United States ex rel. Coffman v. City of Leavenworth

303 F. Supp. 3d 1101

• Court: District Court, D. Kansas
• Decided: March 23, 2018
• Docket: Case No. 14–2538–JAR
• Status: Published

Opinion

JULIE A. ROBINSON, CHIEF UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE

Plaintiff-Relator Michele Coffman filed this qui tam action against Defendant the City of Leavenworth, Kansas ("the City"), alleging that it committed fraud on the federal government by making a false claim for reimbursement to the Federal Emergency Management Agency ("FEMA") and fraudulently billing federal agencies for sewage service. This matter is before the Court on the parties' cross motions *1107for summary judgment (Docs. 92 and 94). The motions are fully briefed and the Court is prepared to rule. For the reasons stated below, the Court denies Plaintiff's motion for partial summary judgment and grants in part the City's motion for summary judgment.

I. SUMMARY JUDGMENT STANDARDS

Summary judgment is appropriate if the moving party demonstrates "that there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact" and that it is "entitled to judgment as a matter of law."¹ In applying this standard, the Court views the evidence and all reasonable inferences therefrom in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party.² "There is no genuine [dispute] of material fact unless the evidence, construed in the light most favorable to the non-moving party, is such that a reasonable jury could return a verdict for the non-moving party."³ A fact is "material" if, under the applicable substantive law, it is "essential to the proper disposition of the claim."⁴ A dispute of fact is "genuine" if "there is sufficient evidence on each side so that a rational trier of fact could resolve the issue either way."⁵

The moving party initially must show the absence of a genuine dispute of material fact and entitlement to judgment as a matter of law.⁶ In attempting to meet this standard, a movant who does not bear the ultimate burden of persuasion at trial need not negate the nonmovant's claim; rather, the movant need simply point out to the court a lack of evidence for the nonmovant on an essential element of the nonmovant's claim.⁷

Once the movant has met the initial burden of showing the absence of a genuine dispute of material fact, the burden shifts to the nonmoving party to "set forth specific facts showing that there is a genuine issue for trial."⁸ The nonmoving party may not simply rest upon its pleadings to satisfy its burden.⁹ Rather, the nonmoving party must "set forth specific facts that would be admissible in evidence in the event of trial from which a rational trier of fact could find for the nonmovant."¹⁰ In setting forward these specific facts, the *1108nonmovant must identify the facts "by reference to affidavits, deposition transcripts, or specific exhibits incorporated therein."¹¹ To successfully oppose summary judgment, the nonmovant must bring forward more than a mere scintilla of evidence in support of his position.¹² A nonmovant may not create a genuine issue of material fact with unsupported, conclusory allegations."¹³

Finally, summary judgment is not a "disfavored procedural shortcut"; on the contrary, it is an important procedure "designed to secure the just, speedy, and inexpensive determination of every action."¹⁴ "Where, as here, the parties file cross-motions for summary judgment, [the Court is] entitled to assume that no evidence needs to be considered other than that filed by the parties, but summary judgment is nevertheless inappropriate if disputes remain as to material facts."¹⁵ The Court considers cross-motions separately: the denial of one does not require the grant of the other.¹⁶ "To the extent the cross-motions overlap, however, the Court may address the legal arguments together."¹⁷ The material facts are undisputed in this case, and the legal issues asserted in both motions overlap. The Court will therefore address those issues together.

II. UNCONTROVERTED FACTS

The following material facts are either uncontroverted or, if controverted, are construed in the light most favorable to the nonmovant.

A. The Parties and Relevant Entities

The City is a municipal government in the State of Kansas. It operates a wastewater treatment plant (the "WTP") that provides sewage and wastewater treatment services for its residents. It also provides wastewater treatment services to the Veterans Administration ("VA"), the United States Army ("Army"), and the United States Department of Justice Bureau of Prisons ("BOP") pursuant to contracts it has with these federal agencies. The City entered into contracts with the Army and the BOP for sewage service in 1974, and with the VA in 1978.

At all times relevant to this litigation, Charles Klingler was the WTP's Superintendent, Michael McDonald was the City Engineer and Director of Public Works ("Public Works Director"), and Scott Miller was the City Manager. Chad Lough was the WTP's Assistant Superintendent from July 22, 2010 until June 20, 2012.

Plaintiff worked at the WTP from 2010 to 2013. She began as a Class I Operator, rose to the rank of Assistant Superintendent, and resigned after being demoted to a Class II Operator. She filed this qui tam action, alleging, inter alia , she was constructively discharged after she began asking questions about billing irregularities.

B. Regulatory Overview

The Clean Water Act prohibits "the discharge of any pollutant by any person" into waters of the United States, except in accordance with certain provisions of the Act.¹⁸ To comply with the Act, pollutant *1109dischargers can obtain a permit through the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System ("NPDES") permit program, administered by the Environmental Protection Agency ("EPA") and authorized states.¹⁹ "NPDES permits impose limitations on the discharge of pollutants, and establish related monitoring and reporting requirements, in order to improve the cleanliness and safety of the Nation's waters."²⁰ "Noncompliance with a permit constitutes a violation of the Act."²¹

The EPA delegated to the Kansas Department of Health and Environment ("KDHE") the authority to regulate wastewater discharge in the state of Kansas.²² The KDHE issues the NPDES permits in Kansas and monitors compliance with the permits.

During the relevant period, the City held two NPDES permits, one effective from 2008 through 2012, and the other effective from January 2013 through 2017. These permits allowed the City to discharge treated effluent from its wastewater treatment plant into the Missouri River. Under both NPDES permits, the City was required to report all bypasses to KDHE. A "bypass" is an intentional or unintentional diversion of a waste stream from any portion of a treatment facility.

Standard Condition 8 of the City's 2008 NPDES permit required the City to "at all times maintain in good working order and efficiently and effectively operate all treatment, collection, control systems or facilities to achieve compliance with the terms of this permit...."²³ Standard Condition 6 of the 2013 permit required the City to "at all times properly operate and maintain all facilities and systems of treatment and control (and related appurtenances) which are installed or used by the permittee to achieve compliance with the requirements of this permit and Kansas and Federal Law."²⁴

C. The Broken Sewer Line

On or around August 25, 2010, WTP operators discovered a break in a sewer line that crosses Five-Mile Creek in front of the WTP, between manholes AAB and ABA (also referred to as manholes 4284 and 4268). Then Assistant Superintendent Chad Lough reported the break to KDHE on August 25, 2010. His report stated: "Erosion caused large sections of concrete to slide down the hill and damage [the] pipe crossing the creek."²⁵ Under "Date Bypass Ended," Lough marked "N/A."²⁶

In response to the break, Superintendent Klingler directed operators to place an inflatable plug into the pipe inlet at Manhole AAB to stop backflow from the manhole from entering the line and escaping into the creek. The inflatable plug ruptured at some point and was replaced by sandbags.

On August 27, 2010, EPA representative Mike Boeglin called Public Works Director McDonald to discuss a citizen complaint about the broken line. McDonald told him the City was aware of the break, had reported it to KDHE, and had already undertaken efforts to plug the line.

On August 28, 2010, KDHE environmental scientist Vic Montgomery met with *1110Superintendent Klingler at the WTP to inspect the broken pipe. Montgomery directed Klingler to discharge treated effluent from the final clarifiers into the creek to improve the smell and color of the creek. Montgomery considered the effluent discharge not a violation of the City's NPDES permit.

On or about October 8, 2010, KDHE district engineer Helen Holm inspected the WTP for compliance with the City's NPDES permit.²⁷ In her inspection report, she indicated, in pertinent part, that: 1) the laboratory data indicated compliance with permit effluent limitations since the last inspection, and 2) the City had reported all bypasses properly.²⁸

On November 17, 2010, KDHE representative Chris Seeds sent Assistant Superintendent Lough an e-mail asking about the status of the broken line. Lough responded:

The bypass report dated ... 8/25/10 was for the creek crossing located at the east side of our facility. This bypass was not a planned bypass. The pipe that crosses the creek is damaged. Flow from that line upstream is minimal (only one business on that service and it's an asphalt production plant). On our side of the creek[,] there are 35-50 sand bags in place in front of the line minimizing flow back towards the creek. This project is currently under review for repair and or replacement of the pipe that crosses the creek.²⁹

WTP operators were unable to successfully "camera" the broken line to determine the exact location of the break until January 25, 2011. In February 2011, the City contracted with Water Resource Solutions to prepare a design study for use in the project to repair the broken line and re-stabilize the creek bank.

In April 2011, the City received notice from the Army Corps of Engineers that it would experience flooding. The City undertook certain mitigation measures in anticipation of the flood to prevent damage to the WTP.

On June 7, 2011, Seeds asked Lough if the broken line had been repaired. Lough responded on June 13, "This repair has not been completed. I do believe that there are some proposals/plans available from the Engineering Dept. or Charles Klingler ...."³⁰

On November 17, 2011, Linaweaver Construction capped the broken line by filling it with concrete. The work to cap the pipe took "a day or two."³¹ Following this repair, the sewer line no longer leaked. The City notified KDHE the same day that the bypass had ended. The City paid $7,021.00 for the repair.

D. Submissions to FEMA

From May 19, 2011 to June 14, 2011, the Missouri River flooded due to record snow and rainfall.³² On September 23, 2011, FEMA declared the 2011 Missouri River flood to be a "Major Disaster," and designated the incident as "Kansas Flooding (DR-4035)."³³ Following a natural disaster, FEMA representatives work with cities *1111to prepare a standardized "Project Worksheet" ("PW") document that FEMA prepares as part of a formal request for reimbursements.³⁴

Kansas Department of Emergency Management ("KDEM") project specialist Les Money acted as the liaison between the City and FEMA, and was responsible for gathering the information compiled by FEMA for the PW. On December 11, 2011, FEMA representative Thomas Montgomery sent Les Money an email advising of his decision to include the broken sewer line in the PW and asked for: 1) a description of work completed; 2) copies of invoices for work completed; 3) manhole numbers at each end of the break; 4) size of the damaged pipe; 5) length of pipe to replace; 6) brief description of repair/replacement process; and 7) estimated cost of repair/replacement.³⁵ Montgomery's request was forwarded to Superintendent McDonald, who responded via email on December 12, 2011.

City Finance Director Dan Williamson decided not to submit a claim for repairs to the broken sewer pipe because that project had been on the City's improvement list prior to the flood. Ultimately, on December 13, 2011, the City submitted a claim to FEMA requesting $22,966.73, which was the cost of: 1) removing debris in the bar screen building; 2) removing excessive grit in the clarification chamber building; and 3) unclogging sewer lines in approximately 20 locations.³⁶

E. Plant Maintenance

The WTP consists of primary clarifiers, trickling filters, final clarifiers, holding tanks for sludge, a belt press to dewater sludge, and a UV treatment building. The WTP utilizes three large vertical towers called "trickling filters," which contain microorganisms utilized in the wastewater treatment process. At some point in 2012, operators discovered that the bearings in Trickling Filters # 1 and # 2 were deteriorating, which periodically caused the distributor arms to stop turning. This, in turn, periodically caused water from inside the filters to escape through the bottom air vent, which was a bypass event.

Trickling Filter # 1 was eventually taken out of service because parts necessary to repair it were unavailable. The WTP placed Trickling Filter # 2 on an aggressive maintenance schedule. Following implementation of the maintenance schedule in July 2013, there were no further bypasses. KDHE district engineer Helen Holm made specific note of the issues with Trickling Filters # 1 and # 2 in her December 2014 inspection report, and determined that because the City had properly notified KDHE of the issues and was attempting to remedy them, the City was not in violation of Standard Condition 6 of its NPDES permit. Plaintiff's expert disagrees with Holm; he believes the City violated its 2008 permit any time a piece of equipment used in the treatment process malfunctioned and was unable to be fixed within a matter of a few days.³⁷

The WTP's holding tank mixers also experienced mechanical issues. Without operational mixers, the heaviest parts of the sludge sat at the bottom of the holding tank, while the lighter parts remained at the top. Consequently, sludge being processed by the belt press was inconsistent. After October 2013, the City replaced the mechanical mixers with an air bubbling system. The broken mixers had no effect on the City's compliance with its NPDES permit. Plaintiff's expert opines that the *1112City's failure to promptly repair or replace the mixers constituted a violation of the 2008 and 2013 permits.

F. The Vactor Truck and Improper Dumping

The City owns a large industrial truck equipped with a high-pressure water jet cleaning system, as well as a vacuum system for clearing out objects (the "Vactor Truck"). When the vacuum component was used, operators drained some, but not all, of the truck's liquid contents into a manhole inside the plant for processing. From approximately 2007 to some point in 2012, operators deposited the solids and whatever liquid remained in the truck on the ground in one of two areas behind the gates of the WTP. Solids from the truck typically consisted of items such as personal hygiene products, plastic razors, gravel, rocks, and raw septage.

The area where solids were dumped was not enclosed, was not a lined pit, and contained no warning signs. The City never performed any laboratory analysis on the dumped material. The City did not inform the Army, the VA, or the BOP of its practice of dumping materials from the Vactor truck.

At some point, WTP operator Kris Bennetts called KDHE with concerns about the above procedure. According to Bennetts, KDHE's response was that the procedure he described was "no big deal" and was "an affirmation of this is not as big as what I'm thinking it is."³⁸

KDHE inspector Vic Montgomery performed a plant inspection on April 4, 2012. He observed operators dump the contents of the Vactor truck on the ground, before being removed. In his inspection report, Montgomery noted: "Vac trucks are dewater[ed] then the septage is dumped on the ground to be processed, please make sure to check that water does not migrate from the area."³⁹ In a letter accompanying the report, Montgomery clarified, "Solids [from the Vactor truck] are being collected and handled properly but please make sure any excess water does not migrate from the site."⁴⁰

Public Works Director McDonald first learned about the operators' practice of depositing the solids from the Vactor truck on the ground around the time he reviewed KDHE's 2012 inspection report. During the preliminary treatment process, wastewater passes through a large grate, referred to as a bar screen, which is designed to catch large items such as plastics or rags. These items, referred to as "screenings," are then typically placed into a bin to dry, before being sent to a landfill. Scott Huismann, Plaintiff's expert, has expressed the opinion that the contents of the Vactor truck were "sewage sludge," which, under 40 C.F.R. Part 503, was allowed to be dumped on the ground for up to two years without restriction or control. Although Huismann did not visit the site where the Vactor truck solids were allegedly dumped, he believes some of the material deposited on the ground may still remain there, in violation of 40 C.F.R. Part 503. Huismann admitted the distinction between preliminary treatment and removal of the Vactor truck solids was confusing and unclear, and could lead an operator to mistakenly equating the two.

G. Plaintiff's Employment

Plaintiff began working at the WTP on April 29, 2010, as a Wastewater Treatment Class I Operator. Superintendent Klingler exempted Plaintiff from carrying an "on call" pager and sent her to training. She *1113became a Level II Operator on June 23, 2011. In January 2012, she was appointed to be the project representative for the construction of the UV Building. In 2012, the City selected her as the "Employee of the Second Quarter." In December 2012, she received the City's award for "Employee of the Year."

On August 16, 2012, Plaintiff was promoted to Assistant Superintendent. Upon her promotion, Klingler became her direct supervisor. She was also informed that she was required to pass the KDHE Class IV certification exam within twelve months, and that her failure to do so would result in demotion or termination. KDHE's Class IV certification exam had a pass rate of approximately 33 percent at that time.

On March 26, 2013, City Manager Miller met with Plaintiff to discuss concerns raised by James Bennetts, a WTP operator, who had just resigned and raised concerns about operations at the WTP and unfair treatment by Klingler. The parties disagree about what was discussed at this meeting. Plaintiff says she told Miller that she believed the City had submitted a fraudulent claim to FEMA regarding the broken Pipe. Miller says she did not talk to him about a fraudulent claim to FEMA. He says their discussion was about Klingler's management style and operation issues at the plant.

On April 1 and 2, 2013, Miller visited the plant, talked to Klingler, and interviewed several other employees. On April 3, 2013, Klingler told Plaintiff that he would be busy with other things and she should contact him about plant-related matters by email.

On April 16, 2013, Klingler wrote a memo to Plaintiff about four issues: 1) the failure to follow bypass guidelines on April 1, 2013; 2) a request for a timeline regarding a complaint call; 3) new trickling filter procedures; and 4) a request for documentation for sick leave taken on March 18 through March 20, 2013 (the "Memo").⁴¹ Plaintiff responded to the memorandum by email on April 18, 2013. She addressed each issue and concluded with the following sentence, "I feel the Memo you gave me on 4/16/2013 is not justified and I will be contacting your Supervisor, Mr. Bob Patzwald, to discuss this issue with him."⁴²

On April 18, 2013, Public Works Director McDonald met with Klingler to address concerns about his management style. McDonald directed Klingler to focus on listening to staff, communicating his expectations clearly, and allowing staff to do their jobs.

On April 19, 2013, Plaintiff met with Klingler and McDonald to discuss her response. McDonald told Coffman he had assisted Klingler in drafting the memo, and reiterated it had been sent for training. Plaintiff responded that she felt the memo had been sent as retaliation for meeting with Miller, which McDonald denied. The parties dispute what was said at the meeting. The meeting ended with Plaintiff asking to speak with City Manager Miller.

After this meeting, Plaintiff began receiving weekly "To Do" lists from Klingler, which contained tasks to be completed in addition to everyday operations. The items on the "To Do" lists fell within the scope of Plaintiff's job duties, but Plaintiff believes the lists included unnecessary work because Klingler never followed up on them. She also believes this was a scheme to cause her to work long hours to prevent *1114her from studying and passing the Class IV exam.

On June 12, 2013, Plaintiff met with Klingler and Lona Lanter, the Director of Human Resources ("HR Director"), regarding what would happen if she failed to pass the Class IV exam. Plaintiff had taken the Class IV exam in December 2012 and on May 9, 2013, failing both times. Lanter suggested Plaintiff take the Class III test as a "fall back." Plaintiff rebuffed the idea. She complained of retaliation and explained that her increased workload, which was filled with meaningless tasks, made it impossible for her to study for either tests. The City agreed to extend the deadline from August 16, 2013 to August 29, 2013, which would allow her to take the test scheduled on the 29^th if necessary.

On August 2, 2013, Plaintiff took the Class IV exam again and failed. On August 8, she asked Klingler to extend the Class IV certification deadline from 12 months to 18 months.⁴³ On August 16, Klingler denied the request, stating the City had already agreed to extend the deadline to the end of August 2013.⁴⁴

On August 16, 2013, Klingler also presented Plaintiff with her first performance evaluation as assistant superintendent. On a scale from 0 (lowest) to 2 (highest), Klingler rated Plaintiff's performance as a "1," defined to mean "[a] totally competent employee," "[a] good steady contributor," and "[a]n employee that completes all stated job requirements in a timely and efficient manner" on each of the ten categories of review.⁴⁵ Based on her evaluation, Coffman received a two percent raise, the highest performance-based raise during her tenure with the City.

Plaintiff appealed Klingler's denial of her requested extension and her evaluation scores to Public Works Director McDonald and HR Director Lanter. Both McDonald and Lanter affirmed Klingler's decisions. McDonald explained that it was the City's policy not to extend certification deadlines other than for a few days to meet a testing schedule, which was exactly what the City did when it extended her deadline from August 16 to August 29.⁴⁶ As for her evaluation scores, McDonald concluded that he had no reason to change them because: 1) a rating of 2 required additional documentation, and 2) expectations for a management position are different than for a regular worker.⁴⁷ Lanter stated that Klingler's denial of her extension was "a consistent application of the related criteria used for all employees within [the plant]," and that performance evaluations were not grievable.⁴⁸

On September 3, 2013, KDHE notified the City and Plaintiff that she had failed the August 29th Class IV exam. On September 12, 2013, the City notified Plaintiff she had been demoted to Operator II for failing to pass her KDHE Class IV certification exam within 12 months of her promotion. Plaintiff submitted her letter of resignation on October 4, 2013.

H. Billing to Federal Agencies

Ruby Maline is the City's Finance Director. Effective July 1, 1995, the City renewed its 1974 contract with the Army for the provision of sewage service, which is still in effect. The "Sewage Service Specifications" section of the contract states:

*1115SERVICE TO BE RENDERED. The [City] shall furnish a sanitary sewer connection and sanitary sewage service as required by the Government and shall receive, carry, treat, and dispose of all sanitary sewage originating at the project in such amounts as the Government desires to release into Contractor's sewer system and in a manner and by such means as will constitute no hazard to the public health. The [City] shall operate [its] sewage disposal and treatment facilities in conformity with applicable laws, rules, and regulations promulgated by Federal, state and local authorities.⁴⁹

Each month from at least 2008 to present, the City has sent the Army an invoice for sewage service. The amount billed is based on three components: (a) annual operating and maintenance expenses; (b) overhead; and (c) reserves for repair and replacement.

The "annual operating and maintenance expenses" component has three sub-parts: (1) the total budget for operating the treatment plant for the current year, multiplied by the Army's percentage of plant flow; (2) the total budget for operating the collection system for the current year, multiplied by a percentage specified by the contract; and (3) adjustments to account for the difference between the Army's share of the prior year's budget and the actual amount spent during the prior year to operate the treatment plant and collection system, which is then prorated over 12 months. Because the Army receives a credit for any amount budgeted but not spent, the City does not retain money from the Army that is budgeted for the operation of the treatment plant or collection system, but not spent. The "overhead" component of the bill is calculated, pursuant to the contract, at 13 percent of the Army's annual charge for budgeted treatment plant and collection system expenses, subject to the same adjustment to account for the difference between budgeted and actual costs for the prior year, and then prorated over 12 months. The "reserves for repair and replacement" component is calculated at 21 percent of the replacement value of the treatment plant, divided by a projected useful life of 25 years and then prorated over 12 months.

On August 1, 1978, the City entered into a contract with the VA to provide it sewage services, which is still in effect today. An addendum to the VA contract states that the City agrees to comply with Section 308 of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act ( 33 U.S.C. 1251 et seq. ) "relating to inspection, monitoring, entry, reports, and information, as well as other requirements specified in ... section 308 of ... the Water Act ... and all regulations and guidelines issued thereunder before the award of this contract." However, the section is preceded by the following language:

(Applicable only if the contract exceeds $100,000 or the contracting officer has determined that orders under an indefinite quantity contract in any one year will exceed $100,000, or a facility to be used has been subject of a conviction under the Clean Air Act (42 U.S. 1857c-8(c) (1) or the Federal Water Pollution Control Act ( 33 U.S.C. 1319(c) ) and is listed by the EPA, or the contract is not otherwise exempt.)⁵⁰

On November 15, 1974, the City entered into a contract with the BOP to provide it sewage services, which is still in effect today. The VA and BOP's monthly bills are calculated as a percentage of the total actual operating expenses, derived from each entity's flow readings.

*1116Each month from 2008 to present, the Army, VA, and BOP have paid their monthly sewage bills in full. At no time from 2008 to present have any of these federal agencies declined to pay the full amount billed. At no point from 2010 to 2014 has the Army, VA, or BOP ever requested or performed an audit of the WTP to ensure the City was operating in conformity with its NPDES permit.

III. DISCUSSION

The City seeks summary judgment on all five counts: Count I, violations of the Federal False Claims Act ("FCA"); Count II, violations of the anti-retaliation provision of the FCA; Count III, Whistleblower Retaliation under Kansas common law; Count IV, Common Law Retaliatory Discharge; and Count V, Negligent Infliction of Emotional Distress.⁵¹ Plaintiff seeks summary judgment as to Count I only. The Court discusses each count separately.

A. Count I-False Claims to Government Agencies

The FCA "covers all fraudulent attempts to cause the government to pay out sums of money."⁵² The FCA's qui tam provisions permit a private plaintiff to bring civil actions on behalf of the government.⁵³ And while the government "may intervene and take over a private plaintiff's case, it often declines to do so."⁵⁴ If the government declines to intervene, a private plaintiff may proceed as a relator on behalf of the government.⁵⁵ A relator is entitled to a portion of any civil penalty and damages awarded.⁵⁶

The FCA, in pertinent part, makes any person liable who "knowingly presents, or causes to be presented, a false or fraudulent claim for approval,"⁵⁷ or who "knowingly makes, uses, or causes to be made or used, a false record or statement material to a false or fraudulent claim."⁵⁸ Knowledge or scienter is an essential element for all FCA violations. The FCA defines "knowing" and "knowingly" to mean "that a person, with respect to information-(i) has actual knowledge of the information; (ii) acts in deliberate ignorance of the truth or falsity of the information; or (iii) acts in reckless disregard of the truth or falsity of the information, and no proof of specific intent to defraud is required."⁵⁹ "For a statement to be knowingly false, it must be more than merely an innocent mistake or misinterpretation of a regulatory requirement."⁶⁰

The FCA recognizes two types of actionable claims-factually false claims and legally false claims. In a run-of-the-mill "factually false" case, proving falsehood is relatively straightforward: A relator must generally show that the government payee has submitted "an incorrect description of goods or services provided or a request for reimbursement for goods or services never provided." [ Mikes v. Straus , 274 F.3d 687, 697 (2nd Cir. 2001) ]. By contrast, in a claim based on an alleged legal falsehood, the *1117relator must demonstrate that the defendant has "certifie[d] compliance with a statute or regulation as a condition to government payment," yet knowingly failed to comply with such statute or regulation. Id.⁶¹

Materiality is a requisite element for factually false claims under 31 U.S.C. § 3729(a)(1)(B) and false certification claims.⁶² The FCA defines materiality to include facts that have "a natural tendency to influence, or be capable of influencing, the payment or receipt of money or property."⁶³ "The materiality standard is demanding."⁶⁴

Count I alleges the City submitted false claims for two types of payment: 1) a claim for flood damages to FEMA, and 2) monthly bills for wastewater services to the VA, Army, and BOP. The FEMA-claim falls under the factually false theory, while the monthly wastewater bills present a legal falsity.⁶⁵

1. False Claim to FEMA

Plaintiff asserts the City submitted two documents to FEMA that contained false statements: 1) an email dated December 12, 2011 (the "Email"), and 2) the Project Worksheet.

a) The Email

Plaintiff claims the Email violated 31 U.S.C. § 3729(a)(1)(B) because it contains a false explanation regarding the source of the damage to the Pipe.⁶⁶ She argues that by providing the costs to repair the Pipe and stabilize the river bank, the Email supported the false statement that the Flood broke the Pipe. The Court disagrees.

The Email, in pertinent part, states:

The 10? sewerline between Manholes 4284 and 4268 crossed Five Mile Creek in a concrete encased structure. The creek had eroded sufficiently that the structure had become a "waterfall[.]" City staff had explored a variety of repair strategies that would have been programmed into a future CIP [capital improvements project] program.

The 2011 Flood submerged this structure and subjected it to unusual forces. The structure became unstable and essentially "broke" at the outside of MH 4268. This allowed substantial inflow to enter the plant, and created other operational difficulties. Efforts to stop[ ] the flow from inside MH 4268 proved only marginally effective. Once the water receded[,] a contract was issued to Linaweaver Construction to remove the broken sewer crossing and seal the two manholes. This work cost $7021 on PO 4478.

This solves the immediate concerns over inflow. There are a very small number of users upstream of MH 4284, and the City will use the vacuum truck periodically to remove any sewage generated until this is repaired.

Staff has had plans prepared for a replacement of the sewer and mitigation of the conditions that created the failure. The estimated cost for replacement of the sewer only is $358,000. There is an *1118additional cost of $121,000 related to bank stabilization up and downstream of the crossing that prevents the severe erosion that has occurred.

A spreadsheet with the estimates is attached. The estimates are based on a concept developed in early 2011 as part of the CIP planning.⁶⁷

Plaintiff's construction of the Email is untenable because she ignores the first paragraph and construes the second paragraph in a vacuum. The first paragraph explained that erosion caused the Pipe to become a waterfall; in other words, erosion had damaged the Pipe. The second paragraph explained the effects of the Flood to the already damaged Pipe-it broke at the outside of MH 4268, which allowed substantial water to enter the plant. These paragraphs thus reported two sources of damage to the Pipe, creek erosion and the Flood.

Although the Email did not expressly state the Pipe was damaged prior to the Flood, the fifth paragraph explained that the estimates to repair the erosion damage were obtained in early 2011, many months before the Flood triggered FEMA funding. This explanation, combined with the first two paragraphs, show a lack of intent to hide the fact that the Pipe had pre-Flood damage.

Plaintiff points to McDonald's testimony that he could not recall when or who from the City had informed FEMA about pre-Flood damage to the Pipe to suggest a genuine issue of fact exists regarding whether the City had informed FEMA of the pre-existing damage to the Pipe. The Email, however, establishes that the City informed FEMA of the erosion damage prior to submitting its claim.

The Court rejects Plaintiff's argument that providing estimates to repair the Pipe and stabilize the river bank was effectively engaging in a false communication to influence FEMA's decision to pay. Plaintiff conveniently ignores that the City did not submit a claim for these repairs. Additionally, Plaintiff offers no evidence that the Pipe repair estimates contained any false information. Nor does she provide evidence suggesting that the Pipe repair estimates were material to payment for damages from floodwater inflow.⁶⁸ The Court fails to see how the Pipe repair estimates would influence FEMA's decision to reimburse the City for the costs of removing debris in the bar screen building, removing excessive grit in the clarification chamber building, and unclogging approximately 20 sewer lines.⁶⁹ These facts make this argument a non sequitur. The Court concludes no reasonable jury could find falsity, materiality, or the requisite scienter with respect to the Email and its attachment.

b) The Project Worksheet

On December 13, 2011, the City submitted a claim to FEMA in Project Worksheet # 90 ("PW90"), requesting $22,966.73 for damages due to flood water entering the WTP.⁷⁰ Plaintiff claims PW90 constitutes a false claim in two ways: 1) it sought reimbursement for damages caused, at least in part, by a known pre-existing condition; and 2) it concealed the failure to undertake proper mitigation *1119measures in anticipation of the Flood.⁷¹ The Court finds these arguments unpersuasive.

First, Plaintiff offers no evidence to suggest that FEMA requires the Flood be the sole cause for the damage. As discussed above, the Email establishes that the City informed FEMA of the pre-Flood damage to the Pipe. FEMA representative Tom Montgomery even suggested that the broken sewer line near the treatment be included in the PW.⁷² The uncontroverted evidence is that floodwater entered the WTP from numerous sources, not just the broken Pipe. Plaintiff adduces no evidence that FEMA was unaware of this fact. Nor is there evidence that FEMA required the City to analyze and determine the sources of water that damaged the Plant. These facts suggest that FEMA did not consider it material that floodwaters had entered the Plant from a pipe that had pre-Flood damage.

Second, the Court fails to see how PW90 concealed the City's failure to undertake proper mitigation measures in anticipation of the Flood. The worksheet does not ask for information regarding mitigation efforts. There is also no evidence that FEMA requested this information from the City. These facts suggest that FEMA did not consider it material that floodwaters had entered the Plant from a pipe that had pre-Flood damage.

Third, it is undisputed that the broken Pipe caused no damage to the Bar Screen Building, the Clarification Building, and the sewer lines that required unclogging before the Flood. This fact suggests that the temporary measure of sandbags had done its job until it had to face the Flood's overwhelming force. Additionally, there is no evidence that FEMA asked the City to analyze the extent of damage to the WTP had the Pipe been capped with concrete prior to the Flood. These facts suggest that FEMA did not consider the efforts to repair the broken Pipe prior to the Flood material to its decision to pay PW90.

Fourth, Plaintiff cites 44 C.F.R. § 206.48 for the proposition that FEMA considers the City's mitigation measures material in deciding whether to approve payment of PW90. But that regulation sets forth the factors to consider when evaluating a Governor's request for a major disaster declaration. It does not set out FEMA's standards for approving claims for disaster relief. Plaintiff's reliance upon this regulation is thus misplaced.

In sum, the summary judgment evidence, even when viewed in the light most favorable to Plaintiff, fails to demonstrate that the City submitted a false claim to FEMA. Accordingly, the Court grants summary judgment to the City on the false-FEMA claim.

2. Implied False Certifications in Sewage Bills to the Army, the VA, and the BOP

In Universal Health Services, Inc. v. United States ex rel. Escobar ,⁷³ the Supreme Court held that "[w]hen ... a defendant makes representations in submitting a claim but omits its violations of statutory, regulatory, or contractual requirements, those omissions can be a basis for liability if they render the defendant's representations misleading with respect to the goods or services provided."⁷⁴ The Supreme Court made clear that courts should continue to police expansive implied certification theories "through strict enforcement *1120of the Act's materiality and scienter requirements."⁷⁵ In particular, "a misrepresentation about compliance with a statutory, regulatory, or contractual requirement must be material to the Government's payment decision in order to be actionable under the False Claims Act."⁷⁶

Plaintiff claims the City's monthly sewage bill to the Army, the VA, and the BOP impliedly certified that it had complied with all environmental laws as required by its contracts with these agencies. According to Plaintiff, "the City has committed scores of environmental violations during the [applicable] period" contrary to these certifications.⁷⁷ Primarily, Plaintiff claims that in violation of the Clean Water Act, its permits, and/or the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act ("RCRA"), the City discharged raw sewage into Five Mile Creek and improperly dumped septage on the ground near the WTP.⁷⁸ Plaintiff urges the Court to grant summary judgment with respect to the occurrence of these violations, but leave the determination as to the extent of these violations for trial.

The City argues the monthly sewer bills do not support an implied false certification claim because: 1) none of the underlying service contracts state compliance with the CWA or any other environmental law was a prerequisite to payment; and 2) the bills do not contain any misleading half-truths.⁷⁹ The City argues it is entitled to summary judgment on these claims because Plaintiff cannot establish that the implied certifications were material for payment or that the City submitted these bills with the requisite scienter. The Court agrees.

In Escobar , the Supreme Court clarified how the materiality requirement should be enforced:

The materiality standard is demanding. The False Claims Act is not "an all-purpose antifraud statute," Allison Engine [v. U.S. ex rel. Sanders ], 553 U.S. [662], at 672, 128 S.Ct. 2123 [170 L.Ed.2d 1030 (2008) ] [,] or a vehicle for punishing garden-variety breaches of contract or regulatory violations. A misrepresentation cannot be deemed material merely because the Government designates compliance with a particular statutory, regulatory, or contractual requirement as a condition of payment. Nor is it sufficient for a finding of materiality that the Government would have the option to decline to pay if it knew of the defendant's noncompliance. Materiality, in addition, cannot be found where noncompliance is minor or insubstantial. [Citations omitted]

In sum, when evaluating materiality under the False Claims Act, the Government's decision to expressly identify a provision as a condition of payment is relevant, but not automatically dispositive. Likewise, proof of materiality can include, but is not necessarily limited to, evidence that the defendant knows that the Government consistently refuses to pay claims in the mine run of cases based on noncompliance with the particular statutory, regulatory, or contractual requirement. Conversely, if the Government pays a particular claim in full despite its actual knowledge that certain requirements were violated, that is very strong evidence that those requirements are not material. Or, if the Government *1121regularly pays a particular type of claim in full despite actual knowledge that certain requirements were violated, and has signaled no change in position, that is strong evidence that the requirements are not material.⁸⁰

Applying the above rules, the Court concludes Plaintiff has failed to present evidence that would lead a reasonable trier of fact to find the implied certifications were material for payment. Here, although the underlying contracts had provisions that stated "the [City] shall operate [the WTP] in conformity with applicable law, rules, and regulations," there is no evidence that these government agencies considered regulatory compliance a condition of payment. And while that is not dispositive of materiality, it is relevant and supports the City's contention that the implied certifications were not material for payment. There is no evidence that these agencies would refuse to pay their sewer bills had they been aware of the environmental violations. And Plaintiff adduces no evidence of the City's knowledge as to whether these agencies would refuse to pay their monthly sewer bills based on regulatory noncompliance.

The sewer bills in this case did nothing more than demand payment for the federal agency's percentage of plant flow and the contracted percentage rates for annual operating and maintenance expenses. Plaintiff presents no evidence to suggest that the City did not treat the wastewater as represented in the monthly bills. In contrast, the Escobar defendant submitted claims for payment using payment codes that corresponded to specific services it represented that it had provided, such as individual therapy, family therapy, preventive medication counseling, and other types of treatment.⁸¹ Additionally, those claims used National Provider Identification numbers corresponding to specific job titles, which led everyone to conclude that the clinic had complied with basic staff and licensing requirements for mental health facilities. Thus, contrary to Plaintiff's assertion, her implied false certification claim does not neatly fit within Escobar's framework.

Plaintiff's reliance upon the Tenth Circuit's Lemmon⁸² case is also misplaced. In Lemmon , the government hired the defendant to properly dispose of hazardous waste material. The contract obligated the defendant to periodically submit written reports detailing its receipt and disposal of water, submit follow-up reports detailing any problems encountered, maintain records sufficient to allow the government to confirm compliance with the contractual provisions, report all contractual violations to the government, and provide and maintain an inspection system for government review.⁸³ In contrast, the contracts here are for wastewater service and do not have similar detailed requirements. There is no evidence that the City did not provide the contracted service-treatment of these agencies' sewage. And it is uncontroverted that the Army, VA, and BOP never requested or audited the WTP to ensure environmental compliance, which suggests that regulatory compliance was not material to payment.

In sum, the summary judgment evidence, even when viewed in the light most favorable to Plaintiff, fails to demonstrate that the implied certifications in the monthly water bills were material for payment or that the City submitted these bills with the requisite scienter. Accordingly, the Court grants summary judgment to *1122the City on the implied false certification claim. Conversely, the Court denies Plaintiff's partial summary judgment on this claim because she has not presented evidence entitling her to summary judgment.

B. FCA Retaliation Claim (Count II)

Count II asserts the City "harassed, demoted, constructively discharged, caused severe emotional distress and otherwise discriminated against [Plaintiff], in whole or in part because of her lawful acts taken involving potential violations of the False Claims Act by Defendant."⁸⁴ The FCA prohibits employers from retaliating against an employee for "lawful acts ... in furtherance of an action under [the FCA] or other efforts to stop 1 or more violations of [the FCA]."⁸⁵ The City argues it is entitled to summary judgment on this claim because Plaintiff cannot establish a prima facie case of retaliation; and even if she could, she cannot show that the City's proffered, non-retaliatory reasons for demoting her were pretexts.

The parties agree the McDonnell Douglas⁸⁶ burden-shifting framework applies to FCA-retaliation claims.⁸⁷ Under McDonnell Douglas , Plaintiff initially bears the burden of production to establish a prima facie case of retaliation.⁸⁸ If Plaintiff establishes a prima facie case, the burden shifts to the City to articulate a facially nonretaliatory reason for its actions.⁸⁹ If the City articulates a legitimate nonretaliatory reason, the burden shifts back to Plaintiff to present evidence from which a jury might conclude that the City's proffered reason is pretextual, that is, "unworthy of belief."⁹⁰

1. Prima facie case of retaliation

To establish a prima facie case of FCA retaliation, a plaintiff must prove: 1) the employee engaged in protected activity; 2) the employer knew about the activity; and 3) the employer took adverse employment action against the employee for engaging in the protected activity.⁹¹ The City does not dispute that Plaintiff engaged in protected conduct, but it challenges the establishment of the last two elements.

Although the City acknowledges Plaintiff engaged in protected activity when she told City Manager Miller about the false claim to FEMA, the parties' arguments regarding notice requires the Court to determine whether her other reported concerns constituted protected activity. The City contends that Plaintiff cannot demonstrate that Superintendent Klingler, Public Works Director McDonald, and HR Director Lanter, the City employees who allegedly retaliated against Plaintiff, knew she had questioned the claims submitted to FEMA. The City argues only the City Manager knew of this protected activity and he made no adverse employment decisions against her. Plaintiff says the City's arguments contain two flaws: 1) her reports *1123about ongoing maintenance problems and improper dumping at the plant to McDonald and Klingler also constituted protected activity, and 2) even if her protected activity is limited to the FEMA claim, there is evidence that Miller told McDonald about that activity. Alternatively, she argues that Miller's knowledge should be imputed to McDonald and Klingler under the reverse cat's paw theory.

a) Notice/Knowledge

In McBride v. Peak Wellness Center, Inc. ,⁹² the Tenth Circuit discussed the notice requirement for a FCA retaliation claim:

[A] plaintiff claiming retaliatory discharge under the FCA "has the burden of pleading facts which would demonstrate that defendants had been put on notice that plaintiff was either taking action in furtherance of a private qui tam action or assisting in an FCA action brought by the government." [ United States ex rel. Ramseyer v. Century Healthcare Corp. , 90 F.3d 1514, 1522 (10th Cir. 1996) ]. Notice may be provided in a number of ways: for example, by informing the employer of "illegal activities" that would constitute fraud on the United States, United States ex rel. Marlar v. BWXT Y-12, LLC , 525 F.3d 439 (6th Cir. 2008) ; by warning the employer of regulatory noncompliance and false reporting of information to a government agency, Wilkins v. St. Louis Hous. Auth. , 314 F.3d 927 (8th Cir. 2002) ; or by explicitly informing the employer of an FCA violation, Eberhardt v. Integrated Design & Constr. Inc. , 167 F.3d 861, 867 (4th Cir. 1999). But merely informing the employer of regulatory violations, without more, does not provide sufficient notice, because doing so gives the employer "no suggestion that [the plaintiff is] going to report such noncompliance to government officials" or bring "her own qui tam action." Ramseyer , 90 F.3d at 1523. Whistleblowers "must make clear their intentions of bringing or assisting in an FCA action in order to overcome the presumption that they are merely acting in accordance with their employment obligations." Id. at 1523 n. 7.⁹³

Plaintiff's argument that her reports of maintenance issues, improper dumping, and regulatory noncompliance constitute protected activity has several problems. First, she cites no evidence to establish that she complained about the improper dumping to any City official. And although she may have discussed the trickling filter problems, the broken holding tank mixers, and the broken H2S monitors with Miller, McDonald, and/or Klingler, she did not tell them that these maintenance problems put the City in breach of its federal contracts, that she was going to report these problems to government officials, or that she intended to bring her own qui tam action. Second, plant maintenance and regulatory compliance are a part of her job as Assistant Superintendent, thus her concerns about them would not indicate to them that she was planning to report illegal activities or initiate a qui tam action. Under these circumstances, the Court finds that Plaintiff's reports of ongoing maintenance problems and regulatory noncompliance did not provide the City with sufficient notice that she was making them to stop the City from presenting false claims to these federal agencies. Simply put, there is no evidence other than that Plaintiff was doing her job by raising and attempting to fix these maintenance issues.

As to whether Miller's knowledge about Plaintiff's FEMA activity may be imputed to McDonald, Klingler, and *1124Lanter under a reverse cat's paw theory, the Court finds this argument superfluous. The cat's paw theory refers to a situation in which "a biased subordinate, who lacks decision-making power, uses the formal decisionmaker as a dupe in a deliberate scheme to trigger a discriminatory employment action."⁹⁴ Plaintiff argues the reverse applies here, that Miller had the discriminatory animus and infected McDonald, Klinger, and Lanter by outright telling them or hinting to them that Plaintiff was creating trouble and should be stopped.⁹⁵ As both parties noted, the Tenth Circuit recognizes the "cat's paw" doctrine, but has not yet addressed a reverse cat's paw situation.⁹⁶ Likewise, this Court finds it unnecessary to address this doctrine because this issue requires the same factual determination-whether Miller told the adverse employment decisionmakers about the protected activity to get rid of Plaintiff.

Plaintiff offers the temporal proximity between her meeting with Miller and the abrupt change in Klingler's demeanor and treatment of her as evidence that Miller told McDonald and/or Klingler about her FEMA activity. Plaintiff also testified that McDonald knew things she had disclosed only to Miller. The Court finds a fact issue exists regarding whether Miller relayed Plaintiff's FEMA fraud concerns to McDonald or Klingler, making summary judgment based on lack of notice of protected activity inappropriate.

b) Adverse Employment Actions for Engaging in Protected Activity

To constitute an adverse employment action, "the employer's conduct must be 'materially adverse' to the employee's job status."⁹⁷ "Each case must be 'judged from the perspective of a reasonable person in the plaintiff's position, considering all the circumstances,' and the inquiry does not 'turn on a plaintiff's personal feelings' about the circumstances of the case."⁹⁸

In Johnson v. Weld County, Colorado ,⁹⁹ the Tenth Circuit explained how to approach the question of whether an employer's actions were materially adverse:

[W]e are obligated to bear in mind that "Title VII protects individuals 'not from all retaliation' but only from retaliation 'that produces an injury or harm' " that itself rises to a " 'level of seriousness.' " [Williams v. W.D. Sports, N.M., Inc. , 497 F.3d 1079, 1087 (10th Cir. 2007) ] (quoting Burlington N. & Santa Fe Ry. Co. v. White , 548 U.S. 53, 67, 126 S.Ct. 2405, 165 L.Ed.2d 345 (2006) ). To qualify under this standard, we held in Williams that a plaintiff must show "a reasonable employee would have found the challenged action materially adverse, which in this context means it well might have dissuaded a reasonable worker from making or supporting a charge of discrimination." Id. (quoting White , 548 U.S. at 68, 126 S.Ct. 2405 ) (internal quotation marks omitted). "Requiring this *1125level of adversity ... is necessary 'to separate significant from trivial harms.' " id. (quoting White , 548 U.S. at 68, 126 S.Ct. 2405 ), "petty slights, minor annoyances, and simple lack of good manners," White , 548 U.S. at 68, 126 S.Ct. 2405. "Otherwise, minor or even trivial employment actions that an irritable, chip-on-the-shoulder employee did not like would form the basis of a discrimination suit." MacKenzie v. City & County of Denver , 414 F.3d 1266, 1279 (10th Cir. 2005) (quoting Smart v. Ball State Univ. , 89 F.3d 437, 441 (7th Cir. 1996) ).¹⁰⁰

Plaintiff argues that she suffered the following adverse employment actions in retaliation for complaining to Miller on March 26, 2013: (i) Klingler began overly scrutinizing her work; (ii) Klingler dramatically increased her workload, gave her long lists of busy-work type tasks to complete, and then ignored her;¹⁰¹ (iii) Klingler, McDonald, and Lanter denied her request for an extension to obtain her Class IV certification;¹⁰² (iv) the City demoted her for failing to obtain her Class IV certification within 12 months of her promotion to Assistant Superintendent; and (v) the City constructively discharged her.¹⁰³ The City argues these acts do not constitute adverse employment actions.

(i) The Memo

Plaintiff presents the Memo as evidence that Klingler began overly scrutinizing her work. It is undisputed that this memo was issued after Klingler's management style had been criticized when WTP operator Bennetts quit at the end of March 2013 and after McDonald counseled Klingler to communicate his expectations to his subordinates. The memo itself contains no opprobrious or reproachful language. At one point, Klingler even complimented Plaintiff, writing, "You have done a good job of taking care of this during normal operations and have responded in a timely manner to calls regarding plant operations on the weekend."¹⁰⁴ The remainder of the Memo requested documentation for sick leave and a timeline regarding a customer complaint. Additionally, the Memo was not placed in Plaintiff's personnel file as a disciplinary event.¹⁰⁵ Simply put, there is no objective evidence in the record that the Memo would deter a reasonable employee from reporting the FEMA fraud. The Court finds that the Memo does not constitute an adverse employment action.¹⁰⁶

(ii) Increase in Workload and Failure to Assist

Plaintiff next claims she suffered an adverse employment action when Klingler ordered her to contact him via email *1126only, increased her workload dramatically with menial tasks, made himself unavailable to assist her, and shifted his responsibilities to her. She argues that the abrupt change in her working conditions and in the way that Klingler treated her, almost immediately on the heels of her protected activities, is sufficient evidence from which a jury could reasonably conclude that his harassment was motivated at least in part by her protected activity. She also claims that Klingler purposely overloaded her with work to prevent her from studying for and passing her Class IV exam, which resulted in her demotion and constructive discharge. She argues that this was Klingler's scheme to prevent her from studying for and passing her Class IV exam.

The City argues that although Plaintiff had been appointed as Assistant Superintendent on August 16, 2012, due to her duties as the project representative of the UV building, she did not begin acting as full-time Assistant Superintendent until the end of 2012.¹⁰⁷ Thus, Plaintiff had been performing the assistant superintendent job full-time for less than four months when she began receiving assignments from Klingler.¹⁰⁸ The City further argues that because it is uncontroverted that the tasks Klingler assigned to her fell within the scope of her job duties,¹⁰⁹ Klingler's actions do not constitute harassment severe enough to constitute prima facie adverse employment action.

"Job duty assignments are neither automatically actionable nor categorically non-actionable."¹¹⁰ Courts are reluctant to hold that changes in job duties amount to adverse employment action when unaccompanied by any tangible harm such as a reduction in salary.¹¹¹ Plaintiff, however, alleges a tangible harm-less time to study for her Class IV exam, which resulted in her demotion. She presents affidavits from two former WTP employees to support her claim that Klingler's campaign of harassment was his modus operandi to get rid of unwanted personnel. Keith Smith stated, in pertinent part:

1. During my tenure at Leavenworth, I observed that when Charlie Klingler liked an employee, he made sure they had time to study for their operator's exams.

2. However, if [he] did not like a particular employee, he would overload them with work so that they could not study for their tests, would fail, and would therefore be terminated.¹¹²

Tom Schellhorn declared, in pertinent part:

5. It was easy to see that [Plaintiff's] workload was significantly larger than [her predecessor] when he had her job. She was always at the plant, often working very late into the evening.

6. Mr. Lough [Plaintiff's predecessor] never worked those hours.

7. It does not take a genius to conclude that Charlie Klingler did not like it when *1127Michele attempted to get things fixed around the plant and attempted to address various safety concerns around the plant and he hammered her with work because of that.¹¹³

The above evidence, when viewed in the light most favorable to Plaintiff, is sufficient to demonstrate that a reasonable person might have viewed her workload as intolerable. The Court finds a genuine dispute of material fact exists as to whether the amount of her workload was designed to dissuade her from engaging in the protected activity and thus constitutes an adverse employment action.¹¹⁴

(iii) Denial of Extension for Class IV Certification

Klingler, McDonald, and Lanter all denied Plaintiff's request for a six-month extension to obtain her Class IV certification. The City states that it has not granted an extension of a deadline to pass the Class IV operator exam, other than for a few days to meet a testing schedule. This is exactly what the City did when it extended Plaintiff's deadline from August 16, 2013 to August 29, 2013.¹¹⁵ Plaintiff attempts to controvert this fact by pointing to her testimony that two other operators would have been given an extension of time in which to pass their exams if they had not already taken the tests three times in one year.¹¹⁶ Plaintiff, however, offers no evidence regarding these two other operators. Thus, there is no evidence to infer these operators were similarly situated assistant superintendents. Moreover, her testimony ultimately was that no extensions were granted.

Plaintiff further that her situation was different because another testing date was offered within the one-year window. But Plaintiff offers no details or evidentiary support. It is uncontroverted that Plaintiff's deadline to obtain Class IV certification was August 16, 2013, one year from the date of her promotion to Assistant Superintendent. Plaintiff took and failed the Class IV exam in December 2012, on May 9, 2013, August 2, 2013, and August 29, 2013.¹¹⁷ The City allowed Plaintiff to take the August 29, 2013 exam, which was outside the one-year window. Plaintiff has thus failed to establish that the denial of her six-month extension for Class IV certification was causally connected to her protected activity.

(iv) Demotion

It is uncontroverted that Plaintiff's demotion constitutes an adverse employment action.¹¹⁸ The City argues, however, that Plaintiff has failed to show her demotion was causally linked to the protected activity.¹¹⁹ Even though Plaintiff's *1128demotion occurred more than five months after her protected activity, she nonetheless may establish an inference of retaliatory motive by proving a pattern of retaliatory conduct began soon after she engaged in the activity, which culminated in her demotion.¹²⁰ Because her workload and demotion are inextricably intertwined, the Court finds a factual issue exists as to whether the amount of her workload was designed to prevent her from obtaining Class IV and result in her demotion. Under these circumstances, the Court cannot say on summary judgment whether Plaintiff's demotion constituted an adverse employment action.

(v) Constructive Discharge

A constructive discharge occurs when an employer, by discriminatory or retaliatory actions, makes or allows the employee's working conditions to become so intolerable that the employee has no other choice but to quit.¹²¹ A finding of constructive discharge depends upon whether a reasonable man would view the working conditions as intolerable, not upon the view of the employee-plaintiff.¹²² The conditions of employment must be objectively intolerable; plaintiff's subjective views of the situation are irrelevant.¹²³ "If an employee resigns of her own free will, even as a result of the employer's actions, that employee will not be held to have been constructively discharged."¹²⁴ "The bar is quite high in such cases: a plaintiff must show [s]he had no other choice but to quit."¹²⁵

Plaintiff contends she was forced to quit because the campaign of harassment caused her extreme stress, anxiety, and depression.¹²⁶ But Plaintiff's claim is conclusory. Moreover, an employee cannot survive summary judgment merely by producing evidence that work conditions were difficult or unpleasant.¹²⁷ Viewing the evidence in a light most favorable to Plaintiff, she has not raised a genuine issue of material fact whether she had no choice but to quit. Accordingly, she cannot rely on constructive discharge as a materially adverse action for her retaliation claim.¹²⁸

In sum, the Court finds that under the circumstances, the Nitpicky Memo and the constructive discharge do not constitute materially adverse actions. Plaintiff has failed to adduce evidence of causality for *1129the denial of the certification extension, thus that decision does not constitute a materially adverse action. A fact issue, however, exists regarding whether Klingler's work assignments to Plaintiff were designed to prevent her from studying for and passing her Class IV certification exam, which led to her demotion. The Court concludes Plaintiff has established a prima facie case of retaliation.

2. Pretext

Proceeding to the next McDonnell Douglas step, the Court finds that the City has articulated a facially, nonretaliatory reason for demoting Plaintiff-she failed to pass the Class IV certification exam within twelve months of her promotion to Assistant Superintendent. The City argues that Plaintiff cannot show that its proffered, nonretaliatory reason for demoting her was pretext. Plaintiff argues pretext based on the following: 1) a former employer observed that Klingler had used the tactic of overworking employees to keep them from studying in the past to get rid of a problem employee,¹²⁹ and 2) the City has not provided any explanation for why Klingler began harassing her, when he had previously "adored" her.

A plaintiff shows "pretext by revealing such weaknesses, implausibilities, inconsistencies, incoherencies, or contradictions in the employer's proffered legitimate reasons for its action that a reasonable factfinder could rationally find them unworthy of credence."¹³⁰ A plaintiff typically makes a showing of pretext in one of three ways: "(1) with evidence that defendant's stated reason for the adverse employment action was false; (2) with evidence that the defendant acted contrary to a written company policy prescribing the action taken by the defendant under the circumstances; or (3) with evidence that .... he was treated differently from other similarly-situated employees who violated work rules of comparable seriousness."¹³¹

"In determining whether the proffered reason for a decision was pretextual, we examine the facts as they appear to the person making the decision, not as they appear to the plaintiff."¹³² Moreover, the Court does not ask "whether the employer's proffered reasons were wise, fair or correct," but only "whether [the employer] honestly believed those reasons and acted in good faith upon those beliefs."¹³³

The Court rejects Plaintiff's argument that the City's failure to provide a reason for Klingler's sudden change in attitude is evidence of pretext. Plaintiff cites no authority for this proposition. Additionally, the City did provide an explanation for Klingler's change in attitude-Bennett's resignation raised concerns about Klingler's management style, which resulted in McDonald counseling Klingler to communicate his expectations clearly and let his employees do their jobs.¹³⁴

The Court nonetheless finds a genuine dispute exists regarding whether the City's proffered reason for demoting Plaintiff was pretextual. The City argues that Plaintiff's theory that Klingler overwhelmed *1130her with work to prevent her from studying for and passing her Class IV certification overlooks the following facts: 1) she had over eight months before the alleged retaliation began to obtain Class IV certification; 2) the tasks Klingler assigned to her were part of her job; and 3) the temporal proximity between her protected conduct and the work assignment alone is insufficient to demonstrate pretext.¹³⁵ The Court finds the first argument unpersuasive. The City gave Plaintiff twelve months to obtain certification, not eight months. Plaintiff also provided a reasonable explanation for not taking the exam more than once during the first eight months. She explained that during her first five months as Assistant Superintendent, she was also in charge of the UV building project so had planned to prepare for the exam after that project ended and she became more comfortable in her management position.¹³⁶

The City's second argument echoes its argument that Klingler's work assignments were not adverse employment actions under the circumstances. For the same reasons stated in Section III.B.1.b)(ii) above, the Court finds that the affidavits from two former employees and Plaintiff's testimony raise a factual issue as to whether her work assignments were intended to provide the City with a pretext to demote her.

Finally, although temporal proximately alone is insufficient to demonstrate pretext, Plaintiff has provided other evidence to demonstrate pretext. Specifically, she presents the affidavits from two former employees, as well as her own testimony. The sudden change in Klingler's attitude almost at the exact time when Plaintiff reported her FEMA concerns to Miller, combined with the other evidence, could be viewed by the jury as evidence of pretext or of animus against Plaintiff for engaging in protected activity. Summary judgment is thus inappropriate on the FCA retaliation claim.

C. Common Law Whistleblower Retaliation and Retaliatory Discharge Claims (Counts III and IV, respectively)

Under the "adequate alternative remedies" doctrine, bringing a statutory claim precludes a plaintiff from bringing a common law claim that seeks to redress the same harm as the statutory claim if the statutory remedy is adequate.¹³⁷ Courts have held that an FCA claim is not an adequate alternative remedy when the common law claim "clearly encompasses conduct beyond violations of the FCA" or addresses "different harms" than the FCA claim.¹³⁸

The City argues the FCA precludes Counts III and IV as they are duplicative of Counts I and II. Alternatively, the City argues these claims fail for the same reasons as the FCA claims. The City contends that in the Pretrial Order, Plaintiff made clear that her state law retaliation claims relate to reporting "misuse or fraud in the procurement or expenditure of government funds," and/or her reports "regarding fraud against government budgets."¹³⁹ Because her FCA claims are premised on these same reports, the City argues the adequate alternative remedy doctrine precludes her common law claims.

*1131Plaintiff responds that she has alleged retaliation and whistleblowing based not only on fraud against the federal government, but also on safety issues at the plant.¹⁴⁰ She contends that because it is unclear whether the fact-finder would find retaliation based on reports of fraud, maintenance, and improper dumping or reporting unsafe working conditions, or both, the False Claims Act does not provide an adequate alternative remedy, and summary judgment is inappropriate.

The Court agrees with the City that Plaintiff's common law retaliatory discharge claim encompasses the same conduct and harms as her FCA retaliation claim. The Pretrial Order states that an essential element of Plaintiff's common law retaliation claim is that she "made good faith reports either internally or to a governmental agency regarding fraud against government budgets."¹⁴¹ Plaintiff's reports of fraud were also at the heart of her FCA retaliation claim. The Pretrial Order does not reflect that her common law retaliation claim is based on reports of illegal conduct outside the scope of the FCA.¹⁴² Thus, because Plaintiff's common law retaliation claim encompasses the same harms and conduct as her FCA retaliation claim, the Court finds that her common law retaliation claim is barred by the adequate alternative remedy doctrine.

By contrast, the Pretrial Order states that an essential element of Plaintiff's Count III whistleblower retaliation claim is that "a reasonable person would have concluded that the Defendant was violating rules, regulations, or laws pertaining to public health, safety or general welfare."¹⁴³ Another element is that Plaintiff "reported the Defendant's violations of rules, regulations or laws internally or to a governmental agency."¹⁴⁴ This language tracks with Plaintiff's First Amended Complaint.¹⁴⁵ Furthermore, this language demonstrates that Count III is premised on Plaintiff's reports of both fraud and safety issues at the plant, and therefore her claim relates to conduct outside the scope of her FCA retaliation claim. Accordingly, the Court finds that the adequate alternative remedy doctrine does not preclude Plaintiff's whistleblower retaliation claim. The City's motion for summary judgment is therefore denied as it relates to Count III and granted as it relates to Count IV.¹⁴⁶

D. Negligent Infliction of Emotional Distress (Count V)

The City seeks summary judgment on Count V, arguing: 1) this Court lacks subject matter jurisdiction over it because Plaintiff failed to provide pre-suit notice as required by K.S.A. 12-105b ; and *11322) Plaintiff cannot show she has suffered a qualifying physical injury. As to the latter, Plaintiff claims that she experienced chest pain, which constitutes a qualifying physical injury as it required visits to the emergency department and to cardiologists. As to pre-suit notice, Plaintiff claims that she substantially complied with K.S.A. 12-105b under the unique circumstances of this case. She contends that because the FCA required her to file her claims under seal, she was unable to comply with K.S.A. 12-105b without violating the FCA's seal requirement. Alternatively, she contends that the City received notice of the First Amended Complaint when this Court unsealed the initial complaint and when the media reported the story. As a result, she argues that the City was aware of her claims and was not prejudiced in not receiving formal notice. Finally, she suggests that the City's failure to attempt to settle these claims constitutes denial of her claims, "which would have then permitted Plaintiff to file her claim."¹⁴⁷ The Court finds Plaintiff's arguments unpersuasive.

K.S.A. 12-105b(d) provides:

Any person having a claim against a municipality or against an employee of a municipality which could give rise to an action brought under the Kansas tort claims act shall file a written notice as provided in this subsection before commencing such action. The notice shall be filed with the clerk or governing body of the municipality and shall contain the following: (1) The name and address of the claimant and the name and address of the claimant's attorney, if any; (2) a concise statement of the factual basis of the claim, including the date, time, place and circumstances of the act, omission or event complained of; (3) the name and address of any public officer or employee involved, if known; (4) a concise statement of the nature and the extent of the injury claimed to have been suffered; and (5) a statement of the amount of monetary damages that is being requested. In the filing of a notice of claim, substantial compliance with the provisions and requirements of this subsection shall constitute valid filing of a claim. The contents of such notice shall not be admissible in any subsequent action arising out of the claim. Once notice of the claim is filed, no action shall be commenced until after the claimant has received notice from the municipality that it has denied the claim or until after 120 days has passed following the filing of the notice of claim, whichever occurs first. A claim is deemed denied if the municipality fails to approve the claim in its entirety within 120 days unless the interested parties have reached a settlement before the expiration of that period. No person may initiate an action against a municipality or against an employee of a municipality unless the claim has been denied in whole or part. Any action brought pursuant to the Kansas tort claims act shall be commenced within the time period provided for in the code of civil procedure or it shall be forever barred, except that, a claimant shall have no less than 90 days from the date the claim is denied or deemed denied in which to commence an action.

"The notice requirements in K.S.A. 12-105b(d) are mandatory and a condition precedent to bringing a tort claim against a municipality."¹⁴⁸

The Court rejects Plaintiff's argument that she was unable to comply with K.S.A. 12-105b's notice requirement without violating the FCA's seal requirement. Although providing 105b-notice may alert the defendant of a pending criminal investigation *1133and undermine the purpose of the FCA's seal requirement, these requirements do not conflict procedurally. Plaintiff can comply with both statutes by providing pre-suit notice and then file the complaint under seal. The Court also rejects any argument that compliance with the FCA's seal requirement excuses noncompliance with K.S.A. 12-105b. Plaintiff has failed to provide any authority to support that proposition and the Court has found none.

Likewise, the Court rejects Plaintiff's argument that she substantially complied with the 105b-notice requirement because the City received notice of Plaintiff's claims when this Court unsealed the original complaint and when the news media publicized them. K.S.A. 12-105b requires prior notice-the notice must be written and filed with the municipality prior to the commencement of litigation. An action generally commences upon the filing of a complaint. Allowing the original complaint to serve as the 105b-notice for the Amended Complaint renders the statute meaningless because the litigation has already commenced. The news media coverage also fails to constitute the requisite notice under the statute because they too were post-suit.

Equally unavailing is Plaintiff's argument that the City's failure to attempt to settle her claims constitutes a denial of her claims which then allowed her to commence litigation. This argument puts the cart before the horse. The City cannot attempt to settle Plaintiff's claims if it was unaware of them. Moreover, K.S.A. 12-105b contains two triggering events: 1) the filing of the 105b-notice, or 2) the claimant's receipt of a denial of the claims. By requiring the claimant to receive notice from the municipality that it has denied the claim, the statute contemplates that the denial be affirmative or concrete so that a triggering date may be identified. Plaintiff's argument requires assuming a denial based on inaction, which is contrary to the statute's affirmative framework.

The Court concludes Plaintiff did not provide the City with pre-suit notice pursuant to K.S.A. 12-105b. The Court thus lacks subject matter jurisdiction over Count V. Accordingly, the City is entitled to summary judgment as to Count V. This conclusion renders discussion on the physical injury issue unnecessary.

IV. CONCLUSION

The summary judgment evidence, even when viewed in the light most favorable to Plaintiff, fails to demonstrate that the City submitted a false claim to FEMA. Accordingly, the Court grants summary judgment to the City on the FEMA claim. Likewise, Plaintiff fails to adduce evidence to demonstrate that the implied certifications in the monthly water bills were material for payment or that the City submitted these bills with the requisite scienter. Accordingly, the Court grants summary judgment to the City on the implied false certification claim. For the same reasons, the Court denies Plaintiff's motion for summary judgment on the FCA-false claims (Count I).

Summary judgment is inappropriate on the FCA-retaliation claim (Count II) because issues of fact remain with respect to knowledge, materially adverse employment action, and pretext. Summary judgment is also inappropriate on Plaintiff's common law Whistleblower Retaliation claim (Count III) because her FCA retaliation claim does not provide an adequate alternative remedy for this claim and genuine disputes of fact remain as to it. However, the Court grants the City's motion for summary judgment as to Plaintiff's common law Retaliatory Discharge claim (Count IV) because her FCA claim does provide an adequate alternative remedy *1134for this claim. Finally, because Plaintiff did not provide the City with pre-suit notice pursuant to K.S.A. 12-105b, this Court lacks subject matter jurisdiction over Plaintiff's Negligent Infliction of Emotional Distress claim, entitling the City to summary judgment on Count V.

IT IS THEREFORE ORDERED that the City's motion for summary judgment (Doc. 92) is GRANTED IN PART and DENIED IN PART. The Court grants summary judgment to the City on Counts I, IV, and V.

IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that Plaintiff's partial summary judgment (Doc. 94) is DENIED .

IT IS SO ORDERED.

1 Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a).

2 City of Herriman v. Bell , 590 F.3d 1176, 1181 (10th Cir. 2010).

3 Bones v. Honeywell Int'l, Inc. , 366 F.3d 869, 875 (10th Cir. 2004) (citing Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc. , 477 U.S. 242, 248, 255, 106 S.Ct. 2505, 91 L.Ed.2d 202 (1986) ).

4 Wright ex rel. Trust Co. of Kan. v. Abbott Labs., Inc. , 259 F.3d 1226, 1231-32 (10th Cir. 2001) (citing Adler v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. , 144 F.3d 664, 670 (10th Cir. 1998) ).

5 Adler, 144 F.3d at 670 (citing Anderson, 477 U.S. at 248, 106 S.Ct. 2505 ).

6 Spaulding v. United Transp. Union , 279 F.3d 901, 904 (10th Cir. 2002), cert. denied 537 U.S. 816, 123 S.Ct. 84, 154 L.Ed.2d 20 (2002) (citing Celotex Corp. v. Catrett , 477 U.S. 317, 322-23, 106 S.Ct. 2548, 91 L.Ed.2d 265 (1986) ).

7 Adams v. Am. Guar. & Liab. Ins. Co. , 233 F.3d 1242, 1246 (10th Cir. 2000) (citing Adler , 144 F.3d at 671 ); see also Kannady v. City of Kiowa , 590 F.3d 1161, 1169 (10th Cir. 2010).

8 Anderson, 477 U.S. at 256, 106 S.Ct. 2505 ; Celotex, 477 U.S. at 324, 106 S.Ct. 2548 ; Spaulding, 279 F.3d at 904 (citing Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co. v. Zenith Radio Corp., 475 U.S. 574, 587, 106 S.Ct. 1348, 89 L.Ed.2d 538 (1986) ).

9 Anderson, 477 U.S. at 256, 106 S.Ct. 2505 ; accord Eck v. Parke, Davis & Co., 256 F.3d 1013, 1017 (10th Cir. 2001).

10 Mitchell v. City of Moore, Okla., 218 F.3d 1190, 1197-98 (10th Cir. 2000) (quoting Adler, 144 F.3d at 670-71 ); see Kannady, 590 F.3d at 1169.

11 Adler , 144 F.3d at 671.

12 Vitkus v. Beatrice Co., 11 F.3d 1535, 1539 (10th Cir. 1993).

13 Tapia v. City of Albuquerque , 170 Fed.Appx. 529, 533 (10th Cir. 2006).

14 Celotex, 477 U.S. at 327, 106 S.Ct. 2548 (quoting Fed. R. Civ. P. 1).

15 James Barlow Family Ltd. P'ship v. David M. Munson, Inc. , 132 F.3d 1316, 1319 (10th Cir. 1997) (citation omitted).

16 Buell Cabinet Co. v. Sudduth , 608 F.2d 431, 433 (10th Cir. 1979).

17 Berges v. Standard Ins. Co. , 704 F.Supp.2d 1149, 1155 (D. Kan. 2010) (quotations omitted).

18 33 U.S.C. § 1311(a).

19 33 U.S.C. § 1342(a) -(b).

20 Friends of the Earth, Inc. v. Laidlaw Envtl. Servs. (TOC), Inc. , 528 U.S. 167, 174, 120 S.Ct. 693, 145 L.Ed.2d 610 (2000).

21 Id. ; see 40 C.F.R. § 122.41(a).

22 Doc. 95 at 19.

23 Doc. 93-14 at 11.

24 Id. at 21; Doc. 95-7 at 10.

25 Doc. 93-3 at 4.

26 Id.

27 Doc. 93-8 at 15, Sections VII and IX.

28 Id. at 19.

29 Doc. 93-3 at 7.

30 Id. at 10.

31 Doc. 95 at 10, ¶ 40; Doc. 97, ¶ 40 ("Uncontroverted for purposes of this motion").

32 Doc. 93-10 at 5; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Missouri_River_Flood (February 28, 2018).

33 Doc. 91 at 4, Pretrial Order, Stipulations ¶ 15.

34 Doc. 98 at 9, ¶ 38.

35 Doc. 93-11 at 1.

36 Doc. 93-10 at 5.

37 Doc. 98 at 13, ¶ 13.

38 Doc. 93-7, Dep. of Bennetts, 140:6-17.

39 Doc. 93-6 at 13.

40 Doc. 93-6 at 5.

41 Doc. 93-17 at 12. In her response to the City's motion for summary judgment, Plaintiff described Klingler's memorandum dated April 16, 2013, as "a 'training' memorandum filled with minor nitpicky 'training' items." Doc. 98 at 57.

42 Doc. 93-18 at 3.

43 Doc. 93-19 at 1.

44 Id. at 2.

45 Doc. 93-22.

46 Doc. 93-19 at 5.

47 Id. at 5-6.

48 Doc. 93-19 at 8.

49 Doc. 93-28 at 16; Doc. 98 at 31-32.

50 Doc. 93-32 at 11; Doc. 98 at 33-34.

51 Doc. 91, Pretrial Order at 2-3.

52 United States ex rel. Boothe v. Sun Healthcare Grp., Inc. , 496 F.3d 1169, 1172 (10th Cir. 2007).

53 31 U.S.C. § 3730(b).

54 United States ex rel. Lemmon v. Envirocare of Utah, Inc. , 614 F.3d 1163, 1167 (10th Cir. 2010).

55 31 U.S.C. § 3730(d)(2).

⁵⁶

57 31 U.S.C. § 3729(a)(1)(A).

58 31 U.S.C. § 3729(a)(1)(B).

59 31 U.S.C. § 3729(b).

60 United States ex rel. Trim v. McKean , 31 F.Supp.2d 1308, 1315 (W.D. Okla. 1998).

61 United States ex rel. Conner v. Salina Reg'l Health Ctr. , 543 F.3d 1211, 1217 (10th Cir. 2008).

62 31 U.S.C. § 3729(a)(1)(B) ; Conner , 543 F.3d at 1219, n.6 (explicitly adopting a materiality requirement in the context of false certification claims but declining to address whether materiality is an element of other theories of FCA liability).

63 31 U.S.C. § 3729(b)(4).

64 Universal Health Servs., Inc. v. United States ex rel. Escobar , --- U.S. ----, 136 S.Ct. 1989, 2003, 195 L.Ed.2d 348 (2016).

65 See Conner , 543 F.3d at 1217.

66 Doc. 95 at 29-30.

67 Doc. 93-12 at 1.

68 Conner , 543 F.3d at 1219 ("the false statement must be material to the government's decision to pay out moneys to the claimant"); U.S. ex rel. Smith v. Boeing Co. , No. CIV.A. 05-1073-MLB, 2014 WL 5025782, at *26 (D. Kan. Oct. 8, 2014) (false claim allegations require a showing of materiality, which turns on whether a statement would have a natural tendency to influence or is capable of influencing the agency's payment decision), aff'd sub nom. United States v. The Boeing Co. , 825 F.3d 1138 (10th Cir. 2016).

69 Doc. 95-15 at 2.

⁷⁰

71 Doc. 95 at 31.

72 Doc. 93-11 at 1 ("Jim and I have discussed the broken sewer line near the treatment plan and have decided to include it in the PW.").

73 --- U.S. ----, 136 S.Ct. 1989, 195 L.Ed.2d 348 (2016).

74 Id. at 1999.

75 Id. at 2002 (quoting United States v. Science Applications Int'l Corp. , 626 F.3d 1257, 1270 (C.A.D.C. 2010) ).

⁷⁶

77 Doc. 95 at 18.

⁷⁸

79 Doc. 97 at 25.

80 Escobar , 136 S.Ct. at 2003-04.

81 Id. at 2000.

82 United States ex rel. Lemmon v. Envirocare of Utah, Inc. , 614 F.3d 1163 (10th Cir. 2010).

83 Id. at 1166.

84 Doc. 24 at 36, ¶ 224.

85 31 U.S.C. § 3730(h).

86 McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green , 411 U.S. 792, 93 S.Ct. 1817, 36 L.Ed.2d 668 (1973).

87 Doc. 93 at 45; Doc. 98 at 54.

88 McDonnell Douglas, 411 U.S. at 802, 93 S.Ct. 1817.

⁸⁹

90 Beaird v. Seagate Tech., Inc. , 145 F.3d 1159, 1165 (10th Cir. 1998) (citing Randle v. City of Aurora , 69 F.3d 441, 451 (10th Cir. 1995) ).

91 U.S. ex rel. Feaster v. Dopps Chiropractic Clinic, L.L.C. , No. 13-1453-EFM, 2015 WL 6801829, at *7 (D. Kan. Nov. 5, 2015) ; Nifong v. SOC, LLC , 234 F.Supp.3d 739, 752 (E.D. Va. 2017) (listing three elements for FCA retaliation claim: (1) employee engaged in protected activity, (2) the employer knew about the activity, and (3) the employer took adverse action against him as a result.).

92 688 F.3d 698 (10th Cir. 2012).

93 Id. at 704.

94 EEOC v. BCI Coca-Cola Bottling Co. of L.A. , 450 F.3d 476, 484 (10th Cir. 2006), cert. dism'd , 549 U.S. 1334, 127 S.Ct. 1931, 167 L.Ed.2d 583 (2007).

95 Doc. 98 at 59.

96 Muhammad v. Hall , 674 Fed.Appx. 810, 813 (10th Cir. 2017) ("This court has not yet addressed whether the subordinate can be liable in a 'reverse cat's paw' situation."). But see Ware v. Denver Health , No. 09-CV-01103REBBNB, 2010 WL 2740078, at *4 (D. Colo. July 12, 2010) (stating the cat's paw doctrine does not operate in the reverse).

97 Wells v. Colo. Dep't of Transp. , 325 F.3d 1205, 1213 (10th Cir. 2003).

98 Daniels v. United Parcel Serv., Inc. , 797 F.Supp.2d 1163, 1187 (D. Kan. 2011), aff'd , 701 F.3d 620 (10th Cir. 2012) (internal citations omitted).

99 594 F.3d 1202 (10th Cir. 2010).

100 Id. at 1216 (parallel citations omitted). See Difiore v. CSL Behring, U.S., LLC , 171 F.Supp.3d 383, 393 n.4 (E.D. Pa. 2016) (noting courts have applied Title VII anti-retaliation requirements in FCA retaliation cases, including what constitutes an "adverse employment action"), aff'dsub nom. DiFiore v. CSL Behring, LLC , 879 F.3d 71 (3d Cir. 2018).

101 Doc. 98 at 57.

102 Id. at 28, 61.

103 Doc. 98-8 at 2.

104 Doc. 93-18 at 2.

105 Doc. 98 at 24, ¶ 110.

106 See Smith v. Aaron's Inc. , 325 F.Supp.2d 716, 727 (E.D. La. 2004) (holding that a supervisor giving "direct goals to accomplish and work-related instructions" was not harassment despite plaintiff's subjective feelings); Aikens v. Banana Republic, Inc. , 877 F.Supp. 1031, 1039 (S.D. Tex. 1995) ("[T]he mere fact that [plaintiff] experienced 'pressure' or was 'nitpicked' does not establish such intolerable working conditions as to give rise to a constructive discharge.").

107 Doc. 98 at 21, ¶ 94.

¹⁰⁸

109 Doc. 98 at 26, ¶ 117.

110 Daniels v. United Parcel Serv., Inc. , 797 F.Supp.2d 1163, 1188 (D. Kan. 2011) (citing Semsroth v. City of Wichita , 555 F.3d 1182, 1185-86 (10th Cir. 2009) ), aff'd , 701 F.3d 620 (10th Cir. 2012).

111 Davis v. Town of Lake Park, Fla. , 245 F.3d 1232, 1239 (11th Cir. 2001) (stating the asserted impact cannot be speculative and must at least have a tangible adverse effect on the plaintiff's employment); see also Melton v. Nat'l Dairy LLC , 705 F.Supp.2d 1303, 1329 (M.D. Ala. 2010) ("Changes in work assignments that do not cause any economic injury to the employee do not constitute adverse employment action.").

112 Doc. 98-4 at 2, Dec. of Keith Smith, ¶¶ 2-3.

113 Doc. 98-6 at 2, Decl. of Tom Schellhorn, ¶¶ 5-7.

114 Cf. Young v. White , 200 F.Supp.2d 1259, 1272-73 (D. Kan. 2002) (holding no adverse employment action when a supervisor assigns tasks within his authority even though plaintiff "might disagree with the tasks that are assigned or with the decision to give certain tasks to certain individuals" because such assignment did not "alter[ ] plaintiff's employment status in any way or had any negative effect on plaintiff's standing within the organization."); Roecker v. Brennan , No. 15-7201-DDC-JPO, 2017 WL 445504, at *11 (D. Kan. Feb. 2, 2017) (concluding plaintiff's retaliation claim fails because she has not established a causal or temporal link between plaintiff's work assignment and the protected activity of filing an EEO complaint sufficient for her retaliation claim to survive summary judgment).

¹¹⁵

116 Doc. 98 at 29, ¶ 128 (citing Dep. of Coffman, 251:1-23).

117 Doc. 98 at 27, ¶¶ 119, 121, and 131.

118 Doc. 99 at 26.

119 Id. at 28. See Clark Cty. Sch. Dist. v. Breeden , 532 U.S. 268, 273, 121 S.Ct. 1508, 149 L.Ed.2d 509 (2001) (stating temporal proximity between opposition and adverse action must be "very close" to warrant a conclusion of causality); Richmond v. ONEOK, Inc. , 120 F.3d 205, 209 (10th Cir. 1997) (holding lapse of three months insufficient to establish a causal connection).

120 Marx v. Schnuck Mkts. Inc. , 76 F.3d 324, 329 (10th Cir.1996) (recognizing that protected conduct closely followed by adverse action may justify an inference of retaliatory motive and holding that the close temporal proximity requirement should not be read too restrictively where a pattern of discrimination begins soon after protected activity and only culminates later in actual discharge).

121 Derr v. Gulf Oil Corp. , 796 F.2d 340, 344 (10th Cir. 1986) ; Irving v. Dubuque Packing Co. , 689 F.2d 170, 172 (10th Cir. 1982).

122 Derr , 796 F.2d at 344.

123 Sanchez v. Denver Pub. Sch. , 164 F.3d 527, 534 (10th Cir. 1998) ; Yearous v. Niobrara Cty. Mem'l Hosp. , 128 F.3d 1351, 1356 (10th Cir. 1997).

124 Jeffries v. State of Kan. , 147 F.3d 1220, 1233 (10th Cir. 1998).

125 Garrett v. Hewlett-Packard Co. , 305 F.3d 1210, 1221 (10th Cir. 2002).

126 Doc. 98-8 at 2, Plaintiff's Resignation Letter.

127 Fischer v. Forestwood Co. , 525 F.3d 972, 981 (10th Cir. 2008).

128 VonLintel v. Eagle Commc'ns, Inc. , No. CV 14-4125-KHV, 2016 WL 7179465, at *13 (D. Kan. Dec. 9, 2016).

129 Doc. 98 at 61.

130 Green v. New Mexico , 420 F.3d 1189, 1192-93 (10th Cir. 2005) (internal quotations omitted).

131 Salguero v. City of Clovis , 366 F.3d 1168, 1176 (10th Cir. 2004) (quoting Kendrick v. Penske Transp. Servs., Inc. , 220 F.3d 1220, 1230 (10th Cir. 2000) ).

132 Debord v. Mercy Health Sys. of Kan., Inc. , 737 F.3d 642, 655 (10th Cir. 2013) (internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting Luster v. Vilsack , 667 F.3d 1089, 1093 (10th Cir. 2011) (emphasis in original) ).

133 Debord , 737 F.3d at 655.

134 Doc. 99 at 28.

¹³⁵

136 Doc. 98-12 at 2.

137 Lipka v. Adv. Health Grp., Inc. , No. 13-CV-2223, 2013 WL 5304013, at *7 (D. Kan. Sept. 20, 2013) (citing Campbell v. Husky Hogs, LLC , 292 Kan. 225, 255 P.3d 1 (2011) ).

138 Id. (citations omitted).

139 Doc. 91 at 15-16.

140 See Doc. 24 ¶ 227 ("A reasonably prudent person would have concluded that Defendant, was engaged in violation of rules, regulations or laws pertaining to public health, safety or general welfare.").

141 Doc. 91 at 16.

142 See id.

143 Id. at 15.

144 Id. at 16.

145 Doc. 24, ¶ 227.

146 The City also argues that the Counts III and IV claims fail for the same reasons as her FCA retaliation claim. See Doc. 93 at 49 (City arguing that it is entitled to summary judgment on Counts III and IV "for the reasons stated in Section IV, incorporated herein by reference"). As explained above, however, the Court finds that material issues of fact remain as to Plaintiff's FCA retaliation claim. See supra Part III.B. The Court further finds that material issues of fact also remain as to Plaintiff's Count III whistleblower retaliation claim, and the Court is not persuaded that the City's arguments as to her FCA retaliation claim provide a basis for granting their summary judgment motion as to Count III.

147 Doc. 98 at 64.

148 Miller v. Brungardt , 916 F.Supp. 1096, 1098 (D. Kan. 1996).