[Cite as State v. Ridley, 2022-Ohio-2561.]
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS FIRST APPELLATE DISTRICT OF OHIO HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO
STATE OF OHIO, : APPEAL NO. C-210458 TRIAL NO. B-2004766 Plaintiff-Appellee, :
vs. : O P I N I O N.
NATALIE RIDLEY, :
Defendant-Appellant. :
Criminal Appeal From: Hamilton County Court of Common Pleas
Judgment Appealed From Is: Affirmed in Part, Reversed in Part, and Cause Remanded
Date of Judgment Entry on Appeal: July 27, 2022
Joseph T. Deters, Hamilton County Prosecuting Attorney, and Alex Scott Havlin, Assistant Prosecuting Attorney, for Plaintiff-Appellee,
Raymond T. Faller, Hamilton County Public Defender, and Sarah E. Nelson, Assistant Public Defender, for Defendant-Appellant. OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
WINKLER, Judge.
{¶1} Following a bench trial, defendant-appellant Natalie Ridley was
convicted of patient abuse under R.C. 2903.34(A)(1). She presents three assignments
of error. We find no merit in her first two assignments of error, in which she contends
that the trial court’s guilty finding was improper. Her third assignment of error, in
which she challenges one of the conditions of her community-control sanction, has
merit. Consequently, we sustain her third assignment of error, and remand the cause
to the trial court to modify that condition.
Factual Background
{¶2} The record shows that on June 21, 2020, Ridley was working as a state
tested nursing assistant (“STNA”) at Burlington House Nursing Home, a lock-down
facility for patients with dementia and Alzheimer’s disease. She was tending to Donald
Knueven, a resident of the facility. He had suffered a stroke, which had led to dementia
while in his late 50s. Unlike most of the residents, he was not frail and elderly.
Witnesses described him as being between six-feet one inches to six-feet four inches
tall and weighing from 170 to 190 pounds. One of nurses testified that he was self-
sufficient, mobile, and able to do more for himself than other residents.
{¶3} On that day, Jonisha Bradley was also working as a STNA. At about
5:00 a.m., she heard a “bunch of yelling,” and she went into the hall to see what was
happening. She saw Ridley, who appeared to be upset. Bradley then saw Knueven
come out of his room. She noticed that he and Ridley both had blood on them. Ridley
called Knueven a “wife beater,” and said, “Don’t put your fucking hands on me.”
Bradley described Ridley’s demeanor as “aggressive” and “upset.” She added that,
“She was mad. She was angry.” Finally, Bradley testified that as an STNA, she was
trained to “walk away” when patients become aggressive.
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{¶4} Nita Elu was the director of nursing at Burlington House. On the
morning of the incident, she received a call at home from a woman who screamed,
“This motherfucker hit me. Ain’t no motherfucker going to hit me. Don’t no man hit
me.” At first, Elu was not even sure to whom she was speaking. Ridley identified
herself after she had calmed down, and said, “Donald. That motherfucker hit me.
Don’t no man hit me.” Elu told Ridley that “[s]he was going to have to leave the
building.” When Elu asked Ridley what happened, Ridley said, “He wanted me to close
his motherfuckin’ door, but I told him to close his own motherfuckin’ door.” She
added, “I pushed him so hard that he hit his head on the nightstand. He fell and hit
his head on the nightstand.”
{¶5} Elu immediately went to Burlington House, where she saw nurses
tending to “skin tears” on Knueven’s arms, forehead, neck, and the back of his head.
In his room, she saw blood on the inside of the door, “like as if somebody had pushed
the door open and hit somebody in the head.” She testified that the blood on the door
was about the same height as Knueven’s head when standing, and that she observed a
mark on his forehead that was consistent with the blood on the door. When asked if
there were incidents where Knueven had been violent or aggressive, Elu said there had
been “a couple of incidents with other residents,” but she knew of none involving staff
members. She further testified that staff members are trained to walk away when a
resident becomes aggressive.
{¶6} Catarena Houck, the assistant director of nursing, went to Burlington
House after receiving a call from Elu. Upon her arrival, she met with Ridley who was
outside the facility in her car. She said that Ridley appeared calm at that point and did
not say much. Houck testified that an incident report was created because of the
report that Ridley had pushed Knueven.
{¶7} When Houck went inside, she saw injuries to Knueven’s forehead, right
arm, neck, and cheek. She testified that he was sent to the hospital to ensure that he
3 OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
did not have a head injury. Houck confirmed that employees are trained on how to
respond to aggressive patients. She said employees are told to “step away” for a few
minutes if patients are not causing harm to anyone else, and after a few minutes,
“reapproach them.”
{¶8} Springfield Township Police Officer Kevin Woodruff was dispatched to
investigate the incident between Knueven and Ridley. He spoke with Knueven and
Ridley, as well as other staff members. He said that Knueven was able to speak about
the incident and that he observed Knueven’s injuries.
{¶9} Ridley told Officer Woodruff that a patient had attacked her. She said
that Knueven grabbed her by the arm and pulled her into his room. In response, she
pushed the door, knocking him backwards. He then grabbed her by the hair, so she
pushed him again, which caused him to fall back and hit his head. In response to the
officer’s question, Ridley confirmed that she told Knueven, “You’re going to die in here,
you fucking woman beater.”
{¶10} The officer said that Knueven had “deep lacerations “on his right arm,
lacerations on his face and neck, and contusions on his face and head. Ridley had
minor injuries. She had a minor scratch on her arm, and a “wound” on her upper lip,
which was so minor, Officer Woodruff said he would not even call it a contusion.
Additionally, her blouse had a small tear on the shoulder.
{¶11} Officer Woodruff testified that Ridley’s report of what happened was not
consistent with the injuries he observed on Knueven, the injuries he observed on
Ridley, or the statements from other staff members. He also clarified that Ridley did
not mention hitting Knueven with the door when he first spoke to her. That
information initially came from another staff member.
{¶12} Officer Woodruff also interviewed Ridley at the police station a week
later. The officer confirmed that Ridley’s statements at the police station were not
consistent with her original statement the day of the incident. But when he was asked
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on cross-examination whether in both statements “she was consistent on these facts –
she was pulled into the room; she was on the ground; she was punched * * *,” he replied
affirmatively.
{¶13} After hearing the evidence, the trial court rejected Ridley’s claim of self-
defense and found her guilty of patient abuse. The court sentenced her to one year of
community control with several conditions. One of those conditions was a lifetime
ban preventing her from working in nursing homes. This appeal followed.
Self-Defense
{¶14} In her first assignment of error, Ridley contends that the trial court
erred in applying Ohio’s self-defense law. She argues that the court “misapplied the
burden-shifting scheme” under former R.C. 2901.05(B) when it “failed to attribute”
evidence that she was not the first aggressor after accepting her statements that
Knueven had struck her as credible. This assignment of error is not well taken.
{¶15} The elements of self-defense in a case involving nondeadly force are: (1)
the defendant was not at fault in creating the altercation; (2) the defendant had
reasonable grounds to believe that that she was in imminent danger of bodily harm;
and (3) the only way to protect herself from the danger was using force and she did
not use more force than was reasonably necessary to defend herself against the
imminent danger of bodily harm. State v. Porter, 1st Dist. Hamilton No. C-200459,
2021-Ohio-3232, ¶ 12; State v. Williams, 1st Dist. Hamilton No. C-190380, 2020-
Ohio-5245, ¶ 11. The elements of self-defense are cumulative, and a defendant’s claim
of self-defense fails if any one of the elements is not present. State v. Gatewood, 1st
Dist. Hamilton No. C-190654, 2021-Ohio-3325, ¶ 72; State v. Smith, 1st Dist.
Hamilton No. C-190507, 2020-Ohio-4976, ¶ 48.
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{¶16} In 2018, the Ohio legislature modified R.C. 2901.05 to change the
treatment for the use of force in self-defense and to add a new burden-shifting
provision. Williams at ¶ 6-7; State v. Parrish, 1st Dist. Hamilton No. C-190379, 2020-
Ohio-4807, ¶ 7. We note that the statue was amended again in 2021, but that
amendment did not substantively change the applicable provisions. We apply the
statute in effect at the time of the offense.
{¶17} Under the applicable former version of R.C. 2905.01(B)(1), the
defendant had the initial burden of production to present evidence that “tends to
support” a claim of self-defense. Porter at ¶ 12; Williams at ¶ 7. While the “tends to
support” language was a “new feature” in the 2018 amendment of the statute, that
phrase did not change the defendant’s burden of production. Williams at ¶ 8; Parrish
at ¶ 13-14. The defendant must produce evidence that when viewed in the light most
favorable to the defendant, is sufficient to create a reasonable doubt as to guilt.
Williams at ¶ 9; Parrish at ¶ 14, both citing State v. Melchior, 56 Ohio St.2d 15, 381
N.E.2d 195 (1978), paragraph one of the syllabus. “The question of credibility is not
to be considered.” State v. Sullivan, 11th Dist. Lake Nos. 2019-L-143 and 2019-L-144,
2020-Ohio-1439, ¶ 45, quoting State v. Belanger, 190 Ohio App.3d 377, 2010-Ohio-
5407, 941 N.E.2d 1265, ¶ 6 (3d Dist.).
{¶18} The burden of going forward with evidence is met when evidence, if
true, “would raise a question in the minds of reasonable jurors concerning the
existence of such issue.” State v. Ralls, 1st Dist. Hamilton No. C-210410, 2022-Ohio-
2110, ¶ 7, quoting Melchior at paragraph one of the syllabus. The same standard
applies when the court is the finder of fact. To meet the burden of production, the
defendant must produce evidence that “when viewed in a light most favorable to the
defendant is sufficient to cast a reasonable doubt as to guilt.” Parrish, 1st Dist.
Hamilton No. C-190379, 2020-Ohio-4807, at ¶ 14.
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{¶19} Once the defendant met this burden of production, former R.C.
2901.05(B)(2) shifted the burden of persuasion to the prosecution. As a result, the
prosecution does not assume the burden of persuasion until the defendant first meets
his or her burden of production. Ralls at ¶ 7, quoting Williams at ¶ 7. The prosecution
must produce evidence to disprove one of the elements of self-defense beyond a
reasonable doubt. Porter, 1st Dist. Hamilton No. C-200459, 2021-Ohio-3232, at ¶ 13;
Williams, 1st Dist. Hamilton No. C-190380, 2020-Ohio-5245, at ¶ 7. We review de
novo whether the trial court applied the proper legal standard and whether evidence
of self-defense was sufficient to shift the burden to the prosecution. Williams at ¶ 5.
{¶20} Ridley argues that if the trial court believed that Knueven had hit Ridley,
then it had to find that she was not at fault in creating the situation. We disagree.
None of the witnesses saw the altercation. The trial court discussed Elu’s testimony
that Ridley had told Elu that Knueven had hit her. It then stated, “Even finding that
statement to be credible, there was absolutely no evidence of whether Mr. Knueven hit
Ms. Ridley first, or Mr. Knueven hit her, Ms. Ridley after she admittedly pushed him.”
The court further stated, “The record is silent as to the sequence of events, which is
significant; thus, the Court will not speculate on the sequence of events. The court
must go off of the evidence presented in court.” Finally, it concluded, “Here because
the Defendant, Natalie Ridley [,] who’s [sic] burden it is to prove some evidence of
self-defense, failed in her burden, the Court finds that the self-defense claim fails.”
{¶21} Ridley gave inconsistent accounts to Officer Woodruff. She first told
him that Knueven tried to pull her into the room, and she pushed the door in on him,
knocking him back. Then, she stated that Knueven was yelling, and she was trying to
calm him down. They were in the doorway, and he pulled her into the room and
punched her in the face. Then they were on the ground fighting. The trier of fact was
entitled to consider these inconsistencies in determining whether Ridley had met her
burden of production. Her initial account, together with Elu’s testimony, supports the
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trial court’s determination that she did not meet her burden to show that she was not
at fault in creating the situation.
{¶22} The record does not show that the trial court misapplied the burden-
shifting provisions of former R.C. 2901.05(B). This court has stated, “In a bench trial,
where the record contains no substantiation that the trial court applied the wrong
standard, we may presume the regularity of the proceedings.” Williams, 1st Dist.
Hamilton No. C-190380, 2020-Ohio-5245, at ¶ 10. Consequently, we overrule Ridley’s
first assignment of error.
Manifest Weight
{¶23} In her second assignment of error, Ridley contends that her conviction
was against the manifest weight of the evidence. Ridley concedes that she pushed
Knueven, but she argues that the weight of the evidence demonstrates that she acted
in self-defense. This assignment of error is not well taken.
{¶24} Ridley was convicted of patient abuse under R.C. 2903.34(A)(1). It
provides, “No person who owns, operates, or administers, or who is an agent or
employee of, a care facility shall * * * [c]ommit abuse against a resident or patient of
the facility.” R.C. 2903.33(B) states that abuse means “knowingly causing physical
harm or recklessly causing serious physical harm to a person by physical contact with
the person * * *.”
{¶25} Basically, Ridley argues that her version of events was credible. But
matters as to the credibility of evidence are for the trier of fact to decide. State v.
Bryan, 101 Ohio St.3d 272, 2004-Ohio-971, 804 N.E.2d 433, ¶ 116; State v. Ojile, 1st
Dist. Hamilton Nos. C-110677 and C-110678, 2012-Ohio-6015, ¶ 56. Ridley’s versions
of events were inconsistent, Knueven’s injuries were not consistent with her claim of
self-defense, and some of her statements tended to show that she pushed Knueven in
8 OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
anger rather than fear. A defendant is not entitled to a reversal on manifest-weight
grounds merely because inconsistent evidence was presented at trial. The trier of fact
is free to believe some, all, or none of any witnesses’ testimony. Gatewood, 1st Dist.
Hamilton No. C-190654, 2021-Ohio-3325, at ¶ 69.
{¶26} After reviewing the record, we cannot say that the trier of fact lost its
way and created such a manifest miscarriage of justice that we must reverse Ridley’s
conviction and order a new trial. Therefore, the conviction was not against the
manifest weight of the evidence. See State v. Thompkins, 78 Ohio St.3d 380, 387, 678
N.E.2d 541 (1997); Porter, 1st Dist. Hamilton No. C-200459, 2021-Ohio-3232, at ¶ 24.
Consequently, we overrule Ridley’s second assignment of error.
Conditions of Community Control
{¶27} In her third assignment of error, Ridley contends that the trial court
erred in imposing a lifetime ban on working in nursing homes as part of her sentence.
She argues that a trial court is not authorized to impose an indefinite condition as part
of a community-control sentence. This assignment of error has merit.
{¶28} Ridley did not object to the sentence on that basis, so we review for
plain error. See State v. Little, 1st Dist. Hamilton No. C-180523, 2019-Ohio-4488, ¶
13. The trial court has broad discretion to impose conditions of community control,
although that discretion is not unlimited. State v. Talty, 103 Ohio St.3d 177, 2004-
Ohio-4888, 814 N.E.2d 1201, ¶ 10-11; Little at ¶ 14-15. Under former R.C. 2929.17,
involving nonresidential sanctions, the trial court could appropriately impose a ban
on Ridley from working in a nursing home. See Little at ¶ 16-17; State v. Jacobs, 189
Ohio App.3d 283, 2010-Ohio-4010, 938 N.E.2d 79, ¶ 7-8 (8th Dist.).
{¶29} But former R.C. 2929.15(A) provided that “[t]he duration of all community control sanctions imposed under this section shall not exceed five years.”
9 OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
Consequently, the trial court did not have statutory authority to impose a lifetime ban
preventing Ridley from working in a nursing home. See Jacobs at ¶ 8; State v. Geiger,
169 Ohio App.3d 374, 2006-Ohio-5642, 862 N.E.2d 914, ¶ 12 (3d Dist.).
{¶30} The state concedes the error. Because the lifetime ban was not
statutorily authorized, the error rises to the level of plain error. Therefore, we sustain
Ridley’s third assignment of error, and we remand the cause to the trial court to modify
that condition of community control. We affirm the trial court's judgment in all other
respects.
Judgment affirmed in part, reversed in part, and cause remanded.
MYERS, P.J., concurs. CROUSE, J., dissents.
CROUSE, J., dissenting.
{¶31} Because I believe the trial court erred in failing to shift the burden of
persuasion to the prosecution to disprove Ridley’s self-defense claim, I must
respectfully dissent.
{¶32} The trial court found that Ridley had failed to meet her burden of
production that she was not at fault in creating the altercation. Specifically, the trial
court found that “the record is silent” and “there is absolutely no evidence of” who hit
whom first. I disagree.
{¶33} Officer Woodruff interviewed Ridley on the day of the incident. During
direct examination, he testified, “[S]he gave me a statement that she was attacked by
a patient.” Regarding the sequence of events, Woodruff testified as follows:
A: She said that she – that he attempted to pull her into the room –
that he did pull her into the room, grabbed her by the – she pushed the
door, knocking him backwards. He then grabbed her by the hair,
10 OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
according to her, and then she pushed him again, and that’s when he fell
back and hit his head.
Q. Okay. So she testified to pushing him twice – or excuse me – she
reported to you that she pushed him twice?
A. She pushed the door, and that pushed him the first time.
Q. Okay.
A. And then she pushed him again while – once she alleged he
grabbed her by the hair.
{¶34} During cross-examination, Woodruff testified that he interviewed
Ridley again one week later. He testified:
Q. She said that [Knueven] was yelling?
A. Yes
Q. Is that correct?
A. Hmm-hmm.
Q. And that she was trying to calm him down?
A. Yes.
Q. Okay. And she stated that she was basically in the doorway at
that time?
Q. Okay. And just next thing she knew, she was pulled down and
pulled into the room.
***
Q. So she told you that she was on the ground at that time?
Q. And that she was saying, “Stop, stop, stop.”
A. I don’t recall.
11 OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
Q. And she said that she was punched and pulled, she was being
yanked on?
Q. Okay. And she said that she was yelling for help?
A. I don’t recall that either.
Q. So I’m looking at your 527, your investigation report –
Q. -- that you generated on June 21st, which was the day of this
alleged incident here. And she told you that Donald Knueven physically
pulled her into the room?
Q. And then on the day – seven days later when she came in, she
said that she – he pulled me down – pulled me down, like I said into the
room?
Q. Okay. But the statement I just said was not inconsistent?
A. The statement of her being – of her hand being –
Q. Pulled, pulled into the room?
A. That’s correct.
Q. Okay. She also said that he was yelling at her –
Q. But overall, between June 21st and June 28th, on two separate
days, 7 days apart, she was consistent on these facts – she was pulled
into the room; she was on the ground; she was punched; okay?
12 OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
Q. And then she fought – fought her way out?
{¶35} Although the majority contends that Ridley’s statements to Woodruff
were inconsistent, Ridley’s counsel established through cross-examination that Ridley
was consistent that Knueven started the affray by pulling her into his room.
{¶36} Woodruff also testified that he observed a scratch on Ridley’s arm, a
minor wound on her upper lip, and noticed that her blouse had a small tear on the
shoulder. In addition, Jonisha Bradley, another STNA who was working at the time
of the incident, testified that she heard Ridley yell, “Don’t put your fucking hands on
me.”
{¶37} According to R.C. 2901.05(B)(1), if, at the trial, “there is evidence
presented that tends to support that the [defendant] used the force in self-defense,”
then the burden shifts to the prosecution to disprove beyond a reasonable doubt that
the defendant acted in self-defense.
{¶38} In order to meet her burden of production, Ridley had to “adduce
evidence from whatever source, that when viewed in the light most favorable to [her],
is sufficient to cast a reasonable doubt as to guilt.” (Emphasis added.) State v.
Parrish, 1st Dist. Hamilton No. C-190379, 2020-Ohio-4807, ¶ 14, citing State v.
Melchior, 56 Ohio St.2d 15, 381 N.E.2d 195 (1978), paragraph one of the syllabus.
{¶39} The majority states that because Ridley gave inconsistent statements,
the trial court “was entitled to consider these inconsistencies in determining whether
Ridley had met her burden of production.” However, Officer Woodruff agreed on
cross-examination that Ridley was consistent on the fact that Knueven pulled her into
13 OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
the room. Perhaps there were some slight inconsistencies about what happened after
that, but the issue is, who started the affray? Ridley was consistent in that regard.1
{¶40} Credibility is not an issue in determining whether a defendant has met
her burden of production. See State v. Sullivan, 11th Dist. Lake Nos. 2019-L-143 and
2019-L-144, 2020-Ohio-1439, ¶ 45, citing State v. Belanger, 190 Ohio App.3d 377,
2010-Ohio-5407, 941 N.E.2d 1265, ¶ 6 (3d Dist.). Thus, while inconsistencies in
Ridley’s statements about what happened after she was pulled into Knueven’s room
are relevant in determining whether the prosecution met its burden of persuasion,
they are not relevant in determining whether Ridley met her burden of production.
See, e.g., Parrish at ¶ 15-16 (holding that the burden shifted to the prosecution despite
the fact that Parrish did not testify and there was conflicting testimony from Parrish’s
husband and a neighbor as to whether Parrish was the first aggressor); State v.
Davidson-Dixon, 2021-Ohio-1485, 170 N.E.3d 557, ¶ 20 (8th Dist.), citing State v.
Stephens, 2016-Ohio-384, 59 N.E.3d 612, ¶ 19 (8th Dist.) (“If there is conflicting
evidence on the issue of self-defense, the instruction must be given to the jury.”).
{¶41} A defendant can meet her burden of production by producing evidence
from whatever source. I believe that Ridley did that in this case through her cross-
examination of Woodruff.
{¶42} Thus, I would find that Ridley “went forward with evidence ‘of a nature
and quality sufficient to raise the defense’ of self-defense.” See Parrish, 1st Dist.
Hamilton No. C-190379, 2020-Ohio-4807, at ¶ 16, quoting Melchior, 56 Ohio St.2d
15, 381 N.E.2d 195, at paragraph two of the syllabus. This evidence established what
1 It also cannot reasonably be argued that Ridley’s unprofessional remarks to Knueven, when she “told him to close his own motherfucking door,” created the situation and justified Knueven grabbing her and pulling her into his room. It is well-established that “words alone ‘will not constitute sufficient provocation to incite the use of force in most situations.’ ” State v. Murray, 7th Dist. Mahoning No. 18 MA 0031, 2019-Ohio-5459, ¶ 32, quoting State v. Teal, 2017-Ohio-7202, 95 N.E.3d 1095, ¶ 53 (6th Dist.).
14 OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
the trial court and the majority contend was lacking—the sequence of events, i.e., that
Ridley was not at fault in creating the situation.
{¶43} Woodruff’s testimony also showed that Ridley reasonably believed that
she needed to use some force to defend herself against Knueven after he yelled and
pulled her into his room. Lastly, the force used by Ridley was not likely to cause death
or great bodily harm.
{¶44} Therefore, because there was sufficient evidence presented that tended
to support that Ridley used force in self-defense, the burden should have shifted to the
prosecution to disprove self-defense beyond a reasonable doubt. Whether she would
have prevailed in her self-defense claim after the burden shifted to the prosecution is
not for this court to decide.
{¶45} I am concerned that the majority’s holding will make it virtually
impossible for a defendant claiming self-defense to meet her burden of production if
the defendant’s testimony and/or statements are in any way inconsistent. The
majority opinion does not view the evidence in the light most favorable to the
defendant, as the law requires.
{¶46} Because I believe the trial court should have shifted the burden of
persuasion to the prosecution to disprove self-defense beyond a reasonable doubt, I
would sustain Ridley’s first assignment of error and remand the cause to the trial court
for further proceedings. See Parrish, 1st Dist. Hamilton No. C-190379, 2020-Ohio-
4807, at ¶ 22 (because the case was tried to the bench, the court remanded the case for
the trial court to decide, based on the evidence presented at the first trial, whether the
state proved beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant did not use the admitted
force in self-defense, or to retry the case, if the trial court deemed it necessary).
{¶47} Accordingly, I respectfully dissent.
Please note:
15 OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
The court has recorded its own entry on the date of the release of this opinion.