SHIRLEY S. ABRAHAMSON, CHIEF JUSTICE.
¶1. This is a review of an unpublished decision of the court of appeals,
affirming in part and reversing in part a judgment and order of the Circuit Court for Eau Claire County, Paul J. Lenz, Judge. The circuit court denied the motion for summary judgment of Journal/Sentinel, Inc. (the newspaper) in the first defamation action of John W. Torgerson (the plaintiff) and, in a separate proceeding, granted the newspaper's motion to dismiss the plaintiffs second action, which alleged defamation in other papers' republications of the originally challenged article.
¶ 2. The court of appeals granted the newspaper leave to appeal the circuit court's denial of the newspaper^ motion for a summary judgment in the first action, and the plaintiff appealed the circuit court's grant of the newspaper's motion to dismiss the second action. The court of appeals consolidated the appeals. It concluded that the plaintiff failed to provide sufficient evidence of actual malice to go to trial, reversing the circuit court's denial of the newspaper's motion for summary judgment in the first action and affirming, on other grounds, the circuit court's dismissal of the second action.
¶ 3. The newspaper urges several grounds on which it is entitled to summary judgment: the articles are protected by a common law fair comment privilege, the articles make no actionable statements, the articles are not false and the articles were not published with actual malice. The plaintiff disputes each of these grounds.
¶ 4. We conclude, as did the court of appeals, that the motion for summary judgment must be granted because, as a matter of law, there was not sufficient evidence of actual malice. Were the fact finder to accept the plaintiffs version of the facts, it could not conclude that the newspaper had published with actual malice, that is, with knowledge of falsity or with reckless disregard for the truth in making the assertions in question. We therefore affirm the decision of the court of appeals.
¶ 5. We will discuss in turn: (1) the factual basis of the action; (2) the elements of a defamation action brought by a public figure against a media defendant; (3) the standard of appellate review and the appropri
ate summary judgment methodology in a public figure defamation action; and (4) the element of actual malice.
I.
¶ 6. The following recitation of facts is drawn from the extensive depositions and exhibits supporting the motion for, and brief opposing, summary judgment.
¶ 7. The plaintiff served as Wisconsin's Deputy Commissioner of Insurance from January 1991 until December 1992 and then as acting Commissioner through March 1993. While serving in the Office of Commissioner of Insurance (OCI), the plaintiff held a 50% ownership interest in and was secretary-treasurer of a title insurance agency regulated by the OCT.
¶ 8. In April 1991, at the plaintiffs request, Jonathan Becker, legal counsel for the State of Wisconsin Ethics Board, wrote a letter advising the plaintiff of conflicts of interest that might arise because of his concurrent business and government positions, and how to avoid them. The letter summarized the relevant statutes and opinions of the Ethics Board. It opined that the plaintiffs ownership of and employment by a title insurer "raise[d] issues under the Ethics Code," but that "the Ethics Code `does not prevent any state public official from accepting other employment or following any pursuit which in no way interferes with the full and faithful discharge of his or her duties to the state.' "
R. 21 at 10-11. Becker's letter provided further advice and guidance for a public official to avoid situations of potential conflict as follows:
IlTihe Ethics Board has recognized that if a state public official has a sizable investment in a business
that the official's agency regulates, the official's personal interest in the performance of that business may conflict impermissibly with the official's regulatory responsibilities.
A public officer owes an undivided duty to the public whom he serves and should avoid placing himself in a position in which a conflict of interest might arise.. . .Thus, in determining when and how to avoid situations of potential conflict I advise erring on the side of caution.
R. 21 at 11 (citations omitted).
¶ 9. Becker's letter offered three additional pieces of guidance. First, it stated that, "at a minimum, it would be inappropriate for you to place yourself in a position in which you or your business would benefit directly from a decision or action you took specifically in respect to your business"; second, "you should refrain from similar action involving the business of any competitors;" third, with regard to rule making, the plaintiff should be guided as follows:
[I]n instances in which your agency is called upon to promulgate rules. . .you should participate only if: (1) your action affects the whole class of similarly situated businesses; (2) your business's presence in the class is insignificant when compared to the total number of members in the class; and (3) the action's effect on your business is neither significantly greater nor less than upon other members of the class.
R. 21 at 11.
¶ 10. Early in 1992 an acquaintance of the plaintiff in the title insurance industry suggested to the plaintiff that the OCI amend an administrative rule so that title insurance companies would be exempt from
filing reports of discounted title insurance rates with the OCI. The plaintiff asked OCI staff members to draft such a rule change if they found it advisable, good public policy and good for the agency. The amended rule was drafted and, in January 1993, approved by the plaintiff.
¶ 11. Also in January 1993 the Ethics Board provided a second letter advisory opinion at the plaintiffs request. The second letter, written by Ethics Board Executive Director R. Roth Judd, reaffirmed the January 1991 advice. Judd's letter characterized the 1991 letter as follows:
[W]e noted that state law would forbid you to use your position as deputy to obtain a substantial benefit for the title insurance company or to participate in matters in which you have a substantial financial interest. After noting that "a public officer owes an undivided loyalty to the public whom it serves and should avoid placing himself in a position in which a conflict of interest might arise," we advised erring on the side of caution.
R. 21 at 15. Judd's letter then repeated the three pieces of guidance given in the 1991 letter.
f 12. Later in January 1993 the newspaper published three related articles by staff writer James Rowen discussing the plaintiffs title insurance business and regulatory position and the Ethics Board
letters.
The articles do not mention the rule change. The plaintiff does not claim that these articles were defamatory.
¶ 13. In October 1993 the newspaper published another article by Rowen discussing the plaintiffs concurrent business and government positions and the Ethics Board letters in the context of the rule change.
Under the headline "Torgerson cut rule despite ethics warning," the article stated that the plaintiffs concurrent positions had led "to two warnings by the state Ethics Board to avoid a conflict of interest by staying out of title insurance regulation," but that the plaintiff had helped to eliminate the discount rate filing rule.
¶ 14. The article discussed the effect of the rule change and reported the views of several persons, including the plaintiff and Becker. The article described Becker as "disappointed to learn that Torger-son had been involved in changing the rules governing title insurance regulation." Becker was quoted as follows: " 'Quite honestly, I'm just very surprised given what he said publicly and privately to us that he was uninvolved.'" Becker was also reported as saying that the "Ethics Board advice was meant to suggest caution in potential conflicts of interest because state laws did not absolutely prohibit officials from acting on matters in which they have personal interests."
f 15. The article reported the plaintiffs position as follows:
Torgerson told The Journal earlier this year, after it had disclosed his dual role as insurance regulator and insurance company co-owner, that he had stayed out of title insurance matters.
But he said in an interview Wednesday that he had initiated and approved the change in the rate filing rule because he thought it would cut the cost of writing policies and did not benefit him personally.
¶ 16. On Novembér 3, 1993, counsel for the plaintiff wrote to the newspaper, pursuant to Wis. Stat. § 895.05(2) (1991-92), claiming that the October article was false and defamatory and asking the newspaper to print a retraction. The newspaper did not do so.
¶ 17. Rowen was informed of the request for retraction and understood its significance as a possible prelude to a defamation lawsuit. Rowen had also been informed by a reporter for another newspaper that the plaintiff intended to sue Rowen for defamation. Nonetheless, Rowen destroyed documents related to his investigation of the plaintiff and the title insurance industry, including his notes from interviews with Becker and others.
A few months later the plaintiff commenced this action.
¶ 18. The plaintiff asserts that the article was defamatory, falsely charging him with acting contrary to "warnings" issued by the Ethics Board about the ethics of his conduct and falsely implying that he had
abused his public position to advance his own business interests to the detriment of consumers of title insurance. The plaintiff further asserts that the article was published with knowledge of the falsehood or reckless disregard for the truth.
II
¶ 19. The sole issue under review is whether the plaintiffs action survives the newspaper's motion for summary judgment. We first examine the elements of a defamatory communication. In this case the action was brought by a public figure
against a media defendant.
The elements of a defamatory communication are:
(1) a false statement; (2) communicated by speech, conduct or in writing to a person other than the person defamed; and, (3) the communication is unprivileged and tends to harm one's reputation so as to lower him or her in the estimation of the community or to deter third persons from associating or dealing with him or her.
Stoll v. Adriansen, 122 Wis. 2d 503, 517, 362 N.W.2d 182 (Ct. App. 1984); Wis JI-Civil 2500 (1993).
If the challenged statements as a whole are not capable of a
false and defamatory meaning, or are substantially true, a libel action will fail.
Meier v. Meurer,
8 Wis. 2d 24, 29, 98 N.W.2d 411 (1959).
¶ 20. The parties agree that there was a communication to third persons and that the communication was unprivileged. The parties further agree, at least for purposes of this review, that defamatory implications might be drawn from the article. According to the plaintiff, the article implied that he had exploited his position of public trust for personal gain and that he had disregarded the advice he got, which the newspaper falsely characterized as Ethics Board "warnings" that he stay out of title insurance matters coming before the OCI.
¶ 21. Thus, with respect to the common law elements of defamation, the parties' disagreement focuses on the issue of falsity, which is related to the question of actual malice. Where the defamation plaintiff is a public figure, the First and Fourteenth Amendments to the federal Constitution mandate that the plaintiff prove actual malice by clear and convincing evidence.
f 22. The First Amendment imposes a constitutional privilege on the publication of statements about public figures, even when those statements are false and defamatory. The privilege, however, is conditional, and the condition is the absence of actual malice. The requirement that actual malice be proven is a minimal
accommodation of the reputational interests of public figures and the community's interest in unfettered public debate.
¶ 23. Actual malice is a term of art; it is not used in its ordinary meaning of evil intent.
Proof of actual malice requires a showing that the defamatory falsehood was published with knowledge of its falsity or with reckless disregard for its truth.
New York Times Co. v. Sullivan,
376 U.S. 254, 279-80 (1964); St.
Amant v. Thompson,
390 U.S. 727, 731 (1968). Falsity and malice are thus intertwined.
¶ 24. Because the parties disagree about whether the article was published with actual malice, actual malice is the focus of this review.
hH hH hH
¶ 25. We turn now to the standard of appellate review of the denial of a motion for summary judgment and the appropriate summary judgment methodology in a public figure defamation action.
¶ 26. Appellate courts review a grant or denial of summary judgment independently of the circuit court or court of appeals,
Burkes v. Klauser,
185 Wis. 2d 308, 327, 517 N.W.2d 503 (1994), applying the same methodology as the circuit court,
Grams v. Boss,
97 Wis. 2d
332, 338-39, 294 N.W.2d 473 (1980). A party's motion for summary judgment shall be granted when the pleadings and supporting papers show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Wis. Stat. § 802.08(2) (1995-96). Justifiable inferences are drawn in favor of the nonmoving party.
Grams,
97 Wis. 2d at 338-39. "Where facts, even if material, are disputed, those facts become irrelevant if, in giving full benefit to the party against whom summary judgment is sought, the claim nevertheless is barred as a matter of law."
Byrne v. Bercker,
176 Wis. 2d 1037, 1045, 501 N.W.2d 402 (1993). The summary judgment materials are viewed most favorably to the nonmoving party, the plaintiff here.
¶ 27. The summary judgment analysis is further affected by First Amendment considerations. In
New York Times
the Supreme Court concluded that the First Amendment requires an appellate court to " 'make an independent examination of the whole record' so as to assure [itself] that the judgment does not constitute a forbidden intrusion on the field of free expression."
New York Times,
376 U.S. at 285 (quoting
Edwards v. South Carolina,
372 U.S. 229, 235 (1963)). In so doing, appellate judges must " 'examine for [them] selves the statements in issue and the circumstances under which they were made.'"
New York Times,
376 U.S. at 285 (quoting
Pennekamp v. Florida,
328 U.S. 331, 335 (1946). The rule of independent review assigns to judges a constitutional responsibility that cannot be delegated to the trier of fact.
Bose Corp. v. Consumers Union of U.S., Inc.,
466 U.S. 485, 501 (1984).
¶ 28.
New York Times
and
Bose
involved appeals after trial. In recent years debate has focused on how this rule of independent examination is to be applied by a court on a motion for summary judgment.
¶ 29. Since
New York Times
summary judgment has played a key role in protecting First Amendment values. Indeed, it has been said that in public figure defamation cases, "because of the importance of free speech, summary judgment
is
the 'rule,' and not the exception."
Guitar v. Westinghouse Elec. Corp.,
396 F. Supp. 1042, 1053 (S.D.N.Y 1975),
aff'd mem.
538 F.2d 309 (2d Cir. 1976).
The Wisconsin court of appeals
has said that "[s]ummary judgment may be particularly appropriate in defamation actions in order to mitigate the potential 'chilling effect' on free speech and the press that might result from lengthy and expensive litigation."
Bay View Packing Co. v. Taff,
198 Wis. 2d 653, 672, 543 N.W.2d 522 (Ct. App. 1995) (citing
Time, Inc. v. Hill,
385 U.S. 374, 401-02 (1967) (Douglas, J., concurring)).
¶ 30. On the other hand, courts have found public figure defamation actions to be ill suited to summary judgment. Because the actual malice inquiry, the heart of the constitutional privilege which courts must guard, turns on the defendant's state of mind, it is thought particularly difficult to resolve without a full weighing of the competing evidence.
¶ 31. We conclude that because courts have a duty to review the record independently in public fig
ure libel actions and this duty entails a "constitutional responsibility that cannot be delegated to the trier of fact,"
Bose,
466 U.S. at 501, summary judgment is an important and favored method for adjudicating public figure defamation actions.
¶ 32. A final question then is whether and how the heightened evidentiary burden of proof of actual malice, proof by clear and convincing evidence, is to be incorporated in the summary judgment analysis. Although in
Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc.,
477 U.S. 242 (1986), the Supreme Court addressed whether the heightened evidentiary burden for proof of actual malice must be incorporated in the summary judgment analysis, it is not clear what answer was given. The Court mandated application of the heightened eviden-tiary burden in the summary judgment analysis but did not clearly state whether it was required by the First Amendment or by Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c), applicable to summary judgment motions in federal court actions. The Supreme Court held as follows:
In sum, a court ruling on a motion for summary judgment must be guided by the
New York Times
"clear and convincing" evidentiary standard in determining whether a genuine issue of actual malice exists — -that is, whether the evidence presented is such that a reasonable jury might find that actual malice had been shown with convincing clarity.
Anderson,
477 U.S. at 257.
¶ 33. We need, not decide whether the eviden-tiary burden for actual malice applies in the summary judgment analysis, and if so whether it is mandated by the First Amendment or by the state summary judgment law. The parties agree with the court of appeals that to survive a motion for summary judgment, a plaintiff in a public figure defamation action must present sufficient evidence for a court to conclude that a reasonable jury could find actual malice by clear and convincing evidence.
Therefore the parties did not brief this issue. Accordingly, for purposes of this review
and without deciding the correctness of the parties' position, we will incorporate the clear and convincing evidentiary burden in our summary judgment methodology. We further note, however, that the outcome would not be different under a traditional summary judgment analysis.
IV.
¶ 34. The core of the dispute between the parties is the issue of actual malice. The plaintiff must present facts from which a reasonable jury could find, by clear and convincing evidence, that the newspaper published a false and defamatory statement with actual malice, that is, knowing the statement was false or with reckless disregard for its truth. .
¶ 35. Actual malice is not determined by whether a reasonably prudent person would have published the challenged statements. The test is subjective. The complainant must show that the media defendant knew the statement was false, "in fact entertained serious doubts as to the truth" of the publication,
St. Amant,
390 U.S. at 731, or had a high degree of awareness of probable falsity.
Garrison v. Louisiana,
379 U.S. 64, 74 (1964). The media defendant, on the other hand, cannot prevail simply by proclaiming a belief in the truth of its publication.
St. Amant,
390 U.S. at 732.
¶ 36. Some examples will help reveal the boundaries of actual malice. Mere failure to investigate adequately does not constitute actual malice.
Curtis Pub. Co. v. Butts,
388 U.S. 130, 153-54 (1967) (opinion of Harlan, J.). Nor can actual malice be imputed from the mere fact that a published statement proves to be an erroneous interpretation of an ambiguous set of facts.
Time, Inc. v. Pape,
401 U.S. 279, 290-92 (1971).
Actual malice may be shown by proof that the publisher had "obvious reasons to doubt the veracity of the informant or the accuracy of his reports."
St. Amant,
390 U.S. at 732.
¶ 37. Falsity and actual malice are thus intertwined, and the plaintiff must prove falsity.
In this case, the plaintiff asserts that the newspaper published the following two false statements:
(1) the Ethics Board letters warned the plaintiff that he was absolutely prohibited from involvement in title insurance regulation,
and (2) the plaintiff had told Rowen
that he had stayed out of, and told Becker that he had been uninvolved with, title insurance regulation. We assume for purposes of our analysis that these statements are false.
¶ 38. The plaintiff asserts two bases for inferring that the newspaper published these statements in the October article with actual malice. First, according to the plaintiff, Rowen's characterization of the Ethics Board letters in the January articles demonstrates that Rowen was aware when writing the October article that the letters did not constitute a warning to stay out of title insurance matters and that the plaintiff had not said that he had stayed out of title insurance matters.
¶ 39. Second, the plaintiff contends that Rowen's intentional destruction of the notes of his interview with Becker, while retaining other material collected for the articles, leads to an inference that the notes contained information probative of actual malice. We discuss each of these contentions in turn.
¶ 40. The January articles describe the Ethics Board letters in terms somewhat different from those employed in the October article. The January articles refer to the letters as setting forth "guidelines and limi
tations" which would "limit [the plaintiffs] contact with the issuing of rules," rather than as containing "warnings" to "stay out" of title insurance matters. The tone of the January articles does not convey the sense that the plaintiff had been absolutely prohibited from involvement with title insurance matters.
¶ 41. Furthermore, the January articles paraphrase and quote the plaintiff concerning his involvement with title insurance regulation as follows:
Torgerson said in an interview on Friday that the ethics guidelines were easy to follow because "the amount of effort that this agency expends on the title insurance industry is extremely limited."
"There is an appearance of conflict which must be avoided." he said. "That appearance is extremely easy to avoid."
¶ 42. In the October article, the newspaper characterized the plaintiff as having told the newspaper
that "he had stayed out of title insurance matters."
¶ 43. The plaintiff thus contends that the January articles are probative of actual malice because they give context to Rowen's choice of words in the October article. We conclude, however, as did the court of appeals, that no inference of actual malice can be raised from Rowen's word choice in these circumstances even if the words chosen convey a provably false statement.
¶ 44. Rowen's October characterization of the Ethics Board's letters is a rational interpretation of ambiguous statements contained in those letters. Similarly, the characterization of the plaintiffs statement that he was staying out of title insurance regulation is a rational interpretation of the plaintiffs quoted, and undisputed, comments that he had avoided conflicts of interest in title insurance matters.
¶ 45. The United States Supreme Court has said that a court cannot infer actual malice sufficient to raise a jury issue from the deliberate choice of a rational interpretation of ambiguous materials. The article at issue in
Time, Inc. v. Pape,
401 U.S. 279, concerned police lawlessness. The article quoted summaries of an unproven civil complaint described in a government report, without indicating either that the quotes came from a complaint or that the events described were as yet unproven. Noting that the government report, taken as a whole, "bristled with ambiguities," the Court held that under such circumstances the deliberate choice of one interpretation from a number of possible rational interpretations was not enough to create a jury issue of actual malice.
Time, Inc. v. Pape,
401 U.S. at 289-90. The Court reasoned as follows: "Where the document reported on is so ambiguous as this one was, it is hard to imagine a test of 'truth' that would not put the publisher virtually at the mercy of the unguided discretion of a jury."
Time, Inc. v. Pape,
401 U.S. at 291.
¶ 46. Twenty years later, in
Masson v. New Yorker Magazine, Inc.,
501 U.S. 496 (1991), the Court reaffirmed the importance of the holding in
Time, Inc. v. Pape.
"The protection for rational interpretation serves First Amendment principles by allowing the author the interpretive license that is necessary when
relying upon ambiguous sources."
Masson,
501 U.S. at 519.
¶ 47. We agree with the court of appeals that "[t]he rationale underlying
Pape
resonates in the present lawsuit."
Torgerson v. Journal/Sentinel Inc.,
Nos. 95-1098 and 95-1857, unpublished slip op. at 12 (Wis. Ct. App. Feb. 13, 1996). The statements at issue in the letters from the Ethics Board are ambiguous. The letters urge caution, describe certain improprieties that must be avoided, urge the plaintiff to participate in rule making only if specific conditions prevail, and explain a statutory prohibition barring the plaintiff "from taking any official action" under certain circumstances. The newspaper's characterization of the letters as warnings to stay out of title insurance matters is one of several rational interpretations of the letters.
¶ 48. The newspaper's characterization of the plaintiffs statements is similarly a rational interpretation. The plaintiffs unchallenged statements reported in the January articles are reasonably capable of being interpreted as having "stayed out of title insurance matters.
¶ 49. While evidence may demonstrate in some cases that a rational interpretation was nonetheless chosen with actual malice, this is not such a case. The distinctions between the January and October articles are not of such import that a reasonable jury could infer that Rowen published the October article knowing of its falsity or with reckless disregard for the truth. In sum, a fact finder is not entitled to draw an inference of actual malice from either the October article alone or in conjunction with the January articles.
¶ 50. The plaintiffs most significant evidence to support an allegation of actual malice is the inference of knowing falsity that might be drawn from Rowen's intentional destruction of the notes from his interview with Becker, while retaining other materials in the file. We agree with the plaintiff that a media defendant's intentional destruction of selected materials relevant to likely litigation is inherently suspicious, allowing an inference that the materials destroyed would have provided evidence of actual malice.
¶ 51. According to the plaintiff, the notes might have shown that the plaintiff had not told Becker that he was uninvolved with title insurance matters and that Becker might have given Rowen an interpretation of the Ethics Board letters different from that which Rowen ultimately put to paper. The plaintiff contends, therefore, that a fact finder may infer from the intentional destruction of the notes that they contained this information and that this inference must be drawn in the plaintiffs favor on summary judgment.
¶ 52. The court expresses its censure of the reporter's intentional destruction of materials potentially relevant to a threatened lawsuit. Indeed we are surprised that the newspaper allowed Rowen to retain possession of and to destroy materials potentially relevant to a threatened lawsuit. We agree with the plaintiff that the destruction of notes is ordinarily sufficient evidence to support a jury verdict of actual malice and will ordinarily defeat a news media defendant's motion for summary judgment.
¶ 53. Nevertheless, we conclude that the inferences the plaintiff urges cannot reasonably be drawn by a fact finder in this case: the notes were not relevant
to show an inconsistency between what Becker told Rowen and what Rowen reported.
¶ 54. We are guided to this conclusion by two cases in which the Seventh Circuit Court of Appeals addressed the question of the proper approach to note destruction as proof of actual malice.
¶ 55. In
Brown & Williamson Tobacco Corp. v. Jacobson,
827 F.2d 1119, 1134-36 (7th Cir. 1987),
cert. denied,
485 U.S. 993 (1988), the Seventh Circuit Court of Appeals recognized that an inference of actual malice could be drawn from the intentional destruction of a reporter's documents when the destruction was in bad faith. Bad faith was found on the following bases: the destruction took place between trial and an appeal; the documents were removed from a reporter's desk by a research assistant; the destruction was selective; the destruction violated the news company's retention policy; and the explanation for the destruction was not believable as a matter of law. On this "overwhelming" showing of bad faith, the court concluded: "A court and a jury are entitled to presume that documents destroyed in bad faith while litigation is pending would be unfavorable to the party that has destroyed the documents."
Brown & Williamson,
827 F.2d at 1134.
¶ 56. In
Chang v. Michiana Telecasting Corp.,
900 F.2d 1085 (7th Cir. 1990), the Seventh Circuit Court of Appeals reviewed a grant of summary judgment where the complainant sought to raise an inference of actual malice from note destruction in circumstances similar to those of the present case. A television station broadcast a story suggesting that the complainant had planned to sell trade secrets to a competitor. The story relied heavily on an informant whom the reporter had interviewed, but the reporter's notes of her conversation with the informant had disap
peared without explanation. The informant testified in deposition, however, that the story's characterization of the conversations was accurate. Given that all agreed on what was said, the Seventh Circuit Court of Appeals concluded that actual malice could not be inferred from the missing notes unless the reporter's notes included a statement of disbelief in the source's statements. The court pointed out that a reporter's writing about her disbelief in the truth of what she was reporting was so remote a possibility that it could not defeat a motion for summary judgment.
Under these circumstances the court held that the note destruction did not raise the inference of actual malice described in
Brown & Williamson.
¶ 57. Viewed in the light most favorable to the plaintiff, the intentional and selective destruction of the notes in the present case shares some disturbing parallels with the facts in
Brown & Williamson.
Rowen destroyed interview notes but retained other documents; he destroyed the notes after learning that a defamation action was likely. Rowen, a veteran journalist, should have known that destroying notes which might be relevant to litigation was improper.
¶ 58. While we are troubled by the destruction of the notes,
Chang,
rather than
Brown & Williamson,
provides the more appropriate analogy for determining the significance of the note destruction in this case.
¶ 59. The plaintiff contends that the interview notes might show that the plaintiff had not told Becker that he had been uninvolved in title insurance matters. Becker's deposition, however, affirms the accuracy of the article's quotation drawn from Becker's interview:
Q. Returning to the article, it quotes you. "'Quite honestly, I'm just very surprised given what he [Torgerson, the plaintiff] said publicly and privately to us that he was uninvolved,' Becker said." Is that an accurate quotation?
A. [Becker]. I believe so, yes.
R. 22 at 118.
¶ 60. The plaintiff further contends that the interview notes might show that Becker provided Rowen with an interpretation of the Ethics Board letters different from that which the newspaper ultimately published and that such an interpretation would be evidence of actual malice if different from the characterization reported in the article. Becker's testimony, however, affirmed the article's characterization of what Becker told Rowen he intended the Ethics Board letters to mean. R. 22 at 119-20, 124-26. While it is possible that Becker told Rowen something to indicate that the Ethics Board letters were not warnings to stay out of title insurance matters, such a statement would be inconsistent with Becker's testimony in this record.
¶ 61. To find sufficient evidence of actual malice to support a jury verdict in favor of the plaintiff in this case would require the court to ignore Becker's deposition testimony and to accept the plaintiffs bare allegation of actual malice supported only by an inference from the destruction of the notes. Such an
inference, however, is of little or no weight when the uncontroverted deposition testimony makes the plaintiffs assertion no more than a remote possibility. A motion for summary judgment cannot be denied on such a remote possibility, whether or not the clear and convincing evidentiary standard is applied. The plaintiff has not raised a jury issue of actual malice and the newspaper is entitled to summary judgment as a matter of law.
¶ 62. A court's role is to interpret and apply the law, not to enforce standards of journalistic accuracy or ethics. The United States Supreme Court has explained that its decisions in media defamation cases are "premised on a recognition that, as Madison put it, 'Some degree of abuse is inseparable from the proper use of every thing; and in no instance is this m ore true than in that of the press.' "
Time, Inc. v. Pape,
401 U.S. at 290 (citation omitted). As the Seventh Circuit Court of Appeals has stated and as the Wisconsin court of appeals repeated: "[J]ournalism skills are not on trial in this case. The central issue is not whether [the article] measured up to the highest standards of reporting or even to a reasonable reporting standard, but whether the defendant 0 published [the article] with actual malice."
Woods v. Evansville Press Co., Inc.,
791 F.2d 480, 489 (7th Cir. 1986),
quoted
in
Torgerson,
unpublished slip op. at 18-19.
¶ 63. Because we conclude as a matter of law that the plaintiff has not furnished sufficient evidence of actual malice to survive the newspaper's motion for summary judgment, we affirm the decision of the court of appeals.
By the Court.
— The decision of the court of appeals is affirmed.