FILED Aug 19 2019, 10:04 am
CLERK Indiana Supreme Court Court of Appeals and Tax Court
ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLANT ATTORNEY FOR APPELLEE Curtis T. Hill, Jr. Michael A. Campbell Attorney General of Indiana Highland, Indiana Ellen H. Meilaender Supervising Deputy Attorney General Indianapolis, Indiana
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA State of Indiana, August 19, 2019 Appellant/Cross-Appellee-Petitioner, Court of Appeals Case No. 18A-JV-2409 v. Interlocutory Appeal from the Lake Superior Court, Juvenile O.E.W., Division Appellee/Cross-Appellant-Respondent. The Honorable Thomas P. Stefaniak, Jr., Judge The Honorable Matthew B. Gruett, Magistrate Trial Court Cause Nos. 45D06-1803-JD-106
Mathias, Judge.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 18A-JV-2409 | August 19, 2019 Page 1 of 29 [1] The State of Indiana appeals the order of the Juvenile Division of the Lake
Superior Court granting a motion filed by juvenile O.E.W. seeking to suppress
statements he made during a police interview in which he was not advised of
his Miranda rights. O.E.W. cross-appeals and argues that the juvenile court
clearly erred by finding that there was probable cause to believe that he
committed acts that would be, if committed by an adult, felony murder, Level 2
felony robbery resulting in serious bodily injury, and Class A misdemeanor
theft. We affirm the juvenile court in all respects.
Facts and Procedural History
[2] In August 2017, then-fifteen-year-old O.E.W. lived with his de facto father
Andy Ruiz (“Ruiz”), Ruiz’s children, and Ruiz’s girlfriend Adriana Garcia
(“Garcia”), in a home on Alexander Avenue in Hammond, Indiana. O.E.W.’s
girlfriend, C.P., lived on the same block. The victim in this case, Lucia
Gonzales (“Gonzales”), lived a block away on Alexander Avenue with her
children and her boyfriend, Marco Vera (“Vera”). O.E.W. had previously
purchased marijuana from Vera and, on at least one occasion, directly from
Gonzales herself.
[3] On August 21, 2017, O.E.W. told his girlfriend C.P. that he planned to go to
purchase marijuana from Vera at 9:00 p.m. that night. Between 8:45 p.m. and
9:00 p.m. that evening, Ruiz noticed that O.E.W. had left home without
permission. Garcia sent her son and C.P. out to look for O.E.W. Shortly
thereafter, C.P. saw O.E.W. running away from the area near Gonzales’s home
toward the dead-end of Alexander Avenue. O.E.W. then returned to the area of Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 18A-JV-2409 | August 19, 2019 Page 2 of 29 Gonzales’s home, got on his bicycle, and rode away. Although C.P. called out
O.E.W.’s name, he did not stop.
[4] O.E.W. returned home at approximately 9:30 p.m. He immediately went into
the bathroom and took a shower. When O.E.W. came out of the shower, Ruiz
noticed that O.E.W. had several injuries, including puncture wounds to his
arms, legs, back, and torso. When confronted by Ruiz, O.E.W. initially stated
that the chain on his bicycle had broken and that he had injured himself while
attempting to fix it. When Ruiz stated that the injuries did not appear to have
been caused by fixing the bicycle, O.E.W. then claimed that he had been
stabbed during a fight at a local park. Ruiz took O.E.W. to the hospital, where
his wounds were treated. Early the next morning, Garcia saw a black Samsung
smartphone lying near O.E.W.’s phone. Garcia had never seen the Samsung
phone before, and, when she returned from work later that day, the phone was
gone.
[5] Also early the next morning, at approximately 6:00 a.m., Gonzales’s six-year-
old daughter came to her neighbor’s home, carrying her younger siblings. The
small child told the neighbor that she saw someone whom she thought to be her
“stepfather” Vera lying on the floor, bleeding. Tr. Vol. 2, p. 171. The neighbor
telephoned the police, who went to the Vera/Gonzales home and found the
body of Gonzales, not Vera, lying supine on the kitchen floor. Gonzales’s body
was covered in blood; her pants had been pulled down, exposing her genitalia,
and her shirt had been pulled up, exposing her breasts. Gonzales had defensive
wounds on her arms and had suffered numerous stab wounds and cuts to her
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 18A-JV-2409 | August 19, 2019 Page 3 of 29 head and upper torso. She had also suffered a blunt-force wound to the head
that caused an open skull fracture and resulting brain injury. The police were
unable to locate Gonzales’s Samsung smartphone.
[6] Later that day, O.E.W.’s mother, S.W., reported the alleged attack on her son
to the police. After speaking with a patrol officer, she telephoned a Detective
Suarez, who informed her that she should bring her son to the station to make a
statement. She accordingly took O.E.W. to the police station that evening to
speak with detectives about his claim that he had been stabbed by another
juvenile in a local park the night before. She also indicated to the police that she
was concerned that the attack on her son might somehow be related to the
death of Gonzalez.
[7] Hammond Police Department Detective Shawn Ford (“Detective Ford”) spoke
with O.E.W. and his mother in an interview room, where O.E.W.’s statement
was video recorded.1 O.E.W. sat at one side of an oval table with Detective
Ford sitting across from him. O.E.W.’s mother sat slightly behind and to the
right of O.E.W. near the corner of the interview room. O.E.W. told Detective
Ford that he and his friend M.C. went to a local park to meet I.W. and his
friend D.M. so that O.E.W. and I.W. could finish a fight that had started at
1 Although the video was recorded, it was not offered into evidence at the suppression hearing. It is therefore not part of the record on appeal. O.E.W.’s counsel offered to provide the juvenile court a copy of the video at the end of the suppression hearing, but the court indicated that it did not believe it was necessary to view the video to rule on the suppression issue. The juvenile court thus ruled on the suppression issue without ever having viewed the interview and based its ruling solely on the testimony of O.E.W.’s mother and the two testifying officers.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 18A-JV-2409 | August 19, 2019 Page 4 of 29 school. O.E.W. stated that, after he won the fight, I.W. stabbed him. At some
point in the interview, Detective Ford’s supervisor, Lieutenant Mark Tharp
(“Lt. Tharp”) came into the interview room. He did not sit down, but leaned
against the door frame. Lt. Tharp also worked as a resource officer at the high
school O.E.W. attended and knew some of the juveniles involved in the fight.
[8] During the interview, O.E.W.’s mother appeared to be “uncomfortable and just
very kind of nervous and unsettled[.]” Tr. Vol. 2, p. 33. Detective Ford
wondered why O.E.W.’s mother was concerned that her son, or the attack on
her son, might be connected with the death of Gonzales. Detective Ford
therefore asked if he could speak to her privately, and she agreed. Lt. Tharp
took O.E.W. into another room while Detective Ford spoke with O.E.W.’s
mother. Lt. Tharp made small talk with O.E.W., but did not interview him and
did not garner any information from him at this time. Detective Ford asked
O.E.W.’s mother if she had any problems with him asking her son about the
murder, and she indicated that “she’s fine with [that].” Id.
[9] Detective Ford was not involved with the investigation of Gonzales’s death and
therefore did not know any of the details of the homicide itself. He therefore
asked O.E.W. open-ended questions regarding the murder. O.E.W. indicated
that he knew Gonzales and was aware that she had been killed. Detective Ford
had already established where O.E.W. claimed to be at the time of the
murder—in the park fighting. Lt. Tharp testified that he recalled how O.E.W.
stated that he had previously been to the home of Vera and Gonzales. Id. at 50–
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 18A-JV-2409 | August 19, 2019 Page 5 of 29 51. At some point during the interview,2 evidence technicians took photographs
of O.E.W.’s injuries and took a buccal swab to collect his DNA. At the
conclusion of the interview, O.E.W. and his mother left the police station.
[10] Detective Ford subsequently spoke with I.W., the youth whom O.E.W.
claimed to have fought on the night of the murder. I.W. admitted that he and
O.E.W. had gotten into a fight at school, but stated that he did not go to the
park to fight. I.W.’s father confirmed that his son was at home that night. I.W.
also had no injuries that indicated he had been in a fight. I.W.’s friend D.M.
also denied having been at the park, and he too had no injuries indicating that
he had been in a fight. O.E.W.’s friend, M.C., also denied having been with
O.E.W. in the park when he claimed to have been stabbed. Instead, M.C. told
the police that O.E.W. had told him that he was stabbed by someone he could
not identify.
[11] On August 23, 2017, the police secured a warrant for information regarding the
location of Gonzales’s phone. The phone’s service provider gave the police the
location of the phone, which was on the 1700 block of 171st Street in
Hammond. The police went to that address and found O.E.W. sleeping in the
basement. Beneath his pillow was Gonzales’s phone. Forensic investigation of
2 During the suppression portion of the hearing, it was not established when the photographs and buccal swab were taken. During the remainder of the waiver hearing, however, Detective Ford testified that that this occurred “pretty early on” in the interview, apparently before he spoke with O.E.W.’s mother and began to ask O.E.W. questions concerning the Gonzales murder. Id. at 198. Even if it was improper to take a DNA sample of O.E.W. at this time, the lead detective in the murder investigation later secured a warrant to take a DNA sample from O.E.W.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 18A-JV-2409 | August 19, 2019 Page 6 of 29 the phone revealed that it had last connected to Gonzales’s wi-fi network at
approximately 9:00 p.m. on August 21, the night of the murder, and had next
connected to a secure wi-fi network at O.E.W.’s home the following morning at
7:20 a.m. Later that day, it connected to another wi-fi network named
“[O.E.W.]’s iPhone.” Tr. Vol. 3, pp. 31, 37.
[12] The lead detective in the murder case now considered O.E.W. to be a suspect.
Accordingly, he secured a warrant to gather a DNA sample from O.E.W., and
the police again took a buccal swab from O.E.W. Subsequent testing revealed
that DNA from O.E.W. or one of his paternal relatives was located on the shirt
Gonzales was wearing at the time of her death. Gonzalez’s DNA was also
found on O.E.W.’s underwear, but the rest of the clothes he had been wearing
had already been laundered.
[13] After speaking with O.E.W.’s girlfriend C.P., the police searched the area near
the dead-end of Alexander Avenue, where she had seen O.E.W. run after
leaving the area of Gonzales’s home. There, they discovered a crow bar and a
kitchen knife. Gonzales’s injuries were consistent with being inflicted by these
items, and her boyfriend Vera indicated that the recovered items looked similar
to those kept in their home and garage. The knife and crowbar had been left
exposed to the elements, including a heavy rainstorm the night of the murder.
Thus, the police were unable to obtain any blood samples or usable DNA from
these items.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 18A-JV-2409 | August 19, 2019 Page 7 of 29 [14] On March 26, 2018, the State filed a request seeking authorization to file a
petition alleging O.E.W. was a delinquent child, which request the juvenile
court granted. The following day, the State filed a petition alleging that O.E.W.
was a delinquent child for committing acts that, if committed by an adult,
would be knowing or intentional murder, felony murder, Level 2 felony robbery
resulting in serious bodily injury, and Class A misdemeanor theft. The State
simultaneously filed a petition to waive jurisdiction of the case to adult criminal
court.
[15] On July 23, 2018, the juvenile court held the first of several hearings on the
waiver issue. At the beginning of the hearing, O.E.W. moved to suppress the
statements he made during his interview with the police, claiming that he had
been subjected to custodial interrogation without having been advised of his
Miranda rights. The juvenile court therefore heard the issue of the motion to
suppress before continuing with the waiver issue. After listening to testimony
from O.E.W.’s mother, Detective Ford, and Lt. Tharp, and hearing the
arguments of counsel, the juvenile court granted the motion in part, suppressing
any statements made by O.E.W. in the second part of the interview where
Detective Ford asked questions about Gonzales’s death. The juvenile court then
proceeded to hear evidence on the issue of the motion to waive the case to
criminal court.
[16] On August 22, 2018, the State filed a motion to certify the juvenile court’s order
on the motion to suppress for interlocutory appeal. On August 27, 2018, before
the court had ruled on the State’s motion to certify the suppression order for
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 18A-JV-2409 | August 19, 2019 Page 8 of 29 interlocutory appeal, the juvenile court entered an order finding sufficient
probable cause to believe that O.E.W. committed what would be, if committed
by an adult, felony murder, robbery resulting in serious bodily injury, and theft.3
The juvenile court, however found that there was “insufficient probable cause
to believe [O.E.W.] committed the delinquent act of Murder, Felony (I.C. 35-
42-1-1(1) [knowing or intentional murder]).” Appellant’s App. p. 95. The State
then filed, and the juvenile court granted, a motion to dismiss that allegation.4
[17] On August 31, 2018, the juvenile court issued an order waiving jurisdiction to
adult criminal court. On September 10, 2018, the juvenile court granted the
State’ motion to certify its suppression order for interlocutory appeal. The
following day, O.E.W. filed a motion to certify the juvenile court’s probable
cause order for interlocutory appeal, which the court granted on September 18,
2018. This court subsequently granted the parties’ motions to accept
interlocutory jurisdiction and, on January 31, 2019, we granted the State’s
motion to consolidate the two interlocutory appeals.
3 As discussed below, a finding of probable cause is required before jurisdiction of a juvenile delinquency case may be waived to adult court. 4 The juvenile court also issued waiver orders in two other cases involving O.E.W.: Cause No. 45D06-1708- JD-500 and Cause No. 45D06-1708-JD-501, alleging that O.E.W. committed acts that would be rape and robbery. The notices of appeal filed by both the State and O.E.W. in the instant appeal reference only the juvenile court’s orders in Cause No. 45D06-1803-JD-106, and neither party presents any argument with regard to the juvenile court’s orders in these other two causes. Our discussion is therefore limited to Cause No. JD-106, involving the murder of Gonzales.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 18A-JV-2409 | August 19, 2019 Page 9 of 29 I. The State’s Appeal
[18] We first address the issue presented in the State’s interlocutory appeal, i.e.,
whether the juvenile court erred by granting O.E.W.’s motion to suppress the
statements he made during the interview with Detective Ford and Lt. Tharp.
A. Standard of Review
[19] Questions regarding the admission of evidence are generally entrusted to the
discretion of the juvenile court, and we review the court’s rulings only for an
abuse of that discretion. J.D.P. v. State, 857 N.E.2d 1000, 1006 (Ind. Ct. App.
2006) (citing B.K.C. v. State, 781 N.E.2d 1157, 1162 (Ind. Ct. App. 2003)), trans.
denied. Here, however, the State “b[ore] the burden of demonstrating the
constitutionality of the measures it uses in securing information.” State v.
Mason, 829 N.E.2d 1010, 1015 (Ind. Ct. App. 2005) (citing State v. Farber, 677
N.E.2d 1111, 1113 (Ind. Ct. App. 1997), trans. denied). Thus, because the
juvenile court granted the motion to suppress, the State appeals from a negative
judgment. See id. (citing Farber, 677 N.E.2d at 1113–14). A party appealing a
negative judgment must show that the lower court’s ruling was contrary to law.
Id. We will reverse a negative judgment only when the evidence is without
conflict and all reasonable inferences lead to a conclusion opposite that of the
lower court. Id. (citing Farber, 677 N.E.2d at 1114). And we neither reweigh the
evidence nor judge the credibility of witnesses and consider only the evidence
most favorable to the judgment. Id.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 18A-JV-2409 | August 19, 2019 Page 10 of 29 B. Miranda Warnings
[20] As our supreme court recently summarized:
The Supreme Court of the United States’s groundbreaking Miranda v. Arizona decision adopted the now-famous “Miranda warnings.” 384 U.S. 436, 444 (1966). They apply to suspects under custodial interrogation, who must be told that they have “a right to remain silent, that any statement [they do] make may be used as evidence against [them], and that [they have] a right to the presence of an attorney, either retained or appointed.” Id. As the Miranda Court noted, “the very fact of custodial interrogation exacts a heavy toll on individual liberty and trades on the weakness of individuals,” id. at 455, so they may be psychologically coerced into speaking, id. at 446–48. These warnings thus safeguard the Fifth Amendment right against self- incrimination by warding off police coercion. Id. at 467; Howes v. Fields, 565 U.S. 499, 507 (2012).
B.A. v. State, 100 N.E.3d 225, 230 (Ind. 2018). Children are particularly
vulnerable to such coercion, making Miranda warnings especially important,
even when police place a student under custodial interrogation at school as
opposed to a police station. Id. (citing J.D.B. v. North Carolina, 564 U.S. 261, 269
(2011)).
C. Juvenile Waiver Statute
[21] In this state, juveniles have long been accorded special status in the area of
criminal procedure. S.D. v. State, 937 N.E.2d 425, 429–30 (Ind. Ct. App. 2010)
(citing Hall v. State, 264 Ind. 448, 451, 346 N.E.2d 584, 586 (1976)), trans.
denied. “To give effect to that status in the context of waiving intricate,
important, and long established Fifth and Sixth Amendment rights, we require Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 18A-JV-2409 | August 19, 2019 Page 11 of 29 that a juvenile be afforded a meaningful opportunity to consult with a parent or
guardian before the solicitation of any statement.” Id. at 429. Accordingly, our
General Assembly enacted the juvenile waiver statute.5 B.A., 100 N.E.3d at
231.
[22] The juvenile waiver statute provides:
Any rights guaranteed to a child under the Constitution of the United States, the Constitution of the State of Indiana, or any other law may be waived only:
(1) by counsel retained or appointed to represent the child if the child knowingly and voluntarily joins with the waiver;
(2) by the child’s custodial parent, guardian, custodian, or guardian ad litem if:
(A) that person knowingly and voluntarily waives the right;
(B) that person has no interest adverse to the child;
(C) meaningful consultation has occurred between that person and the child; and
(D) the child knowingly and voluntarily joins with the waiver; or
(3) by the child, without the presence of a custodial parent, guardian, or guardian ad litem, if:
5 These protections were first set forth by our supreme court in Lewis v. State, 259 Ind. 431, 288 N.E.2d 138 (1972), and were later codified in the juvenile waiver statute. See Sevion v. State, 620 N.E.2d 736, 738 (Ind. Ct. App. 1993) (citing predecessor statute).
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 18A-JV-2409 | August 19, 2019 Page 12 of 29 (A) the child knowingly and voluntarily consents to the waiver; and
(B) the child has been emancipated under IC 31-34-20-6 or IC 31-37-19-27, by virtue of having married, or in accordance with the laws of another state or jurisdiction.
Ind. Code § 31-32-5-1. When Miranda applies to minors, the juvenile waiver
statute applies too. B.A., 100 N.E.3d at 231.
[23] Importantly, however, Miranda is applicable only when an individual is subject
to custodial interrogation. Accordingly, when a juvenile who is not in custody
gives a statement to police, neither the safeguards of Miranda warnings nor the
juvenile waiver statute is implicated. S.D., 937 N.E.2d at 430 (citing Borton v.
State, 759 N.E.2d 641, 646 (Ind. Ct. App. 2001), trans. denied). Thus, the
threshold issue is whether O.E.W. was in custody at the time he spoke with the
police. See id. If so, the police were required to comply with Miranda and the
juvenile waiver statute.
[24] The question of whether a person is in custody for purposes of Miranda is a
mixed question of fact and law. State v. Ruiz, 123 N.E.3d 675, 679 (Ind. 2019).
The circumstances surrounding the interrogation are questions of fact, and
whether those facts add up to custody for Miranda purposes is a question of law.
Id. As always, “we defer to the [juvenile] court’s factual findings . . . [b]ut we
review de novo the legal question of whether the facts amounted to custody.”
Id. (citing State v. Brown, 70 N.E.3d 331, 334–35 (Ind. 2017); State v. Quirk, 842
N.E.2d 334, 340 (Ind. 2006)).
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 18A-JV-2409 | August 19, 2019 Page 13 of 29 [25] In determining whether a person was in custody such that Miranda warnings are
required, our ultimate inquiry is whether there is a formal arrest or a restraint of
the freedom of movement of the degree associated with a formal arrest. Hicks v.
State, 5 N.E.3d 424, 429 (Ind. Ct. App. 2014) (citing State v. Hicks, 882 N.E.2d
238, 241 (Ind. Ct. App. 2008)), trans. denied.6 We make this determination by
examining whether a reasonable person in similar circumstances would believe
he or she is not free to leave. Id. We examine all the circumstances surrounding
an interrogation, and we are concerned with objective circumstances, “not upon
the subjective views of the interrogating officers or the suspect.” Id. (citing
Hicks, 882 N.E.2d at 241).
[26] Our court has previously referenced a “helpful list of factors commonly
considered by courts in determining whether a person was in custody for
purposes of Miranda” that was compiled by the Seventh Circuit Court of
Appeals. See Bean v. State, 973 N.E.2d 35, 40 (Ind. Ct. App. 2012) (citing Sprosty
v. Buchler, 79 F.3d 635, 641 (7th Cir. 1996)), trans. denied. These factors include:
whether and to what extent the person has been made aware that he is free to refrain from answering questions; whether there has been prolonged, coercive, and accusatory questioning, or whether police have employed subterfuge in order to induce self- incrimination; the degree of police control over the environment in which the interrogation takes place, and in particular whether the suspect’s freedom of movement is physically restrained or otherwise significantly curtailed; and whether the suspect could
6 The court in State v. Hicks, in turn cited California v. Beheler, 463 U.S. 1121, 1125 (1983).
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 18A-JV-2409 | August 19, 2019 Page 14 of 29 reasonably believe that he has the right to interrupt prolonged questioning by leaving the scene.
Id.; accord Reid v. State, 113 N.E.3d 290, 300 (Ind. Ct. App. 2018), trans. denied;
Gauvin v. State, 878 N.E.2d 515, 521 (Ind. Ct. App. 2007), trans. denied; see also
Ruiz, 123 N.E.3d at 680 (listing factors including “location, duration, and
character of the questioning; statements made during the questioning; the
number of law-enforcement officers present; the extent of police control over
the environment; the degree of physical restraint; and how the interview begins
and ends[.]”).
[27] The historical facts surrounding O.E.W.’s interview with the police are
relatively undisputed. O.E.W.’s mother made the initial contact with the police
about her son being stabbed, as she was concerned that her son’s stabbing might
be related to the attack on Gonzales. The police told her to bring him to the
station to make a statement. Thus, although she came to the station voluntarily,
she did so at the request of the police. Detective Ford interviewed O.E.W. at
the police station in a small interview room, and there were two officers present
during the questioning. After asking questions unrelated to Gonzales’s death,
Detective Ford took O.E.W.’s mother aside to ask if he could speak with her
son about the murder. Although she agreed, O.E.W.’s mother testified that she
was nervous and scared. She also testified that she did not feel free to leave.7
7 Although her subjective belief is not dispositive, see Hicks, 5 N.E.3d at 429, we still find it relevant to the question of whether a reasonable person would feel free to leave.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 18A-JV-2409 | August 19, 2019 Page 15 of 29 Moreover, although neither O.E.W. nor his mother was physically restrained,
and the door to the interview room remained open, they were never informed
that they were free to leave.
[28] In terms of the Sprosty factors, O.E.W. was not informed that he was free to
refrain from answering questions. It is not entirely clear how long the
interrogation lasted, but the questions do not appear to have been terribly
accusatory. Still, the police did question O.E.W. about his knowledge of the
murder. The police had exclusive control over the environment where the
questioning took place. Indeed, we can think of few environments where an
otherwise-unrestrained juvenile would feel less free to leave than an interview
room in a police station. Although O.E.W. was not physically restrained, he
was not informed that he was free to leave. See State v. Linck, 708 N.E.2d 60, 63
(Ind. Ct. App. 1999), trans. denied. We also note that O.E.W. was always in the
presence of at least one of the officers. Furthermore, there is no indication that
O.E.W. was ever given an opportunity to consult with his mother about
answering the questions. Given the totality of these circumstances, we agree
with the juvenile court that O.E.W. was in custody. That is, a reasonable
juvenile in his position, having been brought to the police station by his mother,
subjected to interrogation regarding a murder in an interview room, and never
being told that he was free to leave, would not feel free to leave.
[29] Because he was in custody for purposes of Miranda, the police should have
advised O.E.W. of his Miranda rights and complied with the mandates of the
juvenile waiver statute. It is uncontested that they did neither. We therefore
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 18A-JV-2409 | August 19, 2019 Page 16 of 29 conclude that the juvenile court did not err as a matter of law by granting
O.E.W.’s motion to suppress.8
II. O.E.W.’s Cross-Appeal
[30] On cross-appeal, O.E.W. contends that the juvenile court clearly erred by
finding that probable cause existed to believe that O.E.W. committed the acts
that, if committed by an adult, would be felony murder, robbery causing serious
bodily injury, and theft.
A. Probable Cause Requirement for Waiver
[31] Probable cause that a juvenile committed the acts alleged is required before the
juvenile court may waive jurisdiction to criminal court.9 A juvenile court shall
waive jurisdiction of a juvenile to adult criminal court if it finds, after a hearing
that: (1) the child is charged with an act which would be murder if committed
by an adult; (2) there is probable cause to believe that the child has committed
the murder; (3) and the child was at least twelve years of age when the act
8 The juvenile court granted the motion to suppress only with regard to the latter part of the interview. O.E.W. makes no claim that the juvenile court erred by not granting the motion to suppress with regard to the initial part of the interview, likely because it is undisputed that O.E.W. made no incriminating statements during this portion of the interview. We therefore express no opinion on the propriety of the juvenile court’s ruling with regard to the initial part of the interview. Still, we emphasize the importance of compliance with the juvenile waiver statute when interviewing juvenile suspects, as children are particularly vulnerable to such coercion, making Miranda warnings especially important. B.A., 100 N.E.3d at 230 (citing J.D.B., 564 U.S. at 269). 9 Even before a delinquency petition may be filed, the juvenile court must first determine whether there is probable cause to believe that: “(A) the child is a delinquent child,” and “(B) it is in the best interests of the child or the public that the petition be filed.” Ind. Code § 31-37-10-2. Here, O.E.W.’s attack on the sufficiency of the evidence supporting the juvenile court’s probable cause order is aimed not at this preliminary probable cause determination, but the subsequent probable cause determination required to waive a juvenile to adult criminal court.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 18A-JV-2409 | August 19, 2019 Page 17 of 29 charged was allegedly committed. Ind. Code § 31-30-3-4. The only restriction
upon waiver is if the juvenile court determines that it “would be in the best
interests of the child and of the safety and welfare of the community for the
child to remain within the juvenile justice system.” Id.
[32] Indiana Code section 31-30-3-2 similarly states that upon motion of the
prosecutor and following a hearing, the juvenile court may waive jurisdiction if
it finds that:
(1) the child is charged with an act that is a felony:
(A) that is heinous or aggravated, with greater weight given to acts against the person than to acts against property; or
(B) that is a part of a repetitive pattern of delinquent acts, even though less serious;
(2) the child was at least fourteen (14) years of age when the act charged was allegedly committed;
(3) there is probable cause to believe that the child committed the act;
(4) the child is beyond rehabilitation under the juvenile justice system; and
(5) it is in the best interests of the safety and welfare of the community that the child stand trial as an adult.
[33] Thus, under either of these statutes, a finding of probable cause that the child
committed the act or acts alleged is required before a juvenile may be waived to
adult court. O.E.W. argues that there was insufficient evidence to support a
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 18A-JV-2409 | August 19, 2019 Page 18 of 29 finding of probable cause that he committed the acts alleged, i.e., felony
murder, robbery resulting in serious bodily injury, and theft.
[34] Probable cause exists when the facts and circumstances, based upon reasonably
trustworthy information, are sufficient to warrant a reasonable belief that a
crime has been committed. Strosnider v. State, 422 N.E.2d 1325, 1328 (Ind. Ct.
App. 1981). This standard requires more than a mere suspicion, but does not
require proof beyond a reasonable doubt. Id.
[35] A juvenile court’s waiver order must include specific findings of fact to support
the order. Jordan v. State, 62 N.E.3d 401, 405 (Ind. Ct. App. 2016) (citing Ind.
Code § 31-30-3-10), trans. denied. We therefore apply our familiar two-tiered
standard of review for review of a trial court’s findings of fact and conclusions
of law. See Trial Rule 52(A) (noting that trial court shall make special findings
of fact without request by the parties “in any other case provided by these rules
or by statute.”). Under this standard, we consider first whether the evidence
supports the findings, and second, whether the findings support the judgment.
In re D.S., 910 N.E.2d 837, 840 (Ind. Ct. App. 2009) (citing In re T.S., 906
N.E.2d 801, 804 (Ind. 2009)), trans. denied. “A finding is clearly erroneous when
there are no facts or inferences drawn therefrom that support it.” Id. A
judgment is clearly erroneous only if the findings do not support the
conclusions or the conclusions do not support the judgment. Id. “Thus, if the
evidence and inferences therefrom support the trial court’s decision, we must
affirm.” Id. On appeal, we do not reweigh the evidence or judge the credibility
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 18A-JV-2409 | August 19, 2019 Page 19 of 29 of witnesses but view only the evidence and its reasonable inferences most
favorable to the judgment. In re T.S., 906 N.E.2d at 804.
B. Allegedly Erroneous Findings of Fact
[36] O.E.W. contends that two of the juvenile court’s findings of fact are clearly
erroneous. These allegedly erroneous findings provide:
11. Following the execution of the search warrant, [O.E.W.] was interviewed on scene by Hammond Police. [O.E.W.] claimed to have received the black Samsung cell phone from [M.C.] approximately two weeks prior to August 23, 2017.
12. On August 23, 2017, Detective Carter went to McDonald’s on Kennedy Avenue in Hammond, Indiana to conduct an interview with [M.C.], who is employed at said business. [M.C.] denied being with [O.E.W.] at Hessville Park on August 21, 2017. [M.C.] indicated that he was working on [the] evening of August 21, 2017 and provided a copy of his time sheet to establish the same. Said individual also denied ever providing [O.E.W.] with any cell phone, specifically within the last two weeks.
Appellant’s App. p. 91–92.
[37] O.E.W. claims that there was no testimony or evidence presented at the
probable cause hearing to support these findings. The State counters that this
information was included in the probable cause affidavit submitted to the court
when seeking approval to file the delinquency petition against O.E.W. The
State also notes that some of this information was included in the testimony of
Detective Ford and Lt. Tharp during the suppression portion of the hearing.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 18A-JV-2409 | August 19, 2019 Page 20 of 29 [38] We need not decide whether the juvenile court could consider the probable
cause affidavit that had previously been filed but was not admitted at the
probable cause hearing because, even assuming that these findings were clearly
erroneous, the remaining findings are more than sufficient to support the
juvenile court’s ultimate probable cause determination. Erroneous factual
findings are not fatal to the judgment if the remaining valid findings and
conclusions support the judgment, rendering the erroneous finding superfluous
and harmless as a matter of law. Shelby’s Landing-II, Inc. v. PNC Multifamily
Capital Institutional Fund XXVI Ltd. P’ship, 65 N.E.3d 1103, 1111 (Ind. Ct. App.
2016) (citing Curley v. Lake Cnty. Bd. of Elections & Registration, 896 N.E.2d 24, 32
(Ind. Ct. App. 2008), trans. denied). Here, as set forth below, the remainder of
the juvenile court’s findings are supported by sufficient evidence, and these
findings support the court’s conclusion that there was probable cause to believe
that O.E.W. committed the acts alleged in the delinquency petition.
C. Probable Cause to Believe that O.E.W. Committed the Acts Alleged in the Delinquency Petition
[39] The juvenile court determined that there was probable cause to believe that
O.E.W. committed acts that, if committed by an adult, would be felony
murder, robbery resulting in serious bodily injury, and theft. The felony murder
statute provides that “[a] person who knowingly or intentionally kills another
human being while committing or attempting to commit . . . robbery . . .
commits murder, a felony.” Ind. Code § 35-42-1-1(2). The robbery statute
provides that “[a] person who knowingly or intentionally takes property from
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 18A-JV-2409 | August 19, 2019 Page 21 of 29 another person or from the presence of another person . . . by using or
threatening the use of force . . . or by putting any person in fear” commits
robbery, which is a “Level 2 felony if it results in serious bodily injury to any
person other than the defendant.” Ind. Code § 35-42-5-1(a). And the theft
statute provides that a person who “knowingly or intentionally exerts
unauthorized control over property of another person, with intent to deprive the
other person of any part of its value or use, commits theft, a Class A
misdemeanor.” Ind. Code § 35-43-4-2(a).
[40] Here, the juvenile court found the following facts relevant to a determination of
probable cause. Gonzales was found murdered in her home, and her cell phone
was missing. O.E.W. was unaccounted for over a period during the night
Gonzales was murdered. He claimed to have been stabbed during an altercation
at a local park. O.E.W.’s girlfriend, however, had seen him near the scene of the
crime, where O.E.W. had purchased marijuana in the past. O.E.W. had told his
girlfriend earlier that day that he planned to purchase more marijuana from
Gonzales’s boyfriend, Vera. When confronted about his injuries, O.E.W. initially
lied and stated he had been in a bicycle accident. The two people with whom
O.E.W. had allegedly fought in the park denied having been at the park. When
the police executed a warrant to search for Gonzales’s missing phone, they found
the phone underneath a pillow where O.E.W. had been sleeping. The phone had
connected to Gonzales’s wi-fi network on the night of her death, then to
networks associated with O.E.W. the next day. The police found a knife and
crowbar in the area where O.E.W.’s girlfriend had seen him run after leaving the
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 18A-JV-2409 | August 19, 2019 Page 22 of 29 area near Gonzales’s home, and Gonzales’s injuries were consistent with being
stabbed and bludgeoned. When the police executed a search warrant at O.E.W.’s
home, they seized a pair of underwear O.E.W. had been wearing on the night of
the murder. Subsequent DNA testing of the underwear revealed DNA matching
that of Gonzales. DNA testing of the shirt worn by Gonzales when she died
contained DNA with a Y chromosome matching that of O.E.W. or his paternal
ancestors and relatives. See Appellant’s App. pp. 94.
[41] From this evidence, the juvenile court properly concluded that there was
probable cause to believe that O.E.W. took Gonzales’s phone from her by force
and that she died as a result. These acts would be theft, robbery resulting in
serious bodily injury, and felony murder if committed by an adult. Whether this
is sufficient to prove to a jury beyond a reasonable doubt that O.E.W.
committed these crimes is yet to be decided. All that the juvenile court
determined here is that there was sufficient evidence to support a determination
of probable cause that O.E.W. committed these acts.
[42] O.E.W.’s argument that the juvenile court overlooked evidence that suggested
Vera might be involved are simply a request that we view evidence not
favorable to the juvenile court’s decision, reweigh the evidence, and come to a
different conclusion. This is not our role as an appellate court. See In re T.S., 906
N.E.2d at 804; In re D.S., 910 N.E.2d at 840.
[43] We also reject O.E.W.’s argument that, because the juvenile court found that
there was insufficient evidence to support a finding of probable cause that he
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 18A-JV-2409 | August 19, 2019 Page 23 of 29 committed what would be knowing or intentional murder if committed by an
adult, there was necessarily insufficient evidence for a finding of probable cause
that he committed the other acts alleged in the delinquency petition. As our
supreme court has recognized in the context of a jury verdict in a criminal case,
inconsistent verdicts “are not subject to appellate review on grounds that they
are inconsistent, contradictory, or irreconcilable.” Beattie v. State, 924 N.E.2d
643, 649 (Ind. 2010). Seemingly logically inconsistent verdicts may be due to a
fact-finder’s choice to exercise lenity even if there is sufficient evidence. Id. at
648. Indiana jurisprudence recognizes a fact-finder’s use of lenity as “an
important component of our criminal justice system.” Id. at 649. We see no
reason not to apply the same reasoning to a trial court when acting as the trier
of fact. Thus, the only issue for us on appeal is whether there was sufficient
evidence to support the juvenile court’s probable cause determination, not to
judge the logical consistency of the court’s judgment. See id.
[44] Moreover, the juvenile court’s probable cause determinations are not
necessarily inconsistent. The juvenile court could have concluded that the
evidence supported a probable cause determination that O.E.W. took the phone
from Gonzales by force and that she died as a result of this force, but that
O.E.W. did not act intentionally (that is, with the conscious objective to kill
Gonzales) or knowingly (that is, with an awareness of a high probability that he
would kill Gonzales). See Ind. Code § 35-41-2-2 (a), (b).
[45] In summary, the evidence supporting the juvenile court’s order is sufficient to
support the court’s determination that there is probable cause to believe that
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 18A-JV-2409 | August 19, 2019 Page 24 of 29 O.E.W. committed the acts that, if committed by an adult, would be theft,
robbery resulting in serious bodily injury, and felony murder. We therefore
affirm the juvenile court’s probable cause order.10
Conclusion [46] With regard to the State’s appeal, we conclude that the juvenile court did not
err as a matter of law by concluding that O.E.W. was subject to custodial
interrogation when the police questioned him regarding his knowledge of
Gonzales’s death. We therefore affirm the juvenile court’s order on O.E.W.’s
motion to suppress. With regard to O.E.W.’s cross-appeal, we conclude that the
juvenile court did not clearly err when it found that the evidence is sufficient to
show that there is probable cause to believe that O.E.W. committed acts that
would be felony murder, robbery resulting in serious bodily injury, and theft if
committed by an adult. Accordingly, we also affirm the juvenile court’s order
finding probable cause.
[47] Affirmed.
May, J., concurs.
Brown, J., concurs in part and dissents in part with a separate opinion.
10 O.E.W. makes no challenge to the remaining requirements for waiver contained in Indiana Code sections 31-30-3-4 and 31-30-3-2. He only challenges the juvenile court’s determination that there is probable cause that he committed the acts alleged.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 18A-JV-2409 | August 19, 2019 Page 25 of 29 IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA State of Indiana, Court of Appeals Case No. 18A-JV-2409 Appellant/Cross-Appellee-Petitioner,
v.
O.E.W., Appellee/Cross-Appellant-Respondent.
Brown, Judge, concurs in part and dissents in part with opinion.
[48] I concur with the majority’s conclusion in Part II and would affirm the juvenile
court’s probable cause order. However, I respectfully disagree with Part I of the
opinion in that I do not find that O.E.W. was in custody at the police station.
[49] First, I would not find that O.E.W.’s mother came to the station at the request
of police. She knew Detective Suarez personally and initiated contact with
him. In response to being asked “[a]nd so as a result of your conversation with
Detective Suarez, you came down to the police department,” she stated,
“[c]orrect.” Transcript Volume II at 15. This exchange immediately followed
her statement, when asked what led to the phone call with Detective Suarez,
that:
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 18A-JV-2409 | August 19, 2019 Page 26 of 29 I was just concerned about what happened to my son and all the crimes that had happened, because of the person who, you know, who my son said did it. So I was concerned that he might know of something that happened, because he knew the boy who did that to him, you know, so, I just felt like he needed to talk.
Id.
[50] As to how the issue of the “murder that had occurred” came up, O.E.W.’s
mother testified that she told the officers the same thing she had told Detective
Suarez and that she “was just like, you know, due to what happened to my son
and what the events that occurred in the neighborhood, he could, might know
something, because of what – the person who attacked him, you know.” Id. at
17. When asked if, “[t]o [her] recollection, all they were asking is if he had
information or knew anything about this incident, correct,” she answered
affirmatively and stated: “And I always thought the whole time it was just
because of what happened to him, they were trying to figure out, like, could
that boy be connected. I never knew, you know . . . .” Id. at 19-20. She further
answered in the negative when asked both if she specifically recalled an officer
asking O.E.W. his whereabouts that evening and if she recalled O.E.W. being
asked if he had committed the homicide.
[51] During Detective Ford’s direct testimony, in response to whether he began a
line of questioning related to Gonzales’s murder, he answered “[s]omewhat”
and continued:
I mean, basically, murder investigations are somewhat delicate, and, like I said, I didn’t have a lot of knowledge of the
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 18A-JV-2409 | August 19, 2019 Page 27 of 29 investigation in and of itself, so they were more open-ended questions to elicit anything that if he did have any specific information or – like I said, I didn’t have a lot of information, so really it was just some brief, you know, even if he knew the people and some open-ended questions to see if there was any information that would help with that investigation down the road.
Id. at 31. He indicated that, when leaving the interview, nothing
“overwhelmingly said that [O.E.W.] was really any part of” the homicide in
terms of his demeanor or answers. Id. at 34. During the redirect examination,
he stated that he “wouldn’t say that” he agreed that, upon leaving the station
that evening, O.E.W. became a potential suspect in the murder investigation,
and he testified that he “actually thought it was just a bizarre incident.” Id. at
40-42.
[52] Ultimately, I would find that O.E.W. presented at a police station as a “victim
of a stabbing” at Hessville Park, and at the July 23, 2018 hearing, all three of his
witnesses in support of his motion to suppress testified as such. See id. at 26
(Detective Ford stating that, “[f]or [O.E.W.’s] case, he was the – we believed at
the time, a victim of a stabbing); accord id. at 9-10 (O.E.W.’s mother responding
affirmatively when asked both if, at the time she took him into the station, she
was under the impression that he was the victim of a stabbing and if she was
there only “to report . . . a perceived crime” against him), 46 (Lieutenant Tharp
agreeing that O.E.W. “may have been . . . the victim of a stabbing”).
[53] In the context of a purported victim showing up at the police station and being
asked, in a room with a door that remained open, first about his injuries and Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 18A-JV-2409 | August 19, 2019 Page 28 of 29 eventually about certain events that occurred in the neighborhood, I would
conclude that O.E.W. was not in custody. See State v. Brown, 70 N.E.3d 331,
336 (Ind. 2017) (“The test of whether a defendant is in custody is not whether a
defendant feels free to go, but rather whether there was a ‘“formal arrest or
restraint on freedom of movement” of the degree associated with a formal
arrest’.”) (quoting Stansbury v. California, 511 U.S. 318, 322, 114 S. Ct. 1526
(1994) (quoting California v. Beheler, 463 U.S. 1121, 1125, 103 S. Ct. 3517, 3519
(1983))).
[54] For these reasons, I respectfully dissent as to Part I of the opinion.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 18A-JV-2409 | August 19, 2019 Page 29 of 29