Mr. Justice Story
delivered the opinion'of the Court.
This is the case of a proceeding
in
rem, by a libel of information founded bn the act • of Congress of the third of
March, 1819, ch. 75. as continued in force by the act of Congress of the 15th of May, 1820, ch. 112. The second section of the former act authorizes the president “• to instruct the commanders of public armed vessels of the United States, to seize, subdue, and send into any port of the United States, any armed vessel or boat, or any vessel or boat, the crew whereof shall be armed, and which shall have attempted or committed any piratical aggression, search, restraint, depredation or. seizure, upon any vessel of the United States, or of the citizens thereof, or upon any other vessel.” The fourth section declares, “ that whenever any vessel or boat
from which
any piratical aggression, search, restraint, depredation, or seizure, shall have been first attempted or made, shall be captured and brought into any port of the United States, the same shall and may be adjudged and condemned to their use, and that of the captors,
after due process and trial,
in any Court having admiralty jurisdiction, and which shall be holden for the district into which such captured vessel shall be brought, and the sanie Court shall thereupon order a sale and distribution thereof accordingly, and at their discretion.”
The brig Palmyra is an armed vessel, asserting herself to be a privateer, and acting under a commission of the King of Spain, issued by his authorized officer at the Island of Porto Rico. She was captured on the high seas on the 15th of August, A. D. 1822, by the United States Vessel of war Grampus, commanded by Lieutenant Gregory, after a short resistance, and receiving a fire from the Grampus, by which one man was killed, and six men were wounded. She was sent into Charleston, South Candida, for adjudication.
A
libel was duly filed, and a claim interposed ; and upon the proceedings in the District Court of that district, a decree was pronounced by the Court, that the brig be acquitted, without, any damages for the capture, injury, or detentiofi. From this decree an appeal was made, by both parties, to the Circuit Court; and upon the hearing in that Court, where, for the first time, the officers of the privateer were examined as witnesses, the Circuit Court pronounced a decree, affirm
kig so muck of the decree of the District Court, as acquitted the brig, and reversing so much o,f it as denied damages, and proceeded finally to award damages to the claimants, to the amount of 10,288 dollars and 58 cents. From this decree there was an appeal, interposed on behalf the United •States and the captors, to the Supreme Court. The cause came on to be heard upon this appeal, at February term, 1825, and upon inspection of the record, it did not then appear that there had been any final decree, ascertaining the amount of damages. The Court were of opinion, that, if there had been no such decree, the case was not properly before the Court upon the appeal, there not being any
final
decree, within the meaning of the act of Congress. The Court considered, that the damages were but an incident to the principal decree; that the cause was but a single one; and that the cause could not, at the same time, be in the Circuit Court for the purpose of assessing damages, and in this Court upon, appeal, for the purpose of an acquittal or condemnation of the vessel. The questions indeed were different; but the cause was the same. Upon this ground, the appeal was dismissed. But at the last term of the Court, it appearing that in point of fact there had been a final award of damages, and that the error was a mere misprision of the clerk of the Circuit Court in transmitting an imperfect record, the Court, upon motion of the appellants, at the last term, ordered the cause to be reinstated.
whether this f?011.1.1 ha<lau~ state the cause,
It is now contended, that this Court had no authority to reinstate the cause after such a dismissal; 1. Because it may operate to the prejudice of the stipulators or sureties, to whom the privateer was delivered, upon stipulation, in the Court below; and, 2. Because the cause was capable being heard in this Court upon the appeal in respect to the decree of acquittal, that being the only decree in which the United States had any interest as a party; and that as to the damages, the captors were the only persons responsible for damages, and they alone had a right of appeal respecting the 6ame; so that by operation of law, the cause had be-
conic divided into two separate and distinct causes, in which each party was an actor.
This Court cannot concur in either objection. Whenever a stipulation is taken in an admiralty suit, for the property subjected to legal process and Condemnation, the stipulation is deemed a mere substitute for the thing itself, and the stipulators liable to the exercise of all those authorities on the part of the Court, which it could properly exercise, if the thing itself were still in its custody. This is the known course óf the Admiralty. It is quite a different question, whether the Court will, in particular cases, exercise its authority, where sureties on the-stipulation may be affected injuriously. That is a subject addressed to its sound discretion. In the present case, there was no ground for surprise or injury to the stipulators, or indeed to any party in interest. If there had been no' final award of damages, the cause would not have been properly before this Court, and the appeal itself, being a nullity, would have left the cause still in the Circuit Court. But as such an award was made, the appeal wás rightfully made; and the dismissal, being solely" for a defect of jurisdiction apparent on the record, and founded on a mistake, constituted no bar tó a new appeal, even if a general dismissal might. The appeal then might, at any time witnih five years, have been lawfully made, and have bound-the parties to the stipulation, to all its consequences The difference between a new appeal, and a rein statement of the old appeal, after a dismissal from a misprision of the clerk, is not admitted by this Court justly to involve any difference
of
right as to the stipulators. Every Court must be presumed to exercise those powers belonging to it, which are necessary for the promotion of public justice ; and we do not doubt that this Court possesses the pow.er to reinstate any cause dismissed by mistake. The reinstatement of the cause was founded, in the opinion of this Court, upon the plain principles of justice, and is according to thg known practice of other judicial tribunals in like cases.
The other objection has not, in our opinion, a more solid
foundation. The libel was filed by the District Attorney, as well in behalf of the United States, as of the captors, and prayed, as usual, a condemnation of the vessel, and distribution of the proceeds. This fact is noticed for the purpose of answering the observation made at the bar, as to the parties to the libel. It has been supposed, that the United States, and the captors, are to be deemed severally libellants, having distinct rights, both of. prosecution and appeal. But this proceeds upon a mistake. In every case of a proceeding for condemnation, upon captures made by the public ships of war of the United States, whether the same be cases of prize, strietly
jure belli,
or upon public acts in the nature of captures
jure belli,
the proceedings are in the name and authority of the United States, who prosecute for themselves as well as for the captors. The captors cannot, without the authority of the government, proceed to enforce condemnation. The suit is, in fojrm and substance, a proceeding by and in the name of the United States, for the benefit of all concerned. And whether the question respect the point of condemnation, or of damages, the United States have a right of appeal coextensive with the whole matter in litigation, and may interpose their protection to guard their agents and officers against injury and damages.. These agents and officers are, indeed, in a certain sense, parties to the suit, as the seizing officer is in cases of mere municipal seizures 5 and when the claimant makes himself, by a demand of damages, an actor in the suit, no doubt exists that the Court may proceed to decree damages against them, and thus entitle them to a separate right of appeal, if the government should feel that it had no further interest to pursue the suit. But still the right to damages must always be dependant upon the question of condemnation or acquittal, for it can never be successfully contended, that if-a condemnation is finally adjudged, a decree for damages can be maintained. And, on the other hand, in a case of acquittal, the whole circumstances of the case must be taken into consideration, in order to ascertain that the case is one which justifies an award of damages.
In the present case, there was an appeal entered by the District Attorney for the United States, and also for the captors; from the decree of the Circuit Court. If this decree was final, such an appeal brought up the whole cause as to all he parties ; and would, in point of law, have produced the same effect, if in form the appeal had only been in the name of the United States. If the decree was not hnal, (as upon-the original record it appeared to this Court not to be,) then it was void as to all parties; Either way, then, there never was any. separation of the parties libellants, so as to give rise to the point of separate independent causes. We are, then, of opinion, that the whole cause is now rightfully before us.
The entire Court,
Objections to the sufficiency Ot t^e iioeJ.
How far the the'Ct- common ,aw>rf.as *a criminal case?, t«e informations
in rent,
guj{. cannot be maintained It is contended on behalf of the appellees, that the prebecause the libel itself is fatally defective in its averments. It is said tobe toó loose, inartificial and general in its structure, to give a just foundation for any judgment of condemnation. If this were admitted to be true, the only effect would be, Supposing the merits on the evidence appeared to be in favour of the libellants, that the Court would, according to its known course of practice, remand the cause to the Circuit Court, with directions to allow an amendment of the libel, and ulterior proceedings consequent thereon. But there is asserted to be another fatal defect in the averments of the libel, which is incapable of being cured, because it cannot be established in poiht of 'fact; and that is, that the offenders are not alleged to have been convicted upon any prosecution
in personam,
of the offence charged in the libel. The argument is, that there must be a due conviction upon a, prosecution and indictment for the offence
in personam,
averred and proved, in order to maintain the libel
in rem.
In respect to the first objection, it must be admitted, that fhe libel is drawn in án inartificial, inaccurate, and loose manner. The strict rules of the common law as to crimi; nal prosecutions, have never been supposed by this Court *° be required in informations of seizure in the Admiralty for forfeitures, which are deemed to be civil proceedings
in
repi.
Even on indictments at the common law, it is often sufficient to state the offence in the very terms of the prohibitory statute; and the cases cited' by the Attorney General are directly in point. In informations in the Exchequer for seizures, general allegations bringing the 'case within the words of the statute, have beén often held sufficient. ’And in this Court it has been repeatedly held, that in libels
in
rem, less certainty than what belongs to proceedings at the common law, will sustain a decree of condemnation, if the words of the statute are pursued, and the allegations point out the facts, so as to give reasonable notice to the party to enable him to shape his defence. There is, indeed, in Admiralty proceedings, little, ground to insist upon much strictness of averment, because, in however general terms the offence may be .articulated, it is always in the power of the Court to prevent surprise, by compelling more particular charges as to the matters intended to be brought forward by the proofs. In general, it may be said, that it is sufficient in
libelsin rem,
for forfeitures, to allege the offence in the terms of tne statute creating the forfeitures. There may be exceptions to this rule, where the terms of the statute are so general as naturally to call fop1 more distinct specifications. Without pretending to enumerate such exceptions, let us. look at the allegations in the amended libel, in the present case. It charges, “ that the said brig, called the Palmyra, &c. was, and is, a vessel from which a piratical aggression, search* depredation, restraint, and seizure, has been first attempted and made, to wit,-upon the high seas, in and upon the schooner Coquette, a vessel of the United States, and of the citizens thereof, and in and upon the master, officers, and crew of the said schooner Coquette, citizens of the United States; and also in and upon the Jeune Eugenie,a vessel of the United States, and of the citizens thereof, and in and upon Edward L. Coffin, the master, and the officers and crew of the said vessel, being citizens of the United States, and
also in and upon other, vessels of the United States, their officers and crews, citizens of the United States, and in and upon other vessels oj various nations, states and
kingdoms, their officers and crews, citizens and subjects of said-states and
kingdoms.” Now, whatever may be said as Í0 *ooseness and generality, and consequent insufficiency of •'the latter clauses of this allegation, the former specifying the Coquette and Jeune Eugenie, (upon which alone the proofs mainly reí) for condemnation,) have, in our opinion, reasonable and sufficient certainty. It was not necessary to state in detail the particular acts constituting the piratical aggression, search, depredation, restraint, or seizure. The general words of the statute are sufficiently descriptive of the nature of the offence; and the particular acts are matters proper in the proofs. We may, then, dismiss this part' of the objection.
General rule
1 es m
Howfarapre
ti™**»0**™
non 471
JJCToUnam
is mecessary to found the proceedingut rem.
The other point of objection is of a far more important and difficult nature. It is well known, that at the common Jaw, inamany cases of felonies, the party forfeited his goods . ,
r r
. ... . . and chattels to the crown. 1 he forfeiture did not, strictly speaking, attach
in rem;
but it was a part, or at least a consequence, of the judgment of conviction. It is plain from this statement, that no right .to-the goods, and chattels of the felon could be'acquired by the crown by the mere commission of the offence; but the right attached only by the conviction of the offender. The necessary result was, that in every case where the crown sought to recover such goods and chattels, it was indispensable to establish its right by producing the record of the judgment of conviction. In the contemplation df the common law, the offender’s right was not devested until the conviction. But this doctrine neyer was ápplied to seizures ánd forfeitures, created by statute,
in .rem,
cognizable on the revenue side of the Exchequer. The thing is here primarily considered as the offender, or rather the. offence is attached primarily tó the thing; and this, whether the offence be
malum prohibitum,
or
malum in se.
The same principle applies to proceedings
in rem,
on Seizures in ttje Admiralty. Many cases-exist, where the forfeiture for acts done attaches solely
in rem,
and there is no accompanying penalty
in personam.
Many cases exist, where there is both a forfeiture
in rem
and a personal pe
nalty: But in neither class of cases has it ever been decided that the prosecutions were dependent upon each other. But the practice has been, arid so this Court understand the law to be, that the proceeding
in rem
stands independent of, and wholly unaffected by any criminal proceeding
in personam.
This doctrine is deduced from a fair interpretation of the legislative intention apparent upon its enactments; Both in England and America, the jurisdiction over proceedings
in
rem, is usually vested in different Courts from those exercising criminal jurisdiction. If the argument at the bar were well founded, there could never be a judgment of condemnation pronounced against any vessel coming within the prohibitions of the' acts on which the present libel is founded; for there is no act of Congress which provides for the personal punishment of offenders, who commit “ any piratical aggression, search, restraint, depredation or seizure,” within the meaning of those acts. Such a construction of the enactments, which goes wholly to defeat their operation, and violates their plain import, is utterly inadmissible. In the judgment of this Court, no personal conviction of the offender is necessary to enforce a forfeiture
in rem
in cases of this nature.
Question of damages.
Having disposed of these questions, which are preliminary in their nature, we may now advance to the consideration of those which turn upon the merits of-the cause. These questions are, 1. Whether the present be, upon the facts, a case for.condemnation; and, if not, 2. Whether it be a case for remunerative damages, for vindictive damages are and must be disclaimed.
Upon the first point, it is unnecessary to go into any examination at large of the various .facts preceding and accompanying the capture, becaus'e the Judges are divided in opinion; and consequently, according to the known practice of the Court, the decree of the Circuit Court, so far as it pronounced a decree.of acquittal, must be affirmed.
In. respect to the second point, we are all of opinion that the case is clearly not a case for damages. The whole circumstances present such well founded grounds for suspicion
of the piratical character and conduct of the privateer, as required Lieutenant Gregory, in the just exercise of his instructions from the. President, under the acts of Congress, to'subdue and send her in for adjudication. That her crew were guilty of plunder from the Coquette and the Jeune Eugenie, is established by proofs entirely competent and satisfactory. Her exercise of the right of search on these vessels was irregular and unjustifiable, and indicated on the part of the boarding officers no disinclination to petty thefts, if they avoided forcible robbery. . Her commission is itself liable to much suspicion and criticism. It varies essentially in the description of the rig, the size, and the denomination of the vessel from that on board of which it is found. It purports to be for a schooner of 93 tons, under the command of Don Pablo Llanger; it is found on board of a brig of 160 tons, commanded by Captain Escurra. It was originally granted for a tljree months’ cruise, which had expired; and it purports to be renewed by the Port Captain of Porto Rico, a subordinate agent of the King of Spain, for a new cruise, by an endorsement on it, without any known authority. We do n'ot advert to these circumstances to establish the position that the commission was utterly void, or rendered the exercise of belligerent rights piratical.. Whatever may be the irregularities in the granting of such commissions, or the validity of them, so far as respects the King of Spain, to found an interest of prize in the captors, if the Palmyra
bona fide
received it, and her crew acted
bona fide
under it, it ought, at all events, in the Courts of neutral nations, to be h'eld a complete protection against the imputation of general piracy. But the defects of the commission, connected with' the almost total want of order and command onboard of the privateer, and the manifest insubordination, and predatory spirit of the crew, could not but inflame to a high degree every other just suspicion. In short, taking the circumstances together, the Court think that they presented, prima facie, a case of piratical aggression, search, restraint, and depredation, within the acts of Congress, open to explanation indeed, but if unexplained,
pressing heavily on the vessel for the purpose of forfeiture. Lieutenant Gregory, then, was justifiable in sending her in for adjudication, and has been guilty of no wrong calling for compensation. '
Probable cause of seiZUre a bar to ,for
It has been argued at the bar, that probable cause of .... . _ , . . seizüre jn this case constitutes no ground of defence against the claim of damages. It has been truly stated as the set-tied doctrine of this Court, that in cases of seizures under mere municipal laws, probable cause, unless so made by statute, constitutes no ground for denying damages, or justifying the seizure. But it is supposed, that probable cause is not an excuse or justification of any seizure or capture, except in cases
jure belli;
and the casé of
The Apollon,
in this Court, (9
Wheat. Rep.
362.) is relied on to establish this position. That case contains no doctrine leading justly to any such conclusion. It was a case of seizure under our revenue laws, and, in the opinion of the Court, the point examined how far probable cause constituted, in that case, a ground to exempt from damages. On that occasion the Court said, that the argument had not distinguished between probable cause as applied to cases of capture jure
belli,
and as applied to cases of municipal seizures; and then proceeded to state the distinction. There was no intimation, that in cases of marine torts generally, or under laws authorizing the exercise to a limited extent of belligerent rights, or
quasi
belligerent rights, probable cause might not be a sufficient excuse. In the case of the
Marianna Flora,
at the last term, (11
Wheat. Rep.
1.) the very point was before the Court, and it was in that Case held, that probable cause was a sufficient excuse for a capture under circumstances of hostile aggression at sea. Indeed, in cases marine torts arising under the general maritime law, probable cause often is a complete.excuse for the act, and always goes in.toitigatiofi of damages. In the Admiralty, the award of damages always rests in the sound discretion of the Court, under all. the circumstances., The case of the
St. Louis,
2
Dods. Rep.
210. is a strong illustration of the doctrine. But, in cases like the present, where, the public armed ships
°f the United States are authorized to make captures to a limited extent, the authority so exercised by them must be deemed to stand upon the same analogy as captures strictly
jure belli.
And the doctrine of the prize courts as to the deniaj of damages, where there is, probable cause for the capture, furnishes the proper rule to govern the discretion of the Court. We are then of opinion, that in the present case there was strong-probable cause for the .capture,, and thát the decree of the Circuit Court, so far as it awards damages to the claimants,; ought to be reversed.
Objection to o/the seizing nf'hV^Court below..
It remains only to remark upon one or two points made against the competency of some of the testimony in the cause.' It is objected, that Lieutenant Gregory is not a competent witness, because he is, notwithstanding his release of his interest as captor, interested to defeat the claim for damages. However well founded this objection may be as to his competency on the point of damages, having been admitted both in the District and Circuit Courts, as a witness, without objection, we think there was a waiver of the objection, and it cannot now be insisted on. As to the depositions of Captains Souther and Coffin, they were taken under commissions duly issued from the Circuit Court according to the rule of this Court, and are, therefore, admissible upon the strictest principles.
Decree. This cause came on, &c. On consideration whereof, it is adjudged, ordered, and decreed, that so much of the decree of the Circuit Court as decrees restitution of the brig Palmyra to the claimants, be, and the same is, hereby affirmed and that so much of the decree of the said Circuit Court as awards damages to the claimants, be, and the same is, hereby reversed and annulled ; and it is" further ordered, that said cause be remanded to said Circuit Court for further proceedings according to law,