity to litigate because he “obtained no relevant documents during discovery and 7 defendants’ employees lied in depositions.” ECF No. 30-1 at 49. Plaintiff offers no support 8 for these bald assertions. Nor does this explain why Plaintiff did not even submit relevant 9 exhibits that were available to him, such as his own declaration or emails in which he was 10 the sender or recipient. See ECF No. 20-2 at 67 n.3, 73 n.8, 78, 88 n.10. 11 iv. Issue was Necessary to Decide the Merits 12 The Court finds the retaliation issue was necessary to decide the merits in the DOL 13 Proceeding. The SOX retaliation claim and the FCA retaliation claim are premised on the 14 same alleged facts of fraudulent claims made to the EPA by Defendants. The retaliation 15 issue was central to the merits of the DOL Proceeding, which alleged that Plaintiff was 16 terminated in retaliation for reporting fraudulent claims made to the EPA by Defendants. 17 The ALJ found Plaintiff had not alleged fraud or concerns suggestive of fraud in his 18 disclosures to the EPA, and that the EPA’s Thomas “knew about and directed [GDIT’s 19 predecessor] to reconstruct the [source code] repository despite the cost; he was not 20 deceived.” ECF No. 20-2 at 78. Because Plaintiff failed to allege fraudulent activity by 21 Defendants, his retaliation claim was dismissed in the DOL Proceeding, and this decision 22 was affirmed at each appeal. 23 Based on the above, the Court finds the elements of collateral estoppel are met, and 24 Plaintiff is precluded from relitigating the retaliation issue in this matter. Accordingly, the 25 Court finds Plaintiff’s FCA retaliation claim against Apex and GDIT is barred by collateral 26 estoppel and must be DISMISSED without leave to amend. 27 / / / 28 / / / 1 3. Fails to State a Claim Upon Which Relief May be Granted 2 Apex argues that Plaintiff fails to state a claim for FCA retaliation. ECF No. 20-1 at 3 16–19; ECF No. 34 at 8–10. Plaintiff disputes this. ECF No. 30-1 at 55–59. 4 “A plaintiff alleging a[n] FCA retaliation claim must show three elements: (1) that 5 he or she engaged in activity protected under the statute; (2) that the employer knew the 6 plaintiff engaged in protected activity; and (3) that the employer discriminated against the 7 plaintiff because he or she engaged in protected activity.” Mendiondo v. Centinela Hosp. 8 Med. Ctr., 521 F.3d at 1103 (citations omitted). 9 Apex makes two arguments that Plaintiff fails to allege he was engaged in protected 10 activity. 11 First, Apex argues that Plaintiff fails to allege he was engaged in protected activity 12 under the FCA because the fraudulent activity alleged by Plaintiff does not directly relate 13 to payments to Apex from the government, and thus cannot be considered protected 14 activity. ECF No. 20-1 at 17. Specifically, Apex claims that Plaintiff “failed to allege that 15 Apex made a false statement to the EPA with the intent for that statement to induce the 16 government to pay it.” Id. at 21. Apex further argues that Plaintiff also failed to allege that 17 Apex, as a subcontractor, submitted false statements to GDIT, the prime contractor, with 18 the intention that GDIT would use those statements to obtain payments owed to Apex from 19 the government. Id. at 20. 20 To be engaged in protected activity under the FCA, “the plaintiff must be 21 investigating matters which are calculated, or reasonably could lead, to a viable FCA 22 action.” U.S. ex rel. Hopper v. Anton, 91 F.3d 1261, 1269 (9th Cir. 1996). The Ninth Circuit 23 has clarified that “an employee engages in protected activity where (1) the employee in 24 good faith believes, and (2) a reasonable employee in the same or similar circumstances 25 might believe, that the employer is possibly committing fraud against the government.” 26 Moore v. California Inst. of Tech. Jet Propulsion Lab’y, 275 F.3d at 845. 27 Plaintiff alleges in the FAC that he was jointly employed by GDIT and Apex 28 [FAC ¶ 29] but specified that Apex was a subcontractor that provided “engineering 1 services” to GDIT, and GDIT retained overall responsibility [FAC ¶ 55]. GDIT was the 2 prime contractor to the EPA. FAC ¶ 2. GDIT’s contract with the EPA required GDIT to 3 transition the “EMP mission-critical system” from [prior contractor] Salient over to GDIT 4 in 2017, and in 2018 “begin maintenance and implementation of the EMP system.” 5 FAC ¶ 59. The FAC contains allegations that GDIT made false claims to EPA management 6 that it fulfilled its contractual obligation to transition the EMP and its source code 7 repository away from the previous contractor, and that the system and infrastructure were 8 reliable and secure, and thus submitted false claims for payment. FAC ¶¶ 16, 17, 19, 21, 9 22, 88, 102. Plaintiff alleges that Apex made false claims when it represented that the EMP 10 was operational and “implementation ready.” FAC ¶¶ 113, 114. Plaintiff alleges that Apex 11 and GDIT fraudulently billed the EPA. FAC ¶¶ 18, 73. 12 Taking the FAC allegations as true, the Court finds that the false claims made by 13 Apex do not adequately show Plaintiff was investigating matters that could reasonably lead 14 to a viable FCA claim against Apex. The allegations that Apex fraudulently billed the EPA 15 and made false claims about the EMP are contradicted by allegations that GDIT was the 16 prime contractor and had overall responsibility for the contract with the EPA. “[A] 17 subcontractor violates § 3729(a)(2) if the subcontractor submits a false statement to the 18 prime contractor intending for the statement to be used by the prime contractor to get the 19 Government to pay its claim.” Allison Engine Co. v. U.S. ex rel. Sanders, 553 U.S. 662, 20 671 (2008). GDIT subcontracted with Apex to provide engineers and employees such as 21 Plaintiff to work on the EPA contract. GDIT is alleged to have the responsibility for the 22 EMP transition, which contradicts the claims that the staffing company—Apex—made 23 false representations that the EMP was operational and ready for implementation. It is not 24 apparent in the FAC what false statements Apex submitted to GDIT with the intent that 25 they be used by GDIT to get the EPA to pay its claim. Although Plaintiff argues in his 26 Opposition that he alleged that GDIT and Apex conspired together to defraud the United 27 States by knowingly submitting false claims [ECF No. 30-1 at 34–35], the Court does not 28 find allegations of conspiracy in the FAC. 1 Second, Apex argues that Plaintiff fails to show he was investigating matters that 2 could reasonably lead to a viable FCA claim because the alleged false statements are 3 immaterial. ECF No. 20-1 at 17, 21–23. Specifically, Apex argues that Plaintiff informed 4 the EPA of all the problems with the EMP system through multiple meetings, phone calls, 5 emails, and messages, and in response, the EPA ordered GDIT to work around the problem 6 of the lack of source code and still paid GDIT. Id. at 22. Apex claims that the alleged false 7 statements that the EMP was transitioned and working properly were immaterial because 8 the EPA was aware of the difficulties and still paid GDIT. Id. 9 “[A] misrepresentation about compliance with a statutory, regulatory, or contractual 10 requirement must be material to the Government’s payment decision in order to be 11 actionable under the False Claims Act.” Universal Health Servs., Inc. v. United States, 579 12 U.S. 176, 192 (2016). Under the FCA, a false claim is material if it has “a natural tendency 13 to influence, or be capable of influencing, the payment or receipt of money or property.” 14 31 U.S.C. § 3729(b)(4). “[I]f the Government pays a particular claim in full despite its 15 actual knowledge that certain requirements were violated, that is very strong evidence that 16 those requirements are not material.” Universal Health Servs., Inc., 579 U.S. at 195. 17 The Court finds that Plaintiff has not sufficiently alleged that he was investigating 18 matters that could lead to a viable FCA claim because he fails to plead that the alleged false 19 claims were material to the EPA’s decision to pay. The allegations in the FAC show that 20 Plaintiff informed Rob Thomas, EPA EMP Manager, EMP System Owner and Project 21 Manager, of the problems with the EMP “in detail over the course of four months,” 22 including “GDIT’s failure to ever engage in the transition, failure to provide necessary 23 accesses, rights, and permissions to the engineering team, clear EMP’s cybersecurity 24 violations, and the risk that EPA employees might be at risk at working in jobs or locations 25 for which they required EMP access.” FAC ¶ 72; see also FAC ¶¶ 24, 65, 81, 82, 88, 90. 26 Plaintiff reported to EPA management that federal dollars were not being “honestly spent 27 in a manner that best serves workers, the public, the taxpayer, and the environment.” FAC 28 ¶ 24. Plaintiff also reported to EPA management “illegal and prohibited contract practices 1 which included improper and fraudulent billing; improper charges for ‘idle time’; 2 violations of EPA Policy, FISMA, and NIST regulations; and cybersecurity threat risks 3 and breaches.” Id. Plaintiff “informed EPA in a status meeting and in emails about the 4 impending failure of the implementation [of the EMP] without the original source code 5 repository” and added that the EPA “instructed GDIT to perform a late transition.” 6 FAC ¶ 13. In sum, Plaintiff alleges that (1) GDIT falsely claimed that the EMP was 7 successfully transitioned, was secure, and had met its contractual obligations, and (2) Apex 8 falsely claimed that the EMP was operational without the source code and was 9 implementation ready, but also that the EPA was informed by Plaintiff that those claims 10 were false and still paid GDIT. That the EPA was aware of all the deficiencies and 11 problems with the EMP and still paid GDIT indicates that the alleged false claims were not 12 material to its decision to pay and therefore do not constitute a viable FCA claim. See 13 Universal Health Servs., Inc., 579 U.S. at 192, 195; see also id. at 195 n.6 (rejecting 14 assertion that materiality is too fact intensive for courts to dismiss False Claims Act cases 15 on a motion to dismiss or at summary judgment). 16 For the reasons set forth above, the Court finds Plaintiff does not sufficiently plead 17 that he was engaged in protected activity under the FCA. The failure to sufficiently plead 18 one of the necessary elements of an FCA retaliation claim thus results in a failure to state 19 a claim upon which relief can be granted, and the claim must be DISMISSED. 20 IV. CONCLUSION 21 Based on the above, the Court rules as follows: 22 1. The Court GRANTS GDIT’s Motion to Dismiss WITH PREJUDICE and 23 without leave to amend. 24 / / / 25 / / / 26 / / / 27 / / / 28 / / / 1 2. The Court GRANTS Apex’s Motion to Dismiss WITH PREJUDICE and 2 without leave to amend.* 3 The Clerk of Court is directed to close this case. 4 IT IS SO ORDERED. 5 || Dated: September 15, 2022 NO

7 Honorable Linda Lopez United States District Judge 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23

25 26 3 If the Court had not found that collateral estoppel barred the retaliation claim, the Court would have granted Apex’s Motion to Dismiss for failure to state a claim upon which relief 27 ||may be granted without prejudice and with leave to amend. However, the Court finds 28 collateral estoppel applies and that it would be futile to allow amendment where collateral estoppel precludes the FCA retaliation claim.