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1 IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF NEW MEXICO
2 STATE OF NEW MEXICO,
3 Plaintiff-Appellee,
4 v. NO. 33,551
5 VICTOR H. BALDONADO, JR.,
6 Defendant-Appellant.
7 APPEAL FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF DOÑA ANA COUNTY 8 Douglas R. Driggers, District Judge
9 Hector H. Balderas, Attorney General 10 Santa Fe, NM 11 Walter Hart, Assistant Attorney General 12 Albuquerque, NM
13 for Appellee
14 JustAppeals.Net 15 The Appellate Law Office of Scott M. Davidson 16 Scott M. Davidson 17 Albuquerque, NM
18 for Appellant
19 MEMORANDUM OPINION
20 VIGIL, Judge. 1 {1} A jury found Defendant guilty of seven counts of criminal sexual penetration
2 (CSP) in the first degree, four counts of criminal sexual contact of a minor (CSCM)
3 in the second degree, twenty-six counts of CSCM in the third degree, and one count
4 of attempt to commit CSP in the first degree. See NMSA 1978, § 30-9-11(D)(1)
5 (2003, amended 2009); NMSA 1978, § 30-9-13(B)(1), (C)(1) (2003); NMSA 1978,
6 § 30-28-1 (1963). Defendant appeals, contending that: (1) his right to a speedy trial
7 was violated; (2) he received ineffective assistance of counsel; (3) the district court
8 erroneously excluded evidence of purported sexual abuse upon a witness; and (4) the
9 district court improperly sentenced him to four counts of CSCM in the second degree,
10 rather than in the third degree. We reject all of Defendant’s arguments except the last.
11 We therefore remand to modify the judgment and for resentencing.
12 I. BACKGROUND
13 {2} Defendant lived with his girlfriend, Rachael Medina (then Nevarez), and her
14 two daughters, E.N. and D.N. While Defendant lived with E.N. and D.N., he
15 committed numerous acts of sexual abuse against the two children. After Defendant
16 and Medina had been separated for several months, Medina became aware of the
17 molestation in a meeting with the girls’ school counselor. Defendant was arrested on
18 February 19, 2007, and indicted on March 1, 2007. Defendant’s attorney filed his
19 entry of appearance, a request for discovery, and a demand for a speedy trial on March
20 21, 2007.
2 1 {3} Nine motions to continue were filed: one was opposed by the State; six were
2 stipulated motions to continue; one was not opposed by the State; and the State
3 concurred in another. The State also filed four motions to reschedule trial settings that
4 were either stipulated to or unopposed by Defendant. In addition, the district court
5 vacated, for reasons not appearing in the record, many trial settings, and also declared
6 a mistrial grounded on manifest necessity, causing further delay, but the record does
7 not disclose why. The jury trial resulting in Defendant’s convictions commenced on
8 July 22, 2013.
9 II. DISCUSSION
10 {4} Defendant requests that we remand the case for a hearing on the issue of a
11 speedy trial violation, or in the alternative, on the issue of ineffective assistance of
12 counsel without a determination of a prima facie showing. Defendant does not provide
13 any authority that it is within our discretion to remand on either one or both of these
14 particular issues. We therefore decline Defendant’s requests and turn to the issues
15 raised on appeal.
16 A. Right to Speedy Trial
17 {5} Defendant claims for the first time on appeal that his right to a speedy trial was
18 violated. We therefore review Defendant’s contention only to determine whether
19 fundamental error was committed. See State v. Arrendondo, 2012-NMSC-013, ¶¶ 45,
20 49, 278 P.3d 517 (reviewing for fundamental error a claim raised for first time on
3 1 appeal that the constitutional right to a speedy trial was violated); see also Rule 12-
2 216(B)(2) NMRA (2015, current version at Rule 12-321 NMRA) (stating that an
3 appellate court may consider, in its discretion, questions concerning fundamental
4 error). As such, our review is limited to determining whether there was such “a
5 striking violation of the constitutional right to a speedy trial that it would be
6 appropriate to consider that issue for the first time on appeal.” State v. Rojo, 1999-
7 NMSC-001, ¶ 53, 126 N.M. 438, 971 P.2d 829 (internal quotation marks and citation
8 omitted). In examining a speedy trial claim, we apply the four-factor balancing test set
9 forth in Barker v. Wingo, 407 U.S. 514 (1972). State v. Garza, 2009-NMSC-038, ¶ 13,
10 146 N.M. 499, 212 P.3d 387. Those factors are: “(1) the length of delay, (2) the
11 reasons for the delay, (3) the defendant’s assertion of his right, and (4) the actual
12 prejudice to the defendant.” Id. (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).
13 {6} We first examine the length of the delay. Defendant was arrested on February
14 19, 2007 and brought to trial on July 22, 2013—a time span of almost six and one-
15 half years. This delay exceeds the threshold of presumptively prejudicial delay and
16 thus requires further inquiry into the Barker factors. See Garza, 2009-NMSC-038, ¶
17 21 (requiring the length of delay to exceed a presumptively prejudicial threshold
18 period of delay before inquiring into the remaining Barker factors); see also State v.
19 Spearman, 2012-NMSC-023, ¶ 21, 283 P.3d 272 (“A delay of trial of one year is
4 1 presumptively prejudicial in simple cases, fifteen months in intermediate cases, and
2 eighteen months in complex cases.”).
3 {7} Under the second factor, the reason for the delay was caused by Defendant’s
4 motions for continuances, the State’s stipulated or unopposed motions to continue,
5 and the district court’s own rescheduling. Defendant filed six motions to continue the
6 trial setting—only one was opposed—and joined the State in three motions to reset
7 the trial date, resulting in approximately a thirty-month delay. Defendant waived his
8 speedy trial right for the resulting time delays in four of these motions, alerted the
9 district court that the State was blameless in one of the motions, said counsel had other
10 trial conflicts in two other motions, and stated that counsel needed additional time to
11 prepare for trial in the rest of the motions.
12 {8} In State v. Taylor, 2015-NMCA-012, ¶ 18, 343 P.3d 199, we said, “The right
13 to a speedy trial is fundamental and is not waived even if never asserted.” Relying on
14 this language, Defendant suggests that the right to a speedy trial can never be waived
15 without a hearing, even when counsel waives the right in pleadings filed with the
16 court. However, our case law supports a contrary conclusion. See State v. Serros,
17 2016-NMSC-008, ¶ 46, 366 P.3d 1121 (stating that in analyzing a speedy trial claim,
18 the general principle is that “the actions of defense counsel ordinarily are attributable
19 to the defendant”); Arrendondo, 2012-NMSC-013, ¶ 47 (stating that the defendant
20 was bound by defense counsel’s stipulation that the delay in bringing the case to trial
5 1 was not the state’s fault). In addition, Defendant does not cite to any authority holding
2 that a hearing is required in order to establish a knowing, intelligent, and voluntary
3 waiver of the constitutional right to a speedy trial.
4 {9} In regards to the State’s four motions to continue the trial date that resulted in
5 a delay of eighteen months, Defendant either stipulated or did not oppose the motions.
6 The delays that resulted from the foregoing pleadings filed by the respective parties
7 do not support a speedy trial violation. See State v. Moreno, 2010-NMCA-044, ¶ 28,
8 148 N.M. 253, 233 P.3d 782 (“[W]here a defendant causes or contributes to the delay,
9 or consents to the delay, he may not complain of a denial of the right to a speedy
10 trial.” (alteration, internal quotation marks, and citation omitted)).
11 {10} The evidence also demonstrates that the rest of the delay is attributable to the
12 district court. The district court vacated trial dates throughout the case, but the record
13 does not provide any reason for the majority of these resettings. The district court also
14 declared a mistrial grounded on manifest necessity, but the record again does not give
15 any further explanation for this ruling. With these deficiencies in the record, we must
16 presume that the district court had valid reasons for its actions. See Rojo, 1999-
17 NMSC-001, ¶ 53 (“Where there is a doubtful or deficient record, every presumption
18 must be indulged by the reviewing court in favor of the correctness and regularity of
19 the [district] court’s judgment.” (internal quotation marks and citation omitted)). The
20 only support for Defendant’s claim that delays attributable to the district court weigh
6 1 against the State is an approximate five-month delay caused by the district court
2 rescheduling due to a holiday, the need to reschedule for a three-day trial setting, and
3 a conflicting trial on another case. See Spearman, 2012-NMSC-023, ¶ 25 (“Negligent
4 or administrative delay is weighed against the [s]tate, since the ultimate responsibility
5 for such circumstances must rest with the [state] rather than with the defendant, but
6 such a reason is not weighed heavily.” (internal quotation marks and citation
7 omitted)).
8 {11} The third factor “acts as a preservation mechanism by requiring a defendant to
9 assert his right to a speedy trial throughout the process.” Arrendondo, 2012-NMSC-
10 013, ¶ 48. Defendant only asserted his right in a demand for speedy trial with his
11 counsel’s entry of appearance, State v. Valencia, 2010-NMCA-005, ¶ 27, 147 N.M.
12 432, 224 P.3d 659 (“Early pro forma assertions are generally afforded relatively little
13 weight.”), and he never filed a motion to dismiss grounded on a speedy trial violation.
14 Defendant asserts this was sufficient under Taylor where we declined to consider the
15 state’s contention that the defendant needed to reassert his right after the delay in that
16 case became unacceptable. See Taylor, 2015-NMCA-012, ¶ 18. However, Defendant
17 overlooks the fact that we declined to answer the state’s contention in Taylor because
18 the state cited no authority in support of its argument. Id. Importantly, we also
19 concluded that the defendant in Taylor had speedy trial considerations on his mind
20 when his stipulation that the state’s motion to continue would not count against the
7 1 state was followed by a motion to dismiss for a speedy trial violation. Id. Defendant
2 filed no such motion here.
3 {12} Finally, Defendant “must show particularized prejudice of the kind against
4 which the speedy trial right is intended to protect.” Garza, 2009-NMSC-038, ¶¶ 35,
5 39 (stating the types of prejudice the speedy trial right was designed to prevent are (1)
6 oppressive pretrial incarceration, (2) anxiety and concern of the accused, and (3)
7 impairment to a defense). “Because the presumption of prejudice intensifies the longer
8 that the delay extends beyond the presumptive threshold, less proof of prejudice is
9 required from [the d]efendant, and more proof of lack of prejudice is required from
10 the [s]tate where the delay is significant.” State v. Montoya, 2015-NMCA-056, ¶ 25,
11 348 P.3d 1057.
12 {13} While the delay here is substantial, Defendant fails to establish any actual
13 prejudice he suffered as a result of the delay. Defendant asserts prejudice due to: (1)
14 his one-month incarceration before release on bond, subject to usual conditions such
15 as no contact with any child under the age of eighteen, and no contact with witnesses;
16 (2) impaired memory of a prosecution witness; and (3) alleged improvement of the
17 memories of the victim children. Defendant points to nothing demonstrating that his
18 pretrial incarceration, conditions of release, or anxiety was “undue” giving rise to
19 particular prejudice. See Garza, 2009-NMSC-038, ¶ 35 (stating that the factor of
20 anxiety while awaiting trial weighs in a defendant’s favor “only where the pretrial
8 1 incarceration or the anxiety suffered is undue”). As to Defendant’s second claim of
2 prejudice, the evidence demonstrates that Defendant was able to impeach the
3 prosecution witness due to her memory impairment. Defendant fails to cite to any
4 authority holding that this is prejudice which the Sixth Amendment protects against,
5 as opposed to the memory of a defense witness being impaired as a result of delay.
6 Finally, as to Defendant’s third claim of prejudice, Defendant fails to cite authority
7 holding that a witness’s improved memory is a type of prejudice the Sixth
8 Amendment protects against. In short, based on the record before us, none of
9 Defendant’s claims of prejudice rises to the level of striking prejudice in violation of
10 the constitutional right to a speedy trial.
11 {14} In considering the Barker factors, we hold that no fundamental error resulted
12 from a speedy trial violation. See Rojo, 1999-NMSC-001, ¶ 53 (“[N]othing in the
13 record suggests such a striking violation of the constitutional right to a speedy trial
14 that it would be appropriate to consider that issue for the first time on appeal[.]”
15 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted)); see also Arrendondo, 2012-NMSC-
16 013, ¶ 49 (“Given the history of this case, [the defendant’s] stipulation [to the delay],
17 his failure to assert his right to a speedy trial, and his failure to preserve the issue in
18 this case, we do not find any fundamental error with respect to the speedy trial
19 claim.”).
20 B. Ineffective Assistance of Counsel
9 1 {15} Defendant also argues for the first time on appeal a claim of ineffective
2 assistance of counsel. His sole contention is that he received ineffective assistance of
3 counsel because defense counsel failed to raise the issue concerning a violation of his
4 speedy trial right.
5 {16} We review ineffective assistance of counsel claims de novo. State v. Montoya,
6 2015-NMSC-010, ¶ 57, 345 P.3d 1056. “When an ineffective assistance claim is first
7 raised on direct appeal, [the appellate courts] evaluate the facts that are part of the
8 record.” State v. Roybal, 2002-NMSC-027, ¶ 19, 132 N.M. 657, 54 P.3d 61.
9 {17} To successfully establish a prima facie case of ineffective assistance of counsel,
10 a defendant must show “(1) that counsel’s performance fell below that of a reasonably
11 competent attorney and (2) that [the d]efendant was prejudiced by the deficient
12 performance.” State v. Martinez, 2007-NMCA-160, ¶ 19, 143 N.M. 96, 173 P.3d 18.
13 If a defendant fails to satisfy both prongs, the presumption of effective assistance of
14 counsel controls. Id. ¶¶ 19, 23. A defendant fails to satisfy the first prong if a
15 plausible, rational strategy or tactic can explain defense counsel’s conduct. State v.
16 Ortega, 2014-NMSC-017, ¶ 55, 327 P.3d 1076. To satisfy the second prong of
17 prejudice, a defendant must establish “a reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s
18 unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding would have been different.” Id.
19 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).
10 1 {18} Defendant argues that defense counsel had no strategic purpose in failing to
2 raise the issue of a speedy trial violation. The State contends that, based on the
3 substantial evidence of Defendant’s guilt, defense counsel had a reasonable defense
4 tactic to delay the trial as long as possible. Barker, 407 U.S. at 521 (“Delay is not an
5 uncommon defense tactic.”). We are unable to address whether it was reasonable not
6 to raise the speedy trial issue as a trial tactic because the record does not contain any
7 testimony from defense counsel why a speedy trial claim was not pursued. Thus, any
8 determination concerning the reasonableness of defense counsel’s action must
9 necessarily be based on speculation at this time. See Arrendondo, 2012-NMSC-013,
10 ¶ 42 (“However, because the record is void of any testimony from defense counsel
11 regarding the reason for her decision, we do not know her motivation, and thus we
12 cannot speculate regarding the reasonableness of that decision.”). Because all the facts
13 necessary to a full determination of this question are not part of the record before us,
14 the ineffective assistance of counsel claim is more properly brought in a habeas corpus
15 petition. Roybal, 2002-NMSC-027, ¶ 19.
16 {19} Because Defendant has failed to establish the first prong of a prima facie case
17 of ineffective assistance of counsel claim, we need not address whether the second
18 prong was satisfied. Cf. Martinez, 2007-NMCA-160, ¶ 19 (stating that if there is an
19 insufficient showing of prejudice, we need not address the first prong of whether
20 counsel’s performance was deficient).
11 1 {20} While we reject Defendant’s argument on appeal, this does not preclude
2 Defendant from pursuing this claim in a habeas corpus proceeding where a full record
3 can be developed. See Arrendondo, 2012-NMSC-013, ¶ 44.
4 C. Exclusion of Evidence
5 {21} Defendant argues that the district court erred in its exclusion of testimony from
6 Medina, the mother of E.N. and D.N., about purported sexual abuse she suffered from
7 her father. In a pre-trial interview with the Defendant’s investigator, Medina stated
8 that her father “[tried] to abuse [her], but it never went all the way through.” Defense
9 counsel planned to explore the alleged sexual abuse by Medina’s father during her
10 cross-examination and advance the theory that because he had a purported history of
11 sexual abuse against his daughter, he was the actual person who committed sexual
12 abuse on E.N. and D.N. The district court prohibited this line of questioning because
13 “[it is] an allegation without substantive proof [and] . . . a self-serving statement by
14 [D]efendant.”
15 {22} We review a trial court’s decision to admit or exclude evidence for an abuse of
16 discretion. State v. Campbell, 2007-NMCA-051, ¶ 9, 141 N.M. 543, 157 P.3d 722.
17 “An abuse of discretion arises when the evidentiary ruling is clearly contrary to logic
18 and the facts and circumstances of the case.” State v. Downey, 2008-NMSC-061, ¶ 24,
19 145 N.M. 232, 195 P.3d 1244. (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).We fail
20 to see an abuse of discretion in the district court’s ruling.
12 1 {23} Defendant contends that he had a right to present his defense to the jury. We
2 agree, but that right is not absolute or unlimited. State v. Rosales, 2004-NMSC-022,
3 ¶ 7, 136 N.M. 25, 94 P.3d 768. Rules of evidence “do not abridge an accused’s right
4 to present a defense so long as they are not ‘arbitrary’ or ‘disproportionate to the
5 purposes they are designed to serve.’ ” Id. (internal quotation marks and citation
6 omitted).
7 {24} “All relevant evidence is generally admissible, unless otherwise provided by
8 law, and evidence that is not relevant is not admissible.” State v. Balderama, 2004-
9 NMSC-008, ¶ 23, 135 N.M. 329, 88 P.3d 845. Evidence is relevant if it has any
10 tendency to make a fact that is of consequence in determining this action more or less
11 probable than it would be without the evidence. Rule 11-401 NMRA. “Any doubt
12 whether the evidence is relevant should be resolved in favor of admissibility.”
13 Balderama, 2004-NMSC-008, ¶ 23.
14 {25} Defendant argues that Medina’s testimony was relevant because it offered an
15 alternative offender, rather than Defendant, for E.N. and D.N.’s sexual abuse. We are
16 unpersuaded. The evidence utterly fails to have any tendency to establish that
17 Medina’s father was the potential offender. Medina’s response in the pretrial interview
18 provides no indication that the purported sexual abuse suffered by Medina has any
19 similarities to the offenses that E.N. and D.N. sustained. Cf. State v. Peters, 1997-
20 NMCA-084, ¶ 14, 123 N.M. 667, 944 P.2d 896 (“Evidence of other crimes with
13 1 sufficient evidence of similar attributes has a strong probative value to show that the
2 person who committed the other crime and the person who committed the charged
3 crime are the same.”). Moreover, the proposed testimony did not establish Medina’s
4 father had access to the children or the amount of time that he spent with the children.
5 The contested evidence only would have shown that Medina’s father allegedly
6 attempted sexual abuse against his daughter. No reasonable inference can be made
7 that, because the father allegedly attempted to molest his daughter, he therefore was
8 the person, instead of Defendant, who molested E.N. and D.N. See State v. Gallegos,
9 2007-NMSC-007, ¶ 21, 141 N.M. 185, 152 P.3d 828 (stating that, “although logically
10 relevant, evidence of how a person acted on a particular occasion is not legally
11 relevant when it solely shows propensity”).
12 {26} For the foregoing reasons, we are not persuaded that the district court abused
13 its discretion in excluding the proposed evidence.
14 D. Illegal Sentence on CSCM
15 {27} Defendant contends that the district court imposed an illegal sentence because
16 under the elements instructions on the four counts of CSCM in the second
17 degree—Counts 19, 26, 32, and 38—the jury found Defendant guilty of CSCM in the
18 third degree, and not CSCM in the second degree. Defendant acknowledges that he
19 did not preserve this issue in the district court. However, “[a] trial court does not have
20 jurisdiction to impose an illegal sentence on a defendant and, therefore, any party may
14 1 challenge an illegal sentence for the first time on appeal.” State v. Paiz, 2011-NMSC-
2 008, ¶ 33, 149 N.M. 412, 249 P.3d 1235. We review the legality of a sentence de
3 novo. State v. Williams, 2006-NMCA-092, ¶ 4, 140 N.M. 194, 141 P.3d 538.
4 {28} To determine whether the district court imposed an illegal sentence on
5 Defendant, we review the applicable statute and the jury instructions—the law of the
6 case. See Couch v. Astec Indus., Inc., 2002-NMCA-084, ¶ 40, 132 N.M. 631, 53 P.3d
7 398 (“Jury instructions not objected to become the law of the case.”). With respect to
8 the relevant statute, CSCM in the second degree “consists of all criminal sexual
9 contact of the unclothed intimate parts of a minor perpetrated . . . on a child under
10 thirteen years of age”; whereas, CSCM in the third degree “consists of all criminal
11 sexual contact of a minor perpetrated . . . on a child under thirteen years of age.”
12 Section 30-9-13(B)(1), (C)(1) (2004). On each count of CSCM in the second degree
13 the jury was told that the State was required to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that
14 “[D]efendant caused [child] to touch the penis of [D]efendant,” and “[child] was 12
15 years of age or younger.”
16 {29} We conclude that State v.Trujillo, 2012-NMCA-092, 287 P.3d 344, is on point
17 and binding on the issue before us here. In Trujillo, the jury instruction on CSCM in
18 the second degree stated that “to find [the d]efendant guilty of CSCM, the [s]tate must
19 prove to your satisfaction beyond a reasonable doubt that [the d]efendant caused C.A.
20 to touch the unclothed penis of [the d]efendant.” 2012-NMCA-092, ¶ 14 (omissions
15 1 and alterations omitted). On appeal, the defendant argued that because the uniform
2 instruction for CSCM in the third degree was used without modification to reflect a
3 charge of CSCM in the second degree, the district court erred in sentencing him to a
4 second degree felony. Id. ¶ 15. After reviewing the relevant statutory provisions,
5 Section 30-9-13(B)(1), (C)(1), we determined that under the jury instruction, the
6 defendant’s conduct constituted CSCM in the third degree, not in the second degree.
7 Trujillo, 2012-NMCA-092, ¶¶ 17-18. We concluded that “the Legislature classified
8 only the criminal sexual contact of the unclothed intimate parts of a minor as second
9 degree CSCM[, and a]ll other acts of CSCM on a child under thirteen years of age are
10 considered third degree CSCM.” Id. ¶ 18. (emphasis, internal quotation marks, and
11 citation omitted).
12 {30} As in Trujillo, the jury instruction in the present case required the jury to find
13 that Defendant caused the minor to touch his penis. We concluded in Trujillo that this
14 constituted CSCM in the third degree, and we do so here. Under the instructions, the
15 jury found defendant guilty of a third degree felony on these four counts, and as such,
16 Defendant’s judgment and sentence must be based on this verdict.
17 III. CONCLUSION
18 {31} For the foregoing reasons, we reverse the four counts of CSCM in the second
19 degree, and remand this case for adjudication of guilt on these counts for CSCM in the
16 1 third degree and resentencing on those counts. In all other respects the judgment and
2 sentence is affirmed.
3 {32} IT IS SO ORDERED.
4 __________________________________ 5 MICHAEL E. VIGIL, Judge
6 WE CONCUR:
7 __________________________ 8 JAMES J. WECHSLER, Judge
9 __________________________ 10 M. MONICA ZAMORA, Judge