ALEXANDER, J.
[¶ 1] This appeal asks us to consider M.R. Evid. 606(b) and our prior precedents holding that, to protect the integrity of the jury deliberation and verdict announcement process, a trial court, once it has taken a verdict and discharged a jury, may not reconvene the jury, permit the jury to impeach its original verdict, accept a different verdict, and enter judgment in accordance with that different verdict.
[¶ 2] Ryan A. Hurd appeals from a judgment of conviction of aggravated operating under the influence (OUI) (Class C), 29-A M.R.S. § 2411(1-A)(D)(1) (2007 & 2009),1 entered in the Superior Court (Franklin County, Murphy, J.) following a jury trial. Hurd argues that the court [653]*653erred in: (1) instructing the jury as to accomplice liability on the charge of aggravated OUI; and (2) allowing the jury, after rendering a verdict of not guilty on the charge of aggravated OUI and being discharged, to reconvene and, after further inquiry by the trial court, change its verdict to guilty. Hurd also challenges the jury’s not being instructed on a defense to liability as an accomplice and the sufficiency of the evidence to support the verdict.
[¶ 3] Because, after accepting a not guilty verdict and discharging the jury, the court could not question the jury further about its verdict, reconvene the jury, conduct a further inquiry of the jury, and accept a guilty verdict in place of the not guilty verdict, we vacate the judgment.
I. CASE HISTORY
A. Facts
[¶ 4] Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the State, the jury rationally could have found the following facts beyond a reasonable doubt. See State v. Bruzzese, 2009 ME 61, ¶ 2, 974 A.2d 311, 311-12.
[¶5] Ryan Hurd, Chad Bernier, and their foreman, Terry “TJ” Richardson, were working together on a construction project in Franklin County. After work on October 16, 2007, the three men, who were staying in Kingfield, had a cookout behind their motel and began drinking beer and hard liquor. When they ran out of liquor, Hurd drove them in his car, a two-door Pontiac Grand Prix, to Farming-ton. There they bought some beer and then went to a bar.
[¶ 6] At the bar, all three men appeared intoxicated, though to some observers in the bar, Hurd appeared the most intoxicated.2 As the men were getting ready to leave the bar, a patron overheard them decide that Hurd would drive. However, no one saw who was actually driving when the car left the parking lot, and one or more bar patrons had told Richardson that he should drive because Hurd was not “good enough to drive.”
[¶ 7] As the driver was attempting to return to Kingfield, speeding in excess of ninety miles per hour, he lost control of the car in New Vineyard. The car left the road; hit a utility pole on the driver’s side near the steering column, breaking the pole off; hit a tree stump; and came to rest on its roof.
[¶ 8] Rescuers arriving at the scene found Richardson deceased on the driver’s side of the car. Bernier, badly injured, was in the back seat. Hurd was apparently ejected from the vehicle and walked to a nearby house from where the owner called 911, triggering the emergency response.
[¶ 9] In the hours and days following the accident, Hurd, and later Bernier, gave several conflicting statements as to who was driving the vehicle at the time of the accident. Hurd said, variously, that (1) Bernier had been driving while Hurd sat in the backseat; (2) Richardson had been driving while Hurd was in the front passenger seat; (3) Hurd had been driving even though he did not really want to drive; (4) Hurd was pretty sure that he had pulled over and then someone else “took over”; (5) Hurd had been driving “at some point”; (6) last Hurd knew, Richardson was driving; and (7) Hurd did not know or did not remember who was driving at the time of the crash.
[¶ 10] According to Bernier’s statements to police and subsequent trial testimony, Richardson drove Hurd’s car when [654]*654they left the bar to return to Kingfield, but they stopped to change direction, at which point Hurd insisted on driving. Bernier believed that Richardson and Hurd traded seats, and then Hurd drove the car.
B. Procedural History
[¶ 11] Hurd was indicted for one count of manslaughter (Class A), 17-A M.R.S. § 203(1)(A) (2009); one count of aggravated OUI (Class C), 29-A M.R.S. § 2411(1-A)(D)(1); and one count of OUI (Class D), 29-A M.R.S. § 2411(1-A)(A), (5)(A)(3)(a)(i) (2007).3 He entered a plea of not guilty. A six-day jury trial was held beginning May 12, 2009. The State dismissed the third count of the indictment, OUI (Class D), on the first day of trial.
[¶ 12] There was no dispute at trial that the car belonged to Hurd. However, there was considerable dispute in the testimony of both fact witnesses and accident reconstruction experts as to whether Hurd or Richardson was driving the car at the time of the accident. The evidence in the record would support a finding that either Richardson or Hurd was driving.
[¶ 13] The day before the case went to the jury, the parties discussed jury instructions with the court. The court granted, over Hurd’s objection,4 the State’s request that the jury be instructed that voluntary intoxication is not a defense to manslaughter or to aggravated OUI.5 The court also granted the State’s request for an instruction on accomplice liability as to the aggravated OUI charge. The accomplice instruction request was based on the theory that, according to certain of Hurd’s statements to police and medical personnel, Hurd had been driving his car when the men left the bar, and then switched seats with Richardson, aiding Richardson in the commission of the crime of aggravated OUI. Hurd objected to the accomplice instruction.
[¶ 14] Both parties and the court were active in the fashioning and approval of the instructions submitted to the jury. As to Count II, the court instructed the jury as to the elements of the OUI charge. The court then advised the jury that a person may commit aggravated OUI as a principal or as an accomplice and instructed the jury that if it concluded that the State had failed to prove all elements of aggravated OUI, the jury must then consider if the State has proved Hurd’s guilt for aggravated OUI as an accomplice.
[¶ 15] The key elements of the court’s instruction were as follows:
Count II is the charge of aggravated OUI. In Maine, a person commits aggravated operating under the influence if that person operates a motor vehicle, is under the influence of intoxicants, or has a blood alcohol level of .08 percent or more at the time of the operation, and, in fact, causes serious bodily injury or death to another person.
Now, a person may also commit aggravated OUI in Maine as an accomplice. Please note that accomplice liability is not available to the State in this case as to the charge on Count I, Manslaughter. But a person in Maine may also commit aggravated OUI as an ac[655]*655complice; therefore, if you find that the State has failed to prove ... beyond a reasonable doubt all three of the elements of aggravated OUI, as I’ve just described, you must then consider if the State has proven beyond a reasonable doubt the defendant’s guilt as an accomplice to aggravated OUI.
[¶ 16] The court then proceeded to describe the elements of the crime of aggravated OUI as an accomplice.
[¶ 17] Neither, party requested that the court advise the jury that if the jury was unanimous that the State had proved the elements of aggravated OUI beyond a reasonable doubt on either principal or accomplice liability theories, it could return a verdict of guilty, even if the jurors were not in agreement as to whether guilt was based on principal or accomplice liability. Instead, the jurors appeared to have been advised to decide the liability as a principal question first and, if they were not in agreement that liability as a principal was proved beyond a reasonable doubt, to then proceed to consider the accomplice liability issue. No objection was raised to the verdict return procedure to be utilized in which the verdict would be returned by the clerk asking the jury if its verdict was guilty or not guilty on each count. A verdict form was not used, and no one indicated that the jury should be asked a separate question regarding accomplice liability.
[¶ 18] After the jury announced it had reached a verdict, the jury returned to the courtroom where the verdict was taken by responses to questions posed orally by the clerk.
[¶ 19] As to Count I, manslaughter, the foreperson reported a verdict of “not guilty.” The clerk then asked the jury for its verdict with respect to Count II of the indictment, the count of aggravated OUI. The foreperson replied, “not guilty.” There was then some disturbance in the courtroom and apparently certain spectators began sobbing.6 In response to a question by the clerk, the jury acknowledged that these were its verdicts. The court then thanked the jurors for their service, expressed regret that at points the trial had been interrupted, and discharged them from any further obligation to serve as jurors for five years. The court later reported on the record that the jurors had appeared confused when they were discharged, but that the court believed at the time that the jurors were reacting, perhaps in fear, to the emotional response in the courtroom.7
[¶ 20] The jurors left the courtroom and returned to the jury room. Within a minute or two, a judicial marshal reported to the court that the jury needed to speak to the court. The court then entered the jury room and spoke very briefly to the [656]*656jury. Shortly thereafter, the jury stated in writing that it “understood there to be 3 charges and wish to speak to that as well.” Over Hurd’s objection, the court wrote a note back to the jury, asking, “What were the 3 charges you voted on?” The jury replied, “1. Manslaughter 2. Aggravated OUI 3. Accomplice liability.” The court understood that to mean that the jury had voted on accomplice liability as though it were a separate count.
[¶ 21] At the State’s suggestion, and over Hurd’s objection, the court submitted a special verdict form to the jury, asking it to “return to the jury room for further deliberations” to answer specifically whether the jury found Hurd guilty or not guilty of “aggravated operating under the influence” and whether it found Hurd guilty or not guilty of “aggravated operating under the influence — accomplice liability.” The court told the jury that it would “wait for [its] further deliberations and [its] verdict in written form on Count II.”
[¶ 22] The jury retired for just under nine minutes. The jury stated on the verdict form, which was read in open court, that it found Hurd not guilty of aggravated operating under the influence, but that it found Hurd guilty of “aggravated operating under the influence — accomplice liability.” The jury was again discharged. The court entered a judgment of conviction on the count of aggravated OUI.
[¶23] On July 10, 2009, Hurd moved for entry of the jury’s original verdict of not guilty on the count of aggravated OUI. Hurd argued that the jury impermissibly impeached its own verdict of not guilty on the count of aggravated OUI, that it was discharged and never reimpaneled before rendering its “second” verdict of guilty, and that any further proceedings after the jury rendered its original verdict of not guilty violated Hurd’s constitutional rights under the Double Jeopardy Clauses of the United States and Maine Constitutions.
[¶ 24] After the court denied Hurd’s motion to reinstate the not guilty verdict and imposed sentence, Hurd brought this appeal.
C. Arguments on Appeal
[¶ 25] In support of his appeal, Hurd argues that: (1) the law strongly disfavors inquiry into the deliberations of juries; (2) public policy should not permit jurors to impeach their verdicts; (3) we have held that these policy considerations apply to prohibit discharged juries from correcting a mistake in the recording of their verdict, citing Taylor v. Lapomarda, 1997 ME 216, 702 A.2d 685, and Cyr v. Michaud, 454 A.2d 1376, 1383 (Me.1983); and (4) it is “rank speculation” to assume that the jury did not improperly “revisit its deliberations” after being discharged. Hurd further argues that the jury was never reimpaneled before delivering its “second” verdict and that any further proceedings after the jury delivered its not guilty verdict and was discharged violated his rights under the Double Jeopardy Clauses of the United States and Maine Constitutions.
[¶ 26] In support of the guilty verdict the State argues that: (1) M.R. Evid. 606(b) does not preclude the jury from reporting its unanimous vote, taken, the State asserted, before the jury was discharged, on the theory of accomplice liability; (2) the jury did not misunderstand the jury instructions and properly considered and voted upon both theories of liability for aggravated OUI prior to being discharged; (3) the civil cases cited by Hurd in his memorandum are distinguishable from this criminal matter; and (4) case law from other jurisdictions, which address and dispose of the Double Jeopardy and other constitutional concerns, support the State’s position.
[657]*657II. LEGAL ANALYSIS
[¶ 27] For purposes of analysis in this opinion, we will assume, without extended discussion, that the court’s instruction to the jury on principal and accomplice liability could have led the jurors to infer that after announcing the result of their deliberations regarding liability for aggravated OUI as a principal, they would be questioned separately regarding liability for aggravated OUI as an accomplice. While Hurd objected to instructing on accomplice liability, Hurd, the State, and the court all participated in developing, and agreed on, the instruction addressing the approach the jury was to take in considering the aggravated OUI count, and there was no objection that the verdict should be returned by posing two questions to the jury, one for each count, to report its verdict.
[¶ 28] The instruction, implying that the jurors should separately and in order decide first principal liability and then decide accomplice liability only if the jury determined that the State had failed to prove principal liability, was more favorable to Hurd than the law requires.
[¶29] A person may be guilty of a crime if he personally does the acts that constitute the crime or if he is an accomplice of another person who actually commits the crime. State v. Stratton, 591 A.2d 246, 247-48 (Me.1991). While the jury must be unanimous that the crime was committed, the jury need not be unanimous as to whether the defendant committed the crime as a principal or as an accomplice. See State v. Nguyen, 2010 ME 14, ¶¶ 11-16, 989 A.2d 712, 714-15. Thus, the jurors could have been advised that they could return a verdict of guilty on Count II if they all agreed that the crime had been proved, even if some found Hurd guilty as a principal and others found Hurd guilty as an accomplice.8
[¶ 30] With this background, we begin our analysis assuming that the court’s instruction, though not so intended by the court, and not recognized by the parties, could have been interpreted by the jurors to suggest that they could be asked a third question on accomplice liability. We also assume that the court found, at least inferentially, that the jury, after discharge, was [658]*658not subject to any outside pressures, communications, or influences.
[¶ 31] The law governing juror communications with the court, after discharge, is articulated in M.R. Evid. 606(b) which states:
Inquiry into validity of verdict or indictment. Upon an inquiry into the validity of a verdict or indictment, a juror may not testify as to any matter or statement occurring during the course of the jury’s deliberations or to the effect of anything upon that juror’s or any other juror’s mind or emotions as influencing the juror to assent to or dissent from the verdict or indictment or concerning any juror’s mental processes in connection therewith, except that a juror may testify on the question whether extraneous prejudicial information was improperly brought to the jury’s attention or whether any outside influence was improperly brought to bear upon any juror. Nor may a juror’s affidavit or evidence of any statement by the juror concerning a matter about which the juror would be precluded from testifying be received.
[¶ 32] We recently addressed the importance of this rule, and the limitations it imposes on post-discharge inquiry into jury verdicts in Ma v. Bryan, 2010 ME 55, ¶ 9, 997 A.2d 755, 759-60.
We are ... generally barred from inquiring into the jury’s deliberations.... The reasons for this rule are compelling:
(1) the need for stability of verdicts; (2) the need to conclude litigation and desire to prevent any prolongation thereof; (3) the need to protect jurors in their communications to fellow jurors made in the confidence of secrecy of the jury room; (4) the need to save jurors harmless from tampering and harassment by disappointed litigants; (5) the need to foreclose jurors from abetting the setting aside of verdicts to which they may have agreed reluctantly in the first place or about which they may in the light of subsequent developments have doubts or a change of attitude.
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Hence our adoption of M.R. Evid. 606(b), which prohibits a juror from testifying as to any statements made during deliberations or “to the effect of anything upon that juror’s or any other juror’s mind or emotions as influencing the juror to assent to or dissent from the verdict or indictment or concerning any juror’s mental processes in connection therewith.” With these considerations in mind, we are permitted to inquire into the validity of a verdict only in very limited circumstances, for “serious allegations of juror bias in the context of juror dishonesty or inaccuracy in answering a voir dire questionnaire,” for example.
Id (citing State v. Watts, 2006 ME 109, ¶¶ 15-17, 907 A.2d 147, 150-51).
[¶ 33] While Rule 606(b) states that a juror “may not testify,” court opinions over the last century have interpreted this limitation to extend to any post-discharge communication by or with a juror or the jury that would undermine the validity or accuracy of the jury’s reported verdict. See Taylor v. Lapomarda, 1997 ME 216, ¶¶ 5-10, 702 A.2d 685, 687-89 (holding that the court properly applied Rule 606(b) in declining to disturb the verdict following juror-initiated communications indicating confusion and inaccuracy in reporting verdict); Marr v. Shores, 495 A.2d 1202, 1204-06 (Me.1985) (holding that the court properly did not consider, pursuant to Rule 606(b), post-discharge affidavit by jury foreman and separate affidavit by trial counsel regarding communication with another juror alleging references to [659]*659insurance during deliberations); see also Tanner v. United States, 488 U.S. 107, 116-27, 107 S.Ct. 2739, 97 L.Ed.2d 90 (1987) (discussing, pursuant to Fed.R.Evid. 606(b), juror-initiated telephone call and subsequent affidavit alleging intoxication of jurors during trial); McDonald v. Pless, 238 U.S. 264, 265-69, 35 S.Ct. 783, 59 L.Ed. 1300 (1915) (discussing juror communication to counsel alleging improper method of calculation of verdict). Thus, the ban on juror testimony regarding the internal deliberation process of the jury or jury confusion or mistake in reporting the verdict is a ban on court consideration of any post-discharge juror communications about such subjects.
[¶ 34] Ninety-five years ago, the United States Supreme Court acknowledged that this strict ban on the use of post-discharge statements by jurors to undermine verdicts could lead to apparently unjust results in particular cases, but that the ban on the use of such juror statements was vital to preserve the integrity of the jury system.
But let it once be established that verdicts solemnly made and publicly returned into court can be attacked and set aside on the testimony of those who took part in their publication and all verdicts could be, and many would be, followed by an inquiry in the hope of discovering something which might invalidate the finding. Jurors would be harassed and beset by the defeated party in an effort to secure from them evidence of facts which might establish misconduct sufficient to set aside a verdict. If evidence thus secured could be thus used, the result would be to make what was intended to be a private deliberation, the constant subject of public investigation — to the destruction of all frankness and freedom of discussion and conference.
McDonald, 238 U.S. at 267-68, 35 S.Ct. 783.
[¶ 35] In McDonald, the court recognized that the rule may exclude the only evidence of juror misconduct, but “a change in the rule would open the door to the most pernicious arts and tampering with jurors-It would lead to the grossest fraud and abuse and no verdict would be safe.” Id. at 268, 35 S.Ct. 783.
[¶ 36] The continuing validity of the rule stated in McDonald, after adoption of Rule 606(b) in the Federal Rules of Evidence, was reaffirmed in Tanner, 483 U.S. at 119-21, 107 S.Ct. 2739. Besides Taylor, we have articulated similar policy concerns to exclude juror communications offered to impeach verdicts in Cyr v. Michaud, 454 A.2d 1376, 1383 (Me.1983) (considering allegation of juror confusion as to verdict form post-adoption of M.R. Evid. 606(b)) and Patterson v. Rossignol, 245 A.2d 852, 857 (Me.1968) (discussing policy considerations pre-adoption of M.R. Evid. 606(b)).
[¶ 37] But for the fact that it was a civil case without a double jeopardy concern, the facts in Taylor are very similar to those presented here. In Taylor, the jury’s responses on its original verdict form indicated a misunderstanding as to the law of comparative negligence. 1997 ME 216, ¶ 3, 702 A.2d at 686. The jury was not discharged, and the court rein-structed the jury and recessed it to deliberate, after which the jury returned a verdict form that was inconsistent with its first verdict. Id. ¶4, 702 A.2d at 686. After the second verdict was read, the parties said they had nothing further for the jury, the jury was discharged, and the jury left the courtroom. Id. Within minutes, a court officer informed the court that the jurors wanted to speak to it because they had intended to award Taylor more than they had and that they had “messed up really bad.” Id. The jury [660]*660indicated in writing that it had misunderstood the verdict form. Id.
[¶ 38] Based on the jury’s note to the court, the court denied Taylor’s motion for a mistrial and for entry of judgment. Id. ¶ 4, 702 A.2d at 687. On appeal, we held that upon determining that the jury’s verdict was not the result of outside influence or external juror misconduct, the court correctly concluded that there were no grounds for granting Taylor’s motions. Id. ¶¶ 7, 10, 702 A.2d at 687-89 (noting that Taylor alleged only that the jury’s verdict was the product of the jury’s failure to understand how to calculate comparative negligence on the verdict form). In reaching this decision, we acknowledged that courts of other jurisdictions have taken a “wide variety of approaches to deciding whether to permit jury reassembly after discharge,” concluding that this evidences “the impossibility of drawing a line which properly fits all of the points upon which parties may urge revisiting jury verdicts.” Id. ¶ 8 n. 4, 702 A.2d at 688.
[¶ 39] Taylor had urged us to make a fact-specific inquiry and conclude that the jury, despite having been discharged, was “still together in the courthouse functioning as a jury” when it sent the note to the court. Id. ¶ 7, 702 A.2d at 688. We declined to do so, stating, in language reaffirmed in our recent statement in Ma>9 that such an inquiry would be contrary to our prior precedent and public policy considerations that “militate against permitting jurors to impeach their verdicts”:
(1) the need for stability of verdicts; (2) the need to conclude litigation and desire to prevent any prolongation thereof; (3) the need to protect jurors in their communications to fellow jurors made in the confidence of secrecy of the jury room; (4) the need to save jurors harmless from tampering and harassment by disappointed litigants; (5) the need to foreclose jurors from abetting the setting aside of verdicts to which they may have agreed reluctantly in the first place or about which they may in the light of subsequent developments have doubts or a change of attitude.
Taylor, 1997 ME 216, ¶ 8, 702 A.2d at 688 (quoting Patterson, 245 A.2d at 857).
[¶ 40] Similarly, in Cyr, we held that these policy considerations “apply to prohibit correcting a mistake in the recording of a verdict by using evidence, obtained after juror discharge, to establish that the jury misunderstood the verdict form provided to them.”10 454 A.2d at 1383; see also Field & Murray, Maine Evidence § 606.2 at 278 (6th ed.2007) (“Maine has joined those jurisdictions that prohibit subsequent juror testimony or affidavits in order to correct a mistake even in the recording of a verdict.”).
[¶ 41] Although our prior opinions addressed civil cases, the holdings of those opinions are equally applicable to criminal cases, given that Rule 606(b) applies to both. Tanner, 483 U.S. at 121-22, 107 S.Ct. 2739 (explicitly recognizing that Rule 606(b) applies to criminal cases).11 Other [661]*661federal precedent with a similar result includes United States v. Briggs, 291 F.3d 958, 963-64 (7th Cir.2002); United States v. Gonzales, 227 F.3d 520, 524-25 (6th Cir.2000); United States v. Ford, 840 F.2d 460, 465 (7th Cir.1988); and Gov’t of the Virgin Islands v. Nicholas, 759 F.2d 1073, 1079-81 (3d Cir.1985).12
[¶ 42] Applying the holdings of these cases, we conclude that the trial court erred when, after discharge of the jury, it inquired into the jury’s deliberative process beyond establishing, to the extent permitted by M.R. Evid. 606(b), that the jury’s original verdict of not guilty on the count of aggravated OUI was not the product of outside influence or external juror misconduct. In this case, the jury rendered a verdict in open court that responded to both counts of the indictment, counsel did not request a poll or any further inquiry, the jurors then acknowledged the verdict as their verdict and were discharged without any overt indication that there was a problem in the rendering of the verdict. The jurors’ subsequent communications with the court establish that their concern over the verdict resulted from the jurors’ misunderstanding of the jury instructions and the alternative theories presented for liability on the one count of aggravated OUI, not from outside influences or external juror misconduct.
[¶ 43] Pursuant to Tanner and Taylor, the inquiry ends there. The dissent recognizes that Taylor governs this appeal and suggests that we overrule Taylor to allow the trial court to find facts to permit a jury to impeach its own verdict. The facts distinguishing this case from Taylor point to the importance of continuing the bright-line rule stated in Rule 606(b). Here, unlike Taylor, the jury’s announcement of its verdict led immediately to an emotional response in the courtroom. Here, unlike Taylor, the trial court perceived that the confusion reflected in the jurors’ faces after the verdict may have been based on fear generated by the outburst in the courtroom. The Rule 606(b) ban on post-discharge juror impeachment of their own [662]*662verdict properly prevents reopening accepted verdicts, after discharge of the jury, in such circumstances.
[¶ 44] After a jury is discharged, no court can then inquire into the extent to which the jurors may have been confused in rendering the verdict, or did or did not remain together and continue to act as a “single body” after being discharged, or whether or not they actually deliberated after being discharged and before contacting the court with concerns about the verdict.13 The jury reported a verdict on each count, in the manner that the court, the State, and the defense had anticipated; it was discharged and left the courtroom without comment.
[¶ 45] In sum, the trial court exceeded the parameters established in Rule 606(b), and in Ma, Taylor, Cyr, Mart, Patterson, Tanner, and McDonald when, once it was established that the jury’s verdict was not the result of outside influence or external juror misconduct, it made further inquiry into the process by which the jury reached its verdict and allowed the jury to reassemble to report a different verdict after having been discharged.
The entry is:
Judgment of conviction vacated. Remanded for entry of the original verdict of not guilty on Count II.