UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
___________________________________ ) MAURICE A. SYKES, ) ) Plaintiff, ) ) v. ) Civil Action No. 10-1393 (RMC) ) UNITED STATES ATTORNEY ) FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA, ) et al., ) ) Defendants. ) ___________________________________ )
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Plaintiff was convicted in 1997 on two counts of armed robbery, first degree felony
murder while armed, and related firearm offenses. See Compl. [Dkt. # 1-1] ¶ 45. In 2006, Plaintiff’s
convictions were reversed and he was released from prison because the Court of Appeals for the
District of Columbia found that prosecutors had violated Plaintiff’s constitutional rights by failing
to disclose exculpatory Brady1 evidence. Id. ¶ 46; see Sykes v. United States, 897 A.2d 769 (D.C.
2006). On June 5, 2010, Plaintiff brought a civil suit against various Defendants, asserting claims
based in this failure to disclose Brady material and his subsequent conviction and incarceration. All
Defendants now move to dismiss, arguing, inter alia, that Plaintiff’s claims are not timely.2 See
1 See Brady v. Maryland, 373 U.S. 83 (1963) (requiring prosecution to disclose exculpatory evidence where the evidence is material either to guilt or to punishment). 2 Federal Defendants also move for sanctions. See Motion for Sanctions [Dkt. # 19]. Because Plaintiff is now acting pro se, that motion will be denied. D.C. Defendants move for leave to file an amended Motion to Dismiss. See Mot. for Leave to File Am. Mot. to Dismiss [Dkt. #24]. In light of the Court’s disposition, that motion will be denied as moot. Motion to Dismiss by Federal Defendants [Dkt. # 20] and Motion to Dismiss by D.C. Defendants
[Dkt. # 22]. Because the motions have merit, the Complaint will be dismissed.
I. FACTS
On June 5, 2010, Plaintiff brought a civil suit in the Superior Court of the District of
Columbia suing the United States Attorney for the District of Columbia Ronald Machen, former
United States Attorney for the District of Columbia Maryanne Incontro, and Attorney General Eric
Holder, collectively “Federal Defendants;” and the District of Columbia, former Mayor of the
District of Columbia Adrian Fenty, former Attorney General of the District of Columbia Peter
Nickles, the District of Columbia Metro Police Deptartment, Sgt. Joseph McCann of the D.C. Metro
Police Dept., Det. Todd Williams of the D.C. Metro Police Dept., a number of unnamed “Does,” and
the District of Columbia’s Department of Corrections, collectively “D.C. Defendants.” Plaintiff
alleges civil conspiracy, false imprisonment, defamation, intentional infliction of emotional distress,
and constitutional violations under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 against the D.C. Defendants. Plaintiff alleges
negligence, gross negligence, false imprisonment, defamation, intentional infliction of emotional
distress, and constitutional violations under Bivens,3 against the Federal Defendants. Because a
number of the Defendants are federal actors, the Federal Defendants removed the civil case to the
federal District Court. See Notice of Removal of a Civil Action [Dkt. # 1].
II. LEGAL STANDARDS
A motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil
Procedure 12(b)(6) challenges the adequacy of a complaint on its face. An affirmative defense that
claims are barred by the statute of limitations may be asserted in a Rule 12(b)(6) motion “when the
3 Bivens v. Six Unknown Federal Narcotics Agents, 403 U.S. 388 (1971).
-2- facts that give rise to the defense are clear from the face of the complaint.” Smith-Haynie v. District
of Columbia, 155 F.3d 575, 578 (D.C. Cir. 1998). A court may only rule on a statute of limitations
defense when the face of the complaint conclusively indicates it is time-barred. See Performance
Contracting, Inc. v. Rapid Response Constr., Inc., 267 F.R.D. 422, 425 (D.D.C. 2010) (citing Smith-
Haynie, 155 F.3d at 578); Lewis v. Bayh, 577 F. Supp. 2d 47, 51 (D.D.C. 2008); Turner v. Afro-
American Newspaper Co., 572 F. Supp. 2d 71, 72 (D.D.C. 2008).
III. ANALYSIS
D.C. Code § 12-301 (2011) outlines the statutory time limitations for bringing all
types of actions within the District of Columbia. While delineating particular limitations for specific
actions, it also contains a catch-all provision, that sets a statute of limitations of three years for those
causes of action “for which a limitation is not otherwise limited.” D.C. Code § 12-301(8). All of
the alleged actions either fall under this catch-all three-year statute of limitations, or a specified
limitation that is lesser than three years.
The statute of limitations for false imprisonment and defamation in the District of
Columbia is one year. See D.C. Code § 12-301(4) (“false imprisonment”); Mullin v. Washington
Free Weekly, Inc., 785 A.2d 296, 298 (D.C. 2001) (“The statute of limitations for a defamation claim
in the District of Columbia is one year.”). Negligence and gross negligence have a three-year statute
of limitations. See Rochon v. FBI, 691 F. Supp. 1548, 1562–63 (D.D.C. 1988) (finding all the
common law claims in that case, including claims of negligence and gross negligence, have a three-
year statute of limitations under D.C. Code § 12-301(8)); see also Prouty v. National R. Passenger
Corp., 572 F. Supp. 200, 207 (D.D.C. 1983). “[A]n independent action for intentional infliction of
emotional distress is subject to the District's three-year residual limitation period.” Rendall-Speranza
-3- v. Nassim, 107 F.3d 913, 920 (D.C. Cir. 1997). Or, if intertwined with another tort claim, “[t]he
applicable statute of limitations for intentional infliction of emotional distress depends on the statute
of limitations applied to the underlying common law claims.” Doe v. Southeastern University, 732
F. Supp. 7, 8 (D.D.C. 1990). Similarly, “a civil conspiracy claim incorporates not only every
substantive element of the underlying tort, but also its statute of limitations,” Nader v. Democratic
Nat'l Comm., 567 F.3d 692, 697 (D.C. Cir. 2009), which in this case would be no greater than three
years, like the tort claims above.
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UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
___________________________________ ) MAURICE A. SYKES, ) ) Plaintiff, ) ) v. ) Civil Action No. 10-1393 (RMC) ) UNITED STATES ATTORNEY ) FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA, ) et al., ) ) Defendants. ) ___________________________________ )
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Plaintiff was convicted in 1997 on two counts of armed robbery, first degree felony
murder while armed, and related firearm offenses. See Compl. [Dkt. # 1-1] ¶ 45. In 2006, Plaintiff’s
convictions were reversed and he was released from prison because the Court of Appeals for the
District of Columbia found that prosecutors had violated Plaintiff’s constitutional rights by failing
to disclose exculpatory Brady1 evidence. Id. ¶ 46; see Sykes v. United States, 897 A.2d 769 (D.C.
2006). On June 5, 2010, Plaintiff brought a civil suit against various Defendants, asserting claims
based in this failure to disclose Brady material and his subsequent conviction and incarceration. All
Defendants now move to dismiss, arguing, inter alia, that Plaintiff’s claims are not timely.2 See
1 See Brady v. Maryland, 373 U.S. 83 (1963) (requiring prosecution to disclose exculpatory evidence where the evidence is material either to guilt or to punishment). 2 Federal Defendants also move for sanctions. See Motion for Sanctions [Dkt. # 19]. Because Plaintiff is now acting pro se, that motion will be denied. D.C. Defendants move for leave to file an amended Motion to Dismiss. See Mot. for Leave to File Am. Mot. to Dismiss [Dkt. #24]. In light of the Court’s disposition, that motion will be denied as moot. Motion to Dismiss by Federal Defendants [Dkt. # 20] and Motion to Dismiss by D.C. Defendants
[Dkt. # 22]. Because the motions have merit, the Complaint will be dismissed.
I. FACTS
On June 5, 2010, Plaintiff brought a civil suit in the Superior Court of the District of
Columbia suing the United States Attorney for the District of Columbia Ronald Machen, former
United States Attorney for the District of Columbia Maryanne Incontro, and Attorney General Eric
Holder, collectively “Federal Defendants;” and the District of Columbia, former Mayor of the
District of Columbia Adrian Fenty, former Attorney General of the District of Columbia Peter
Nickles, the District of Columbia Metro Police Deptartment, Sgt. Joseph McCann of the D.C. Metro
Police Dept., Det. Todd Williams of the D.C. Metro Police Dept., a number of unnamed “Does,” and
the District of Columbia’s Department of Corrections, collectively “D.C. Defendants.” Plaintiff
alleges civil conspiracy, false imprisonment, defamation, intentional infliction of emotional distress,
and constitutional violations under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 against the D.C. Defendants. Plaintiff alleges
negligence, gross negligence, false imprisonment, defamation, intentional infliction of emotional
distress, and constitutional violations under Bivens,3 against the Federal Defendants. Because a
number of the Defendants are federal actors, the Federal Defendants removed the civil case to the
federal District Court. See Notice of Removal of a Civil Action [Dkt. # 1].
II. LEGAL STANDARDS
A motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil
Procedure 12(b)(6) challenges the adequacy of a complaint on its face. An affirmative defense that
claims are barred by the statute of limitations may be asserted in a Rule 12(b)(6) motion “when the
3 Bivens v. Six Unknown Federal Narcotics Agents, 403 U.S. 388 (1971).
-2- facts that give rise to the defense are clear from the face of the complaint.” Smith-Haynie v. District
of Columbia, 155 F.3d 575, 578 (D.C. Cir. 1998). A court may only rule on a statute of limitations
defense when the face of the complaint conclusively indicates it is time-barred. See Performance
Contracting, Inc. v. Rapid Response Constr., Inc., 267 F.R.D. 422, 425 (D.D.C. 2010) (citing Smith-
Haynie, 155 F.3d at 578); Lewis v. Bayh, 577 F. Supp. 2d 47, 51 (D.D.C. 2008); Turner v. Afro-
American Newspaper Co., 572 F. Supp. 2d 71, 72 (D.D.C. 2008).
III. ANALYSIS
D.C. Code § 12-301 (2011) outlines the statutory time limitations for bringing all
types of actions within the District of Columbia. While delineating particular limitations for specific
actions, it also contains a catch-all provision, that sets a statute of limitations of three years for those
causes of action “for which a limitation is not otherwise limited.” D.C. Code § 12-301(8). All of
the alleged actions either fall under this catch-all three-year statute of limitations, or a specified
limitation that is lesser than three years.
The statute of limitations for false imprisonment and defamation in the District of
Columbia is one year. See D.C. Code § 12-301(4) (“false imprisonment”); Mullin v. Washington
Free Weekly, Inc., 785 A.2d 296, 298 (D.C. 2001) (“The statute of limitations for a defamation claim
in the District of Columbia is one year.”). Negligence and gross negligence have a three-year statute
of limitations. See Rochon v. FBI, 691 F. Supp. 1548, 1562–63 (D.D.C. 1988) (finding all the
common law claims in that case, including claims of negligence and gross negligence, have a three-
year statute of limitations under D.C. Code § 12-301(8)); see also Prouty v. National R. Passenger
Corp., 572 F. Supp. 200, 207 (D.D.C. 1983). “[A]n independent action for intentional infliction of
emotional distress is subject to the District's three-year residual limitation period.” Rendall-Speranza
-3- v. Nassim, 107 F.3d 913, 920 (D.C. Cir. 1997). Or, if intertwined with another tort claim, “[t]he
applicable statute of limitations for intentional infliction of emotional distress depends on the statute
of limitations applied to the underlying common law claims.” Doe v. Southeastern University, 732
F. Supp. 7, 8 (D.D.C. 1990). Similarly, “a civil conspiracy claim incorporates not only every
substantive element of the underlying tort, but also its statute of limitations,” Nader v. Democratic
Nat'l Comm., 567 F.3d 692, 697 (D.C. Cir. 2009), which in this case would be no greater than three
years, like the tort claims above.
Further, Plaintiff’s constitutional claims are also barred by the statute of limitations.
“When a federal action contains no statute of limitations, courts will ordinarily look to analogous
provisions in state law as a source of a federal limitations period.” Doe v. Dep’t of Justice, 753 F.2d
1092, 1114 (D.C. Cir. 1984) (Bivens action case) (citations omitted). The most analogous (and
generous) provision in D.C. law to a Bivens suit is an action “for which a limitation is not otherwise
specially prescribed,” D.C. Code § 12-301(8), i.e. three-years. See Hagmeyer v. Dep't of Treasury,
647 F. Supp. 1300, 1305 (D.D.C. 1986) (finding Bivens action has three-year statute of limitations).
Likewise, “[t]he Supreme Court has held that in states with multiple statutes of limitations, claims
under [42 U.S.C. §] 1983 are governed by the residual or general personal injury statute of
limitations (like section 12-301(8)), rather than the statute of limitations for enumerated intentional
torts (like section 12-301(4)).” Carney v. American Univ., 151 F.3d 1090, 1096 (D.C. Cir. 1998)
(citing Owens v. Okure, 488 U.S. 235, 243-50 (1989)). Therefore, all of Plaintiff’s claims have a
statute of limitations of no greater than three years.
Statutes of limitations begin to run “from the time the right to maintain the action
accrues.” D.C. Code § 12-301. The District of Columbia applies the “discovery rule” to determine
-4- when a tort action accrues, whereby an action accrues when a plaintiff has knowledge of, or through
the exercise of reasonable diligence should have knowledge of “(1) the existence of the injury, (2)
its cause in fact, and (3) some evidence of wrongdoing.” See Goldman v. Bequai, 19 F.3d 666,
671–72 (D.C. Cir. 1994) (citation omitted). This time period is tolled, however, when a plaintiff is
imprisoned. See D.C. Code § 12-302.
The substance of Plaintiff’s claims arise from the Brady violations that led to
Plaintiff’s convictions being reversed and his release from prison. At the point of his release from
prison in 2006, Plaintiff would have been (1) aware of these claimed injuries; (2) aware that they
were caused as a result of these Brady violations; and (3) aware of the evidence of the wrongdoing,
as the Court used that evidence to reverse Plaintiff’s conviction. See Sykes, 897 A.2d 769 (decided
March 9, 2006). Because the “discovery rule” was satisfied at the point Plaintiff was released from
incarceration, the statute of limitations began to accrue on that date of release in 2006. The date on
which Plaintiff commenced this lawsuit, June 5, 2010, was more than three years after any date in
2006, thus Plaintiff’s claims are time-barred.4
IV. CONCLUSION
For the reasons stated above, Federal Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss [Dkt. # 20] will
be granted, District of Columbia Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss [Dkt. # 22] will be granted, Federal
Defendants’ Motion for Sanctions [Dkt. # 19] will be denied, and District of Columbia Defendants’
Motion for Leave to File Amended Motion to Dismiss [Dkt. # 24] will be denied as moot.
4 Plaintiff states that he did file within three years “and put the court on notice that an amended complaint would be filed upon discovery of the necessary defendants,” Opp’n to Mot. for Summ. J. [Dkt. # 26] at 1, but there simply is no evidence in the record to support this statement.
-5- Date: March 16, 2011 /s/ ROSEMARY M. COLLYER United States District Judge
-6-