State Ex Rel. Leung v. Sanders

584 S.E.2d 203, 213 W. Va. 569

• Court: West Virginia Supreme Court
• Decided: July 7, 2003
• Docket: 31319
• Status: Published

Opinions

PER CURIAM.

Albert Leung, M.D. (hereinafter “Dr. Leung”), seeks an original jurisdiction writ of prohibition to prevent the respondent Judge, the Honorable David H. Sanders, Judge of the Circuit Court of Berkeley County (hereinafter “the circuit court”), from enforcing an order denying Dr. Leung leave to file a third-party complaint in the underlying medical malpractice action. Having reviewed the petition for prohibition and the supporting memorandum of law, the response, and all the accompanying exhibits, we find the circuit court exceeded its legitimate powers by committing clear legal error. Consequently, we grant the writ as moulded.

I.

FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

On February 22, 2002, respondent Christel Y. Schell (hereinafter “Ms. Schell”) filed a medical malpractice complaint against, among a number of other individuals, Dr. Leung. On August 5, 2002, the circuit court entered a scheduling order. The scheduling order failed to set forth a time limit to join other parties. The order did, however, provide for a May 20, 2003, trial date; a discovery deadline of February 20, 2003; and witness disclosures by March 20, 2003, for Ms. Schell and by April 20, 2003, for the defendants.

On or about March 21, 2003, Dr. Leung filed a motion for leave to file a third-party complaint against Dr. Wanger and Shenandoah Valley Medical Systems, Inc. (hereinafter “Shenandoah”).¹ This third-party complaint alleged that Dr. Wanger was an employee of Shenandoah and that Drs. Leung and Wanger had an agreement whereby Dr. Wanger would provide medical care to Dr. Leung’s patients when Dr. Leung was unavailable. The complaint also alleged that Dr. Wanger saw Ms. Schell in Dr. Leung’s absence and provided medical care to her, which included testing and diagnosis upon which Dr. Leung relied in subsequently treating Ms. Schell. Dr. Leung further alleged that if he would be found liable, then all or some of the liability would be the result of Dr. Wanger and/or Shenandoah’s negligence. Thus, Dr. Leung sought to make Dr. Wanger and Shenandoah third-party defendants for indemnification and/or contribution.

The parties before this Court agree that at the time Dr. Leung filed his motion for leave to bring in Dr. Wanger and Shenandoah, discovery was not yet complete. According to Dr. Leung, he had yet to take Ms. Schell’s deposition, and Ms. Schell confirms that the deposition was continued at least once prior to the discovery deadline. Further, several of the expert witnesses in the case had not been deposed at the time of Dr. Leung’s motion.

The circuit court refused permission to file the third-party complaint by order entered April 25, 2003. In denying the motion, the circuit court found: (1) the filing of the motion barely two months before the trial date was untimely and prejudicial to Ms. Schell; (2) the third-party complaint failed to contain any allegations of negligence or basis of liability against Dr. Wanger so that leave to file could not properly be had; and, (3) Dr. Leung failed to comply with the screening requirements of the West Virginia Medical Professional Liability Act in that he failed to provide a screening certificate of merit. W. Va.Code § 55-7B-6(b) (2001) (Supp.2002). Dr. Leung then filed a petition for a writ of prohibition with this Court. We issued a rule to show cause on May 13, 2003.

II.

STANDARD FOR ISSUANCE OF WRIT OF PROHIBITION

Pursuant to West Virginia Code § 53-1-1 (1923) (Repl.Vol.2000), “[t]he writ of prohibition shall lie as a matter of right in all cases of usurpation and abuse of power, when the inferior court has not jurisdiction of the subject matter in controversy, or, having such jurisdiction, exceeds its legitimate powers.” Dr. Leung does not dispute that the circuit court enjoyed jurisdiction over this case; rather, he contends that it exceeded its legitimate powers in declining to allow him to file his third-party complaint. The standard in such a case is found in Syllabus point 4 of State ex rel. Hoover v. Berger, 199 W.Va. 12, 483 S.E.2d 12 (1996):

In determining whether to entertain and issue the writ of prohibition for cases not involving an absence of jurisdiction but only where it is claimed that the lower tribunal exceeded its legitimate powers, this Court will examine five factors: (1) whether the party seeking the writ has no other adequate means, such as direct appeal, to obtain the desired relief; (2) whether the petitioner will be damaged or prejudiced in a way that is not correctable on appeal; (3) whether the lower tribunal’s order is clearly erroneous as a matter of law; (4) whether the lower tribunal’s order is an oft repeated error or manifests persistent disregard for either procedural or substantive law; and (5) whether the lower tribunal’s order raises new and important problems or issues of law of first impression. These factors are general guidelines that serve as a useful starting point for determining whether a discretionary writ of prohibition should issue. Although all five factors need not be satisfied, it is clear that the third factor, the existence of clear error as a matter of law, should be given substantial weight.

III.

DISCUSSION

Dr. Leung finds fault with all three bases upon which the circuit court denied him permission to file his third-party complaint against Dr. Wanger and Shenandoah.² We find that the circuit court exceeded its legitimate powers in holding Dr. Leung’s motion untimely and in finding that Dr. Leung’s proposed third-party complaint against Dr. Wanger and Shenandoah was inadequate. We further conclude that Ms. Schell lacked standing to invoke the certificate of merit requirement contained in the West Virginia Medical Professional Liability Act, W. Va. Code § 55-7B-6(b) (2001) (2002 Supp.) on behalf of Dr. Wanger and Shenandoah. Thus, we grant the writ as moulded.

A. Timeliness of Motion.

In the absence of a scheduling order containing a deadline to join additional parties as required by Rule 16 of the West Virginia Rules of Civil Procedure, the timeliness of a motion to file a third-party complaint is analyzed under Rule 14 of the West Virginia Rules of Civil Procedure. West Virginia Rule of Civil Procedure 16(b)(1) provides, in pertinent part, that “[ejxcept in actions exempted by the Supreme Court of Appeals,” a circuit court “shall after consulting with the attorneys for the parties ... enter á scheduling order that limits the time: To join other parties and to amend the pleadings .... ” Thus, Rule 16(b) directs that, “[a]s long as the case is not exempted ... the court must issue a written scheduling order .... ” Fed.R.Civ.P. 16 advisory committee’s note (1983 amendment).³ In other words, “[u]nder Rule 16(b)(1) it is mandatory that a scheduling order fix dates for joining other parties and to amend the pleadings.” Franklin D. Cleekley et al., Litigation Handbook on West Virginia Rules of Civil Procedure § 16(b)(l)[2], at 357 (2002). Notwithstanding that Rule 16(b)(1) is mandatory, the scheduling order lacked a deadline for adding parties.

Because of the scheduling order’s failure to include a cut-off date to add additional parties, Dr. Leung asserts he “did not violate a deadline for filing his motion for leave. Accordingly, [his] motion for leave to file a third-party complaint must be viewed as timely submitted and thus, granted.” We disagree with this characterization.

The scheduling order in this case simply did not contain a deadline for joining other parties. In such a circumstance, we cannot ignore the obvious and indulge in the fiction that a deadline was set; rather, we must take the facts as they actually existed and proceed upon the recognition that no Rule 16(b)(1) deadline governing the joining of additional parties was included in the scheduling order in this case.⁴ Thus, we think that the proper approach is to examine the issue under West Virginia Rule of Civil Procedure 14, the Rule that “lays out the guidelines under which defendants and plaintiffs may bring third parties into the action.” Cleckley, supra, § 14[1], at 323. Cf. Campania Mgt. Co. v. Rooks, Pitts & Poust, 290 F.3d 843, 849 n. 1 (7th Cir.2002) (“In the absence of such an order [delineating a deadline for amending the pleadings], we shall analyze this particular issue under the rubric of Rule 15 [the rule of civil procedure governing the amending of pleadings].”).⁵

Rule 14(a) of the West Virginia Rules of Civil Procedure provides, in pertinent part:

At any time after commencement of the action a defending party, as a third-party plaintiff, may cause a summons and complaint to be served upon a person not a party to the action who is or may be liable to the third-party plaintiff for all or part of the plaintiffs claim against the third-party plaintiff. The third-party plaintiff need not obtain leave to make the service if the third-party plaintiff files the third-party complaint not later than 10 days after serving the original answer. Otherwise the third-party plaintiff must obtain leave on motion upon notice to all parties to the action.

In short, Rule 14(a) provides that before a third-party may be impleaded⁶ by a first-party defendant, a first-party defendant must file a motion for leave to bring in a third-party defendant, unless the motion is made within ten days of service of the moving party’s answer. Thus, the Rule maintains a screening function for circuit courts with regard to motions to implead that are filed after the close of this ten-day window. Fed. R.Civ.P. 14 advisory committee’s note (1963 amendment) (“The amended subdivision preserves the value of a preliminary screening, through the leave procedure, of impleaders attempted after the 10-day period.”).

In this case, it is undisputed that Dr. Leung’s motion for leave to file came more than ten days after the original answer had been served.⁷ Thus, he was obligated to seek leave of the circuit court to file the third-party complaint, for “[i]f a defendant wishes to implead after ten days of service of his/her answer, leave of court is necessary.” Cleckley, supra, § 14(a)[2][a], at 327. “ ‘The provisions for impleader under Rule 14(a), West Virginia Rules of Civil Procedure, ... are within the sound discretion of the trial court .... ’ Syl. Pt. 5, in part, Bluefield Sash & Door Co., Inc. v. Corte Constr. Co., 158 W.Va. 802, 216 S.E.2d 216 (1975), overruled on other grounds, Haynes v. City of Nitro, 161 W.Va. 230, 240 S.E.2d 544 (1977).” Syl. pt. 5, in part, Shamblin v. Nationwide Mut. Ins. Co., 183 W.Va. 585, 396 S.E.2d 766 (1990). Therefore, the question before us is whether the circuit court abused its discretion in finding Dr. Leung’s motion for leave to bring a third-party complaint against Dr. Wanger and Shenandoah to be untimely.

“ ‘In general, an abuse of discretion occurs when a material factor deserving significant weight is ignored, when an improper factor is relied upon, or when all proper and no improper factors are assessed but the circuit court makes a serious mistake in weighing them.’” State v. Hedrick, 204 W.Va. 547, 553, 514 S.E.2d 397, 403 (1999) (quoting Gentry v. Mangum, 195 W.Va. 512, 520 n. 6, 466 S.E.2d 171, 179 n. 6 (1995)). While this is an accepting standard, “[w]e have also cautioned, however, that we will not simply rubber stamp the trial court’s decision when reviewing for an abuse of discretion.” Id., 204 W.Va. at 553, 514 S.E.2d at 403. With this understanding, we turn to the facts of the case before us.

Normally, a “party must not be dilatory in proceeding ... after a basis for impleader becomes clear.” 3 Moore’s Federal Practice § 14.21[3], at 14-58 (3d ed.2003). “Ideally, of course, motions for leave to implead a third party under Rule 14 should be made promptly or ‘as soon as possible after the filings of the pleadings in the suit.’ ” 6 Charles Alan Wright, Arthur R. Miller, Mary Kay Kane, Federal Practice and Procedure § 1454, at 423 (2003) (footnote omitted). However, we agree with Dr. Leung that some delay in third-party practice may be inevitable and that “there is usually nothing talismanic about delay alone.” 3 Moore’s Federal Practice § 14.21[3], at 14-57. Instead, courts must examine if the reason for the delay is excusable and analyze any resulting prejudice. Id. We do so now.

The circuit court found Dr. Leung’s motion untimely by relying on Shamblin v. Nationwide Mutual Insurance Co., 183 W.Va. 585, 597, 396 S.E.2d 766, 778 (1990), where we found “[u]nder the facts of [that] case, ... no abuse of the trial court’s discretion in its decision to deny appellant’s motion for a third-party action.” We explained that, “[t]he appellant’s unexplained delay in filing the motion until shortly prior to trial would have prejudiced the plaintiff had it been granted.” Id., 183 W.Va. at 597, 396 S.E.2d . However, under the facts of the instant case, we do not think that granting the impleader motion would have resulted in such significant delay to the case or prejudice to Ms. Schell or Dr. Wanger and Shenandoah as to justify the circuit court from precluding Dr. Leung from impleading Dr. Wanger and Shenandoah.

At the time Dr. Leung filed his impleader motion, discovery in this case was evidently far from complete. Neither Ms. Schell nor several expert witnesses in this case had been deposed. Thus, putting aside Dr. Leung’s motion for impleader, we find it difficult to fathom how this ease could have been ready for trial on May 20, 2003. It is apparent, therefore, that the trial date in this case would have had to be moved notwithstanding the impleader motion. Thus, we cannot attribute any significant delay in this case as flowing from the impleader motion. We conclude that the circuit court failed to consider this material fact in denying leave to implead and, thus, abused its discretion.⁸

B. Allegations of Negligence Against Dr. Wanger and Shenandoah

In denying the motion for leave to file, the circuit court additionally found that “the putative third party complaint fails to contain any allegations of negligence or other basis of liability against Dr. Wanger of any sort. It is thus not even a complaint. Leave to file it, therefore, may not properly be had under Rule 14.” We think this conclusion constitutes clear legal error.

Rule 14 “preserves the value of a preliminary screening, through the leave procedure, of impleaders attempted after the 10-day period.” Fed.R.Civ.P. 14 advisory committee’s note (1963 amendment). A circuit court enjoys the discretion to strike a third-party claim, inter alia, “if it is obviously unmeritorious .... ” Id. To determine if the complaint is “obviously unmeritorious,” we must examine West Virginia Rule of Civil Procedure 8(a), which “sets out general guidelines for pleading claims and defenses.” Cleckley, supra, § 8[1], at 184.

Rule 8(a) provides, in pertinent part, “[a] pleading which sets forth a claim for relief, whether an original claim, counterclaim, cross-claim, or third-party claim, shall contain (1) a short and plain statement of the claim showing that the pleader is entitled to relief, and (2) a demand for judgment for the relief the pleader seeks.” “Rule 8(a) sets forth the pleading standard for all pleadings seeking affirmative relief[,]” and “applies not only to an original claim contained in a complaint, but also to a pleading containing a claim for relief that takes the form of a ... third-party claim.” Wright, supra, § 1205, at 86 (footnote omitted).⁹ Rule 8(a) is, therefore, applicable to Dr. Leung’s proposed third-party complaint.

As compared to the old common law pleading, “[t]he West Virginia Rules of Civil Procedure have considerably liberalized the rules of pleading as respects stating a claim ... in a civil action.” M.W. Kellogg Co. v. Concrete Accessories Corp., 157 W.Va. 763, 772, 204 S.E.2d 61, 67 (1974). Now,

[a]ll that the pleader is required to do under Rule 8(a) is set forth sufficient information to outline the elements of his/her claim or to permit inferences to be drawn that these elements exist. Rule 8(a) contemplates a succinct complaint containing a plain statement of the nature of the claim together with a demand for judgment.

Id. 10

Dr. Leung’s proposed third-party complaint set forth the factual background to his claim, including allegations that (1) Shenandoah employed Dr. Wanger; (2) Dr. Leung and Dr. Wanger had an agreement where Dr. Wanger would cover for Dr. Leung if Leung was unavailable; (3) Dr. Wanger treated Ms. Schell at Shenandoah because Dr. Leung was on vacation; (4) Dr. Wanger’s treatment of Ms. Schell included performing-tests and diagnosing her with endometriosis; (5) Dr. Wanger referred Ms. Schell to Dr. Leung for follow-up care; and (5) upon his return, Dr. Leung based his treatment of Ms. Schell, in part, upon the testing and diagnosis performed by Dr. Wanger. Dr. Leung’s third-party complaint proceeded to assert that if Dr. Leung was found liable to Ms. Schell “then some or all of his liability would be the result of Dr. Wanger’s and Shenandoah’s negligence.” Dr. Leung’s proposed third-party complaint against Dr. Wanger and Shenandoah also demanded relief in the form of “contribution and/or indemnification” for some or all of any damages to which Dr. Leung might be subjected as a result of Ms. Schell’s complaint.¹¹

We think it evident that Dr. Leung’s third-party complaint satisfies Rule 8(a)’s minimal pleading requirements. Specifically, and contrary to the circuit court’s conclusion that it “fails to contain any allegations of negligence,” Dr. Leung’s proposed third-party complaint contains an allegation that any liability found against Dr. Leung would be “the result of Dr. Wanger’s and Shenandoah’s negligence." (Emphasis added). Any additional information that the parties need is to be gathered from the “ ‘liberal opportunity for discovery and the other pretrial procedures established by the Rules to disclose more precisely the basis of both claim and defense and to define more narrowly the disputed facts and issues.’ ” Sticklen v. Kittle, 168 W.Va. 147, 163, 287 S.E.2d 148, 157 (1981) (quoting Conley v. Gibson, 355 U.S. 41, 47-48, 78 S.Ct. 99, 103, 2 L.Ed.2d 80, 85-86 (1957)(footnote omitted)).

Because Dr. Leung’s proposed third-party complaint met the minimal requirements of Rule 8(a), it cannot be “obviously unmeritorious” as required for refusal to file under Rule 14(a). Consequently, we find the circuit court committed clear legal error in finding Dr. Leung’s third-party complaint insufficient.

C. Certificate of Merit.

As the final basis for denying Dr. Leung’s motion to implead Dr. Wanger and Shenandoah, the circuit court found that Dr. Leung’s proposed third-party complaint “failed to comply with the screening certificate of merit requirement of the West Virginia Medical Professional Liability Act, W. Va.Code § 55-7B-6(a) to 6(b) (2003).”¹² We believe the circuit court committed a clear error of law in allowing Ms. Schell to assert any rights Dr. Wanger and Shenandoah may have under the Medical Professional Liability Act (hereinafter the “MPLA”) since she lacked standing to assert rights belonging to these third-parties.¹³

“Generally, standing is defined as ‘[a] party’s right to make a legal claim or seek judicial enforcement of a duty or right.’ ” Findley v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co., 213 W.Va. 80, 94, 576 S.E.2d 807, 821 (2002) (quoting Black’s Law Dictionary 1413 (7th ed.1999)). “ ‘Our standing inquiry focuses on the appropriateness of a party bringing the questioned controversy to the court.’ ” Id., 213 W.Va. at 95, 576 S.E.2d at 822 (quoting Louisiana Envtl. Action Network v. Browner, 87 F.3d 1379, 1382 (D.C.Cir.1996)). One specific aspect of standing is that one generally lacks standing to assert the rights of another. We now turn to explore this aspect of standing.

We previously have recognized the reticence courts have in allowing parties to attempt to vindicate the rights of third-parties:

[traditionally, courts have been reluctant to allow persons to claim standing to vindicate the rights of a third party on the grounds that third parties are generally the most effective advocates of their own rights and that such litigation will result in an unnecessary adjudication of rights which the holder either does not wish to assert or will be able to enjoy regardless of the outcome of the case.

Snyder v. Callaghan, 168 W.Va. 265, 279, 284 S.E.2d 241, 250 (1981) (citation omitted). In Kessel v. Leavitt, 204 W.Va. 95, 118, 511 S.E.2d 720, 743 (1998) (quoting Warth v. Seldin, 422 U.S. 490, 509, 95 S.Ct. 2197, 2210, 45 L.Ed.2d 343, 361 (1975)), we recognized the “specific ‘prudential standing rule that normally bars litigants from asserting the rights or legal interests of others in order to obtain relief from injury to themselves[,]’” and held that one defendant lacked standing to raise a co-defendant’s objection to the circuit court’s exercise of personal jurisdiction over the co-defendant. In light of our clear and long-standing precedent against third-party standing, the circuit court committed clear legal error in permitting Ms. Schell to litigate Dr. Wanger’s and Shenandoah’s potential rights.¹⁴ Thus, we grant the writ as moulded.¹⁵

IY.

CONCLUSION

For the foregoing reasons, the writ of prohibition is granted.

Writ granted as moulded.

1 . Although Ms. Schell’s complaint acknowledged treatment by Dr. Wanger and Shenandoah, Ms. Schell did not sue either Dr. Wanger or Shenandoah. Apparently, Shenandoah is a federal medical clinic, and Ms. Schell did not wish to implicate federal jurisdiction in this case.

2 . The order entered by the circuit court denying Dr. Leung’s motion only included Dr. Wanger, and did not mention Shenandoah. At oral argument, Ms. Schell’s counsel, who prepared the order, stated that this was an error on his part and that a corrected order would be forthcoming. We think that a corrected order is warranted. However, we believe the current order before us must be read to include Shenandoah well as Dr. Wanger. Below, Dr. Leung's impleader motion and third-party complaint treated Dr. Wanger and Shenandoah identically, and in his petition for a writ of prohibition and memorandum of law, Dr. Leung treats the circuit court’s refusal to file the third-party complaint as encompassing both Dr. Wanger and Shenandoah. Further, if the circuit court found that the motion was untimely as to Dr. Wanger, it is only logical to assume that the court found it untimely as to Shenandoah as well. Thus, we construe the order denying Dr. Leung’s motion as denying him permission to implead both Dr. Wanger and Shenandoah. See 46 Am.Jur.2d Judgments § 100, at 454 (1994) ("If there is any uncertainty in the judgment as to the party for or against whom it is rendered, such uncertainty may be removed, and the validity of the judgment upheld, by resort to tire entire record, including the pleadings and process, where such identity may be ascertained.” (footnote omitted)).

3 . We have noted that "[b]ecause the West Virginia Rules of Civil Procedure are patterned after the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, we often refer to interpretations of the Federal Rules when discussing our own rules.” Keplinger v. Virginia Elec. & Power Co., 208 W.Va. 11, 20 n. 13, 537 S.E.2d 632, 641 n. 13 (2000).

4 . Because the scheduling order in this case did not include a deadline to join third parties, our opinion has no reason to address the interrelationship between Rules 14 and 16 in the context of a scheduling order that contains a Rule 16(b)(1) deadline. See In re CFS-Related Securities Fraud Litig., 213 F.R.D. 435, 437 n. 2 (N.D.Okla.2003) (refusing to address the issue of whether a third-party complaint filed after Rule 14(a)’s ten day window closes, but within the scheduling order’s deadline for joinder of parties, requires permission of the trial court).

5 .Like the Seventh Circuit, we admonish all circuit courts that they must "faithfully follow the strictures of Rule 16(b) in future cases.” Campania Mgt. Co. v. Rooks, Pitts & Poust, 290 F.3d 843, 848 n. 1 (7th Cir.2002). If the Rule is followed, we do not believe the situation currently before us will be repeated.

6 . Third-party practice under Rule 14 is generally called impleader. 3 Moore’s Federal Practice § 14.02, at 14-10 (3d ed.2003).

7 . Dr. Leung served his answer on March 26, 2002, and his impleader motion on March 21, 2003.

8 . We do not condone, however, waiting until the eve of trial to bring an impleader motion. Dr. Leung was aware from his receipt of Ms. Schell's complaint of Dr. Wanger’s and Shenandoah’s participation in Ms, Schell's treatment. Indeed, Dr. Leung’s counsel admitted to this Court that he was contemplating impleading Dr. Wanger and Shenandoah as early as September 2002. Instead, though, counsel waited to file the im-pleader motion because Dr. Leung wished to settle this case without impleading Dr. Wanger and Shenandoah and hazarding his ten-year relationship with Dr. Wanger. We caution that " ‘[h]e meant well' has served as an epitaph for many a futile endeavor, many a lost cause.” South Iowa Methodist Homes, Inc. v. Board of Rev., 257 Iowa 1302, 1312, 136 N.W.2d 488, 494 (1965) (Garfield, C.J., dissenting). We doubt that Dr. Leung's concern for Dr. Wanger would justify his delay in filing his impleader motion. If this case would not otherwise have had to be continued, we would be hard pressed to find Dr. Leung's impleader motion timely when it was served only two months before trial and justified by Dr. Leung's concern for Dr. Wanger. See Valley Indus. Inc. v. Martin, 733 S.W.2d 720, 721 (Tex.Ct.App.1987) ("Inasmuch as joinder of a new party 60 days before trial will almost certainly delay trial, the trial court could properly have denied Valley leave to implead ....”); See also Wilkinson v. Duff, 212 W.Va. 725, 729 n. 2, 575 S.E.2d 335, 339 n. 2 (2002) (per curiam) ("[W]e have held that a defendant must exercise the right to contribution in the underlying action, and may not delay the exercising of the right.”);

9 . Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 8(a) includes one additional requirement in a pleading; a specific basis for invocation of federal jurisdiction. The obligation of a party to affirmatively set forth federal jurisdiction is premised upon the fact that federal courts are courts of limited jurisdiction whose jurisdiction will not be presumed. See e.g., Dracos v. Hellenic Lines, Ltd., It2 F.2d 348, 350 (4th Cir.1985).

10 . We note that the liberal thrust of Rule 8 may be limited by other rules, as well as by statutory and case law. Cleckley, supra, § 8[2], at 185.

11 . At oral argument, Dr. Leung’s counsel clarified that he sought only contribution. As we explained in Syllabus point 2 of Board of Education of McDowell County v. Zando, Martin & Milstead, Inc., 182 W.Va. 597, 390 S.E.2d 796 (1990), "[a] defendant in a civil action has a right in advance of judgment to join a joint tortfeasor based on a cause of action for contribution. This is termed an 'inchoate right to contribution’ in order to distinguish it from the statutory right of contribution after a joint judgment conferred by W. Va.Code, 55-7-13 (1923)." " 'The touchstone of the right of inchoate contribution is this inquiry: Did the party against whom contribution is sought breach a duty to the plaintiff which caused or contributed to the plaintiff’s damages?’ ” Sheetz, Inc. v. Bowles, Rice, McDavid, Graff & Love, PLLC, 209 W.Va. 318, 329, 547 S.E.2d 256, 267 (2001) (quoting Zando, 182 W.Va. at 603, 390 S.E.2d at 802). See also Syl. pt. 3, Sitzes v. Anchor Motor Freight, Inc., 169 W.Va. 698, 289 S.E.2d 679 (1982) ("As between joint tortfeasors, a right of comparative contribution exists inter se based upon their relative degrees of primary fault or negligence.”) Consequently, Dr. Leung's right to contribution from Dr. Wanger and Shenandoah rests upon Dr. Leung being able to prove that at least some of Ms. Schell’s injuries were attributable to Dr. Wanger and Shenandoah.

12 .West Virginia Code § 55-7B-6 was amended by H.B. 2122, 2003 W. Va. Acts Ch. 147, in the 2003 regular legislative session. H.B. 2122 made several changes to the MPLA's pre-filing requirements, but left intact the certificate of merit requirement. Thus, under West Virginia Code § 55-7B-6(b) (2001) (Supp.2002):

The screening certificate of merit shall be executed under oath by a health care provider qualified as an expert under the West Virginia rules of evidence and shall state with particularity: (1) The expert's familiarity with the applicable standard of care in issue; (2) the expert's qualifications; (3) the expert’s opinion as to how the applicable standard of care was breached; and (4) the expert's opinion as to how the breach of the applicable standard of care resulted in injury or death. A separate screening certificate of merit must be provided for each health care provider against whom a claim is asserted. The person signing the screening certificate of merit shall have no financial interest in the underlying claim, but may participate as an expert witness in any judicial proceeding.

13 . We do not express any opinion on the substantive question of whether Dr. Leung needed to comply with the certificate of merit requirement in the MPLA. Should they choose to do so, Dr. Wanger and Shenandoah may raise this issue below and respond to Dr. Leung's other arguments, which we do not reach here, as to why he did not have to comply with the certificate of merit requirement.

14 . We recognize that in many applications the rules of prudential standing are not constitutionally mandated, but they are "weighty” “ 'rule[s] of practice’ ” and should be abandoned only in response to "weighty countervailing policies.” United States v. Raines, 362 U.S. 17, 22, 80 S.Ct. 519, 523, 4 L.Ed.2d 524, 530 (1960) (citation omitted). See also DePriest v. Virginia, 33 Va. App. 754, 762, 537 S.E.2d 1, 4 (2000) (citation omitted) (noting that prudential standing rules are subject to " 'limited exceptions' ” justified by only by the "most ‘weighty, countervailing policies.’ ”).

15 . We do observe that West Virginia Rule of Civil Procedure 14 allows "[a]ny party [to] move to strike the third-party claim ....” However, we do not believe that this provision of Rule 14 extends to issues in the impleader motion or proposed third-party complaint that do not affect the rights of the party moving to strike such third-party claim.