Mr. Chief Justice Fuller,
after making the ■ foregoing statement, delivered the opinion oí the court.
The Circuit Court dismissed the case for want of jurisdiction in that the controversy was not between, citizens of different States, within the meaning of the statute, because plaintiffs were citizens of different States as between themselves, and could not be joined in an action against a citizen of West
Virginia. That, was the sole point determined below, and the correctness of the conclusion is the sole question for deter- • mination here.
Deféndant does indeed argue that the judgment should be affirmed because ■ the declaration, though stating a sum of money to be due plaintiffs in excess of two thousand dollars, did not aver, that this was “exclusive of interest and costs;” and did not; aver that .defendant was “ a resident or inhabitant of:the. Northern District of West Virginia,” nor was that fact “apparent from the record;” and because.the citizenship of plaintiffs and defendant was not averred with' sufficient directness. None of 'these points was raised below, and, as the record stands, they call for no consideration. ■
The judicial power under the Constitution extends to “controversies between citizens of different States!”
The first section-of the act of March 3, 1887, as corrected bfy that of August 13, 1888, 25 Stat. 433, c. 866, provides “that the Circuit Courts of the United States shall have original cognizance, concurrent with the courts of the several States, of all suits of a civil nature, at common law or in equity, where the matter in dispute exceeds, exclusive of interest and costs, the sum or value of two thousand dollars, .' . . or in which there shall be a controversy between citizens of different States, in which the matter in dispute exceeds, exclusive of interest and costs, the sum or value aforesaid, . . . .. and no civil suit shall be brought before either of said courts against any person by any original process or proceeding in any other district than that whereof he is an inhabitant, -but where the jurisdiction is founded only, on the fact that the action is between citizens of different States, suit'shall be brought only in the district-of the residence-of either .the plaintiff or the defendant;
. The controversy here was “-between citizens of different States;” the jurisdiction of the Circuit Court was founded.on diversity of citizenship; and the suit was brought in the district of the residence of the defendant. •
We do not feel warranted in construing the words “controversy between'citizens of different States” to mean “controversy between citizens of the same State and citizens of, another State,” and unless that is done this judgment must be reversed.
In our opinion defendant, being a citizen of West Virginia, and a resident of the district in which it was sued, and plaintiffs being citizens of other States than West Virginia, the Circuit "Court had jurisdiction.
The general subject was considered in
Smith
v.
Lyon,
133 U. S. 315, the opinion of the court being delivered by Mr. Justice Miller. In that opinion it is pointed out that the first clause of the act of 1887 describes the jurisdiction common to all the Circuit .Courts of the United States as regards the subject matter of the suit, and as regards the character of the. parties, who by reason of such character may, either as plaintiffs or defendants, sustain suits in Circuit Courts; while the •next sentence in the same section undertakes to define'the jurisdiction of each one of the several • Circuit Courts of the United States with reference to its territorial limits; and after quoting the latter clause in full Mr. Justice Miller said: .
“In the case before us, one of the plaintiffs is a citizen oí the State where the suit is brought, namely, the. State of Missouri, and the defendant is a citizen of the State of Texas. But one of the plaintiffs is a citizen of the State of Arkansas. The suit, so far as he is concerned, is not brought in the State of which he is a citizen. Neither as plaintiff nor as defendant is he a citizen of the district where the. suit is brought. The argument in support of the error assigned is that it is sufficient if the' suit is brought in a State- where one of .the defendants or one of the plaintiffs is a citizen. This would be true if there were but one plaintiff or one defendant. But the statute makes no provision, in terms, for the case of two defendants or two plaintiffs who are citizens of different States. In the present case, there being two plaintiffs, citizens of different .States, there does not seem to be, in the language of the statute,
any provision that both plaintiffs may unite in one suit in a State of which either of them is a citizen.”
Referring to the language of section 11 of the judiciary act of 1789, giving jurisdiction to the Circuit Courts, “where the suit is between a citizen of the State where the suit is brought and a citizen of another State,” the following from the opinion of Chief Justice Marshall in
Strawbridge
v.
Curtiss
, 3 Cranch, 267, was quoted: “The court understands these expressions to mean that each distinct interest should be represented by persons, all of whom are entitled to sue, or may be sued,? in the Federal courts. That is, that where the interest is joint, each of the persons concerned in that interest must be competent to sue, or liable to be sued, in those courts,” which construction it was said has been adhered to from that day to this, notwithstanding the statute' has been reenacted and recast several times since that decision.
New Orleans
v.
Winter,
1 Wheat. 91;
Coal Company
v.
Blatchford,
11 Wall. 172;
The Sewing Machine Companies,
18 Wall. 553, and
Peninsular Iron Company
v. Stone, 121 U. S. 631, were cited in reiteration of the rule that “if there are several co-plaintiffs, the intention of the act is that each plaintiff must be competent to sue, and if there are several co-defendants, each defendant must be liable to be sued, or the jurisdiction cannot be entertained.” And the rule was held applicable, under the act of 1887, especially in view of the fact that that act was mainly designed to restrict the jurisdiction of the Circuit Courts.
But if these citizens of Missouri and Arkansas had sued the defendant, a citizen of Texas, in the Circuit Court, of the United. States for the district of his residence in Texas, We perceive no reason why that court would not have had jurisdiction.
And this would be so if that defendant had sued those plaintiffs in his district in Texas if he there obtained service of process upon them.
In
McCormick Harvesting Machine Company
v.
Walthers,
134 U. S. 41, 44, we said: “The judiciary.act of 1789 provided
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Mr. Chief Justice Fuller,
after making the ■ foregoing statement, delivered the opinion oí the court.
The Circuit Court dismissed the case for want of jurisdiction in that the controversy was not between, citizens of different States, within the meaning of the statute, because plaintiffs were citizens of different States as between themselves, and could not be joined in an action against a citizen of West
Virginia. That, was the sole point determined below, and the correctness of the conclusion is the sole question for deter- • mination here.
Deféndant does indeed argue that the judgment should be affirmed because ■ the declaration, though stating a sum of money to be due plaintiffs in excess of two thousand dollars, did not aver, that this was “exclusive of interest and costs;” and did not; aver that .defendant was “ a resident or inhabitant of:the. Northern District of West Virginia,” nor was that fact “apparent from the record;” and because.the citizenship of plaintiffs and defendant was not averred with' sufficient directness. None of 'these points was raised below, and, as the record stands, they call for no consideration. ■
The judicial power under the Constitution extends to “controversies between citizens of different States!”
The first section-of the act of March 3, 1887, as corrected bfy that of August 13, 1888, 25 Stat. 433, c. 866, provides “that the Circuit Courts of the United States shall have original cognizance, concurrent with the courts of the several States, of all suits of a civil nature, at common law or in equity, where the matter in dispute exceeds, exclusive of interest and costs, the sum or value of two thousand dollars, .' . . or in which there shall be a controversy between citizens of different States, in which the matter in dispute exceeds, exclusive of interest and costs, the sum or value aforesaid, . . . .. and no civil suit shall be brought before either of said courts against any person by any original process or proceeding in any other district than that whereof he is an inhabitant, -but where the jurisdiction is founded only, on the fact that the action is between citizens of different States, suit'shall be brought only in the district-of the residence-of either .the plaintiff or the defendant;
. The controversy here was “-between citizens of different States;” the jurisdiction of the Circuit Court was founded.on diversity of citizenship; and the suit was brought in the district of the residence of the defendant. •
We do not feel warranted in construing the words “controversy between'citizens of different States” to mean “controversy between citizens of the same State and citizens of, another State,” and unless that is done this judgment must be reversed.
In our opinion defendant, being a citizen of West Virginia, and a resident of the district in which it was sued, and plaintiffs being citizens of other States than West Virginia, the Circuit "Court had jurisdiction.
The general subject was considered in
Smith
v.
Lyon,
133 U. S. 315, the opinion of the court being delivered by Mr. Justice Miller. In that opinion it is pointed out that the first clause of the act of 1887 describes the jurisdiction common to all the Circuit .Courts of the United States as regards the subject matter of the suit, and as regards the character of the. parties, who by reason of such character may, either as plaintiffs or defendants, sustain suits in Circuit Courts; while the •next sentence in the same section undertakes to define'the jurisdiction of each one of the several • Circuit Courts of the United States with reference to its territorial limits; and after quoting the latter clause in full Mr. Justice Miller said: .
“In the case before us, one of the plaintiffs is a citizen oí the State where the suit is brought, namely, the. State of Missouri, and the defendant is a citizen of the State of Texas. But one of the plaintiffs is a citizen of the State of Arkansas. The suit, so far as he is concerned, is not brought in the State of which he is a citizen. Neither as plaintiff nor as defendant is he a citizen of the district where the. suit is brought. The argument in support of the error assigned is that it is sufficient if the' suit is brought in a State- where one of .the defendants or one of the plaintiffs is a citizen. This would be true if there were but one plaintiff or one defendant. But the statute makes no provision, in terms, for the case of two defendants or two plaintiffs who are citizens of different States. In the present case, there being two plaintiffs, citizens of different .States, there does not seem to be, in the language of the statute,
any provision that both plaintiffs may unite in one suit in a State of which either of them is a citizen.”
Referring to the language of section 11 of the judiciary act of 1789, giving jurisdiction to the Circuit Courts, “where the suit is between a citizen of the State where the suit is brought and a citizen of another State,” the following from the opinion of Chief Justice Marshall in
Strawbridge
v.
Curtiss
, 3 Cranch, 267, was quoted: “The court understands these expressions to mean that each distinct interest should be represented by persons, all of whom are entitled to sue, or may be sued,? in the Federal courts. That is, that where the interest is joint, each of the persons concerned in that interest must be competent to sue, or liable to be sued, in those courts,” which construction it was said has been adhered to from that day to this, notwithstanding the statute' has been reenacted and recast several times since that decision.
New Orleans
v.
Winter,
1 Wheat. 91;
Coal Company
v.
Blatchford,
11 Wall. 172;
The Sewing Machine Companies,
18 Wall. 553, and
Peninsular Iron Company
v. Stone, 121 U. S. 631, were cited in reiteration of the rule that “if there are several co-plaintiffs, the intention of the act is that each plaintiff must be competent to sue, and if there are several co-defendants, each defendant must be liable to be sued, or the jurisdiction cannot be entertained.” And the rule was held applicable, under the act of 1887, especially in view of the fact that that act was mainly designed to restrict the jurisdiction of the Circuit Courts.
But if these citizens of Missouri and Arkansas had sued the defendant, a citizen of Texas, in the Circuit Court, of the United. States for the district of his residence in Texas, We perceive no reason why that court would not have had jurisdiction.
And this would be so if that defendant had sued those plaintiffs in his district in Texas if he there obtained service of process upon them.
In
McCormick Harvesting Machine Company
v.
Walthers,
134 U. S. 41, 44, we said: “The judiciary.act of 1789 provided
that no civil suit should be .brought before the Circuit or District Courts against an inhabitant of the United States by' any original process in any other district than that whereof he was an inhabitant or in which he should be found at the time of serving the writ, 1 Stat. 79, c. 20, § 12, and the act of 1875, 18 Stat. 470, c. 137, § 1, contained a similar provision. This liability of the defendant to be sued in a district where he might be found at the time of serving process was omitted in the act of 1887, but he still remained liable to suit in the district of the residence of the plaintiff as well as in his own district; and as he could not be sued anywhere else, we held in
Smith
v.
Lyon,
133 U. S. 315, that where there were two plaintiffs, citizens of different States, the defendant, being a citizen of another State, could not be sued in the State of either, of the plaintiffs. Mr. Justice Miller points out, in delivering the opinion of the court, that the evident purpose of Congress in the act of 1887 was to restrict rather than enlarge the jurisdiction of the Circuit Court, ‘while,’ he says, ‘at the same time a suit is permitted to be brought in any district where either plaintiff or defendant resides.’ ” In that case plaintiff was a citizen of Nebraska and brought suit in the Circuit Court of the District of Nebraska against an Illinois corporation, service being made on defendant’s managing agent in Nebraska, as provided by the state statute. Defendant answered' and then on leave withdrew the answer and filed a plea to the jurisdiction. The plea was overruled; and thereupon defendant went to trial on the merits upon issue joined on that answer. It was held that the objection to the jurisdiction, if it could be urged at all, must be confined to want of power to entertain the suit outside of defendant’s own district, and that it was without merit.
Many decisions in respect oí removal of cases of diverse citizenship are to the same effect. Thus in
The Removal Cases,
100 U. S. 457, the provision of the act of 1875 that as to suits “in which there shall be a controversy between citizens of different States, . . . either party may remove said suit
into the Circuit Court of the United States for the proper district,” was construed to mean
“
that when the controversy about which a suit in the state court is brought is between citizens of one or more States on one side, and citizen's of other Stateá on the other side, either party to the controversy may remove the suit to the Circuit Court, without regard to the position they occupy in the pleadings as plaintiffs or defendants. For the purposes of a removal the matter in dispute may be ascertained, and according to the facts the parties to the suit arranged on opposite sides of that dispute. If in such an arrangement it appears that those on one side, being all citizens of different States from, those on the otjher, desire a removal, the suit may be removed.”
Young
v.
Parker,
132 U. S. 267;
Ballin
v.
Lehr,
24 Fed. Rep. 193;
Pitkin County Mining Company
v.
Markell,
33 Fed. Rep. 386;
Roberts
v.
Pacific & A. Railway & Nav. Co.,
104 Fed. Rep. 377.
The contention in the present case seems to be that because defendant could not sue plaintiffs in the Circuit Court of New York, or that of Pennsylvania, therefore plaintiffs could not sue defendant in the Circuit Court for the Northern District of West Virginia. But this does not follow from the terms of the statute by which jurisdiction is conferred generally where plaintiffs are residents and citizens of States different from that of the residence and citizenship of defendant; and, moreover, defendant could, if it had a 'cause of action, have sued plaintiffs in the Circuit Court for the Northern District of West Virginia and proceeded with the action if they were served with process in such district. The clause vesting jurisdiction should not be confounded with the clause determining the particular courts in which the jurisdiction must be exercised.
Judgment reversed and cause remanded to be proceeded in according td law.