Smith v. Commissioner of Social Security Administration

Opinion

1 WO 2 3 4 5 6 IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 7 FOR THE DISTRICT OF ARIZONA

9 Jennifer Smith, No. CV-23-01509-PHX-KML

10 Plaintiff, ORDER

11 v.

12 Commissioner of Social Security Administration, 13 Defendant. 14 15 Jennifer Smith seeks review of a final decision of the Commissioner of Social 16 Security denying her application for disability supplemental security income. Smith argues 17 that the Administrative Law Judge’s analysis of her medical record was not based on 18 substantial evidence; the ALJ did not provide clear and convincing reasons for discounting 19 her symptom testimony; and he did not consider whether, when combined with functional 20 limitations, her obesity medically equaled a statutorily listed impairment. (Doc. 10.) 21 Because the ALJ’s opinion is not based on substantial evidence, it is vacated and remanded 22 for further proceedings. 23 I. Background 24 a. Procedural History 25 Smith filed her application for disability supplemental security income on October 26 13, 2020. (Administrative Record (“AR”) 15, Doc. 8-3 at 16.)1 Smith is super morbidly 27 obese, weighing 574 pounds with a body mass index greater than 80. (AR 40.) In her 28 1 The complete AR spans Doc. 8-3 through Doc. 9-9. 1 application, Smith claimed physical impairments of obesity, congestive heart failure, pre- 2 diabetes, blood pressure, neuropathy of both feet, moderate persistent asthma, restless leg 3 syndrome, carpal tunnel syndrome, and knee pain. (AR 19–20.) She also claimed mental 4 impairments of depression, anxiety, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. (AR 21.) 5 After initial denials, Smith and a vocational expert testified before an ALJ on April 21, 6 2022. (AR 16.) The ALJ denied her claim on July 22, 2022. 7 b. Five Step Evaluation Process 8 The ALJ follows a five-step process to determine whether a claimant is disabled 9 under the Act. 20 C.F.R. § 404.1520(a). See Woods v. Kijakazi, 32 F.4th 785, 787 n.1 (9th 10 Cir. 2022) (summarizing 20 C.F.R. § 404.1520(a)(4)). The claimant bears the burden of 11 proof on the first four steps, but the burden shifts to the Commissioner at step five. White 12 v. Kijakazi, 44 F.4th 828, 833 (9th Cir. 2022). At step three, the claimant must show that 13 her impairment or combination of impairments meets or equals the severity of an 14 impairment listed in Appendix 1 to Subpart P of 20 C.F.R. Part 404. 20 C.F.R. 15 § 404.1520(a)(4)(iii). If the claimant meets her burden at step three, she is presumed 16 disabled and the analysis ends. If the inquiry proceeds to step four, the claimant must show 17 her residual functional capacity (“RFC”)—the most she can do with her impairments— 18 precludes her from performing her past work. Id. If the claimant meets her burden at step 19 four, then at step five the Commissioner must determine if the claimant is able to perform 20 other work that “exists in significant numbers in the national economy” given the 21 claimant’s RFC, age, education, and work experience. Id. at § 404.1520(a)(4)(v). If so, the 22 claimant is not disabled. Id. 23 Smith met her burden at step one and two. But the ALJ found at step three that 24 Smith’s impairments or combination of impairments did not meet or medically equal a 25 listed impairment. (AR 23.) After reviewing Smith’s medical record, symptom testimony, 26 and third-party statements from her mother and cousin, the ALJ found at step four that 27 Smith had an RFC to perform sedentary work with some additional limitations that 28 included occasional stooping and sitting for six hours in an eight-hour workday. (AR 23.) 1 The ALJ found that Smith’s past work as a veterinary technician and a dog groomer 2 exceeded her RFC. (AR 28.) 3 Based on Smith’s RFC, relevant vocational factors, and testimony from the 4 vocational expert, the ALJ determined at step five that Smith could perform the jobs of 5 order clerk, hand mounter, and document preparer. (AR 29.) The ALJ therefore found 6 Smith not disabled. (AR 30.) 7 II. Standard of Review 8 The court may set aside the Commissioner’s disability determination only if it is not 9 supported by substantial evidence or is based on legal error. Orn v. Astrue, 495 F.3d 625, 10 630 (9th Cir. 2007). “Substantial evidence is more than a mere scintilla but less than a 11 preponderance” of evidence and is such that “a reasonable mind might accept as adequate 12 to support a conclusion.” Id. (quoting Burch v. Barnhart, 400 F.3d 676, 679 (9th Cir. 13 2005)). The court reviews only those issues raised by the party challenging the decision. 14 See Lewis v. Apfel, 236 F.3d 503, 517 n.13 (9th Cir. 2001). 15 III. Discussion 16 Smith asserts three errors in the ALJ’s decision requiring remand: (1) the ALJ’s 17 analysis of medical opinion evidence was not based on substantial evidence; (2) the ALJ 18 failed to articulate clear and convincing reasons to discount Smith’s testimony; (3) and the 19 ALJ failed to analyze whether Smith’s obesity combined with functional limitations caused 20 by joint pain and dysfunction medically equaled Listing 1.18. (Doc. 10 at 2.) Because the 21 ALJ cherry-picked the medical opinions without adequately examining the supportability 22 and consistency factors and rejected Smith’s testimony without providing clear and 23 convincing reasons, the case is remanded for additional proceedings.2 24 a. Medical Opinion Evidence 25 The most important factors in evaluating the persuasiveness of medical opinions are 26 “supportability” and “consistency.” 20 C.F.R. § 404.1520c(a). Supportability is “the extent 27 to which a medical source supports the medical opinion by explaining the

28 2 In light of the remand, the court declines to address Smith’s third claimed error. See Hiler v. Astrue, 687 F.3d 1208, 1212 (9th Cir. 2012). 1 ‘relevant . . . objective medical evidence.’” Woods, 32 F.4th at 791–92 (quoting 20 C.F.R. 2 § 404.1520c(c)(1)). Consistency is “the extent to which a medical opinion is 3 ‘consistent . . . with the evidence from other medical sources and nonmedical sources in 4 the claim.’” Id. at 792 (quoting 20 C.F.R. § 404.1520c(c)(2)). The ALJ must 5 “articulate . . . how persuasive” he finds “all of the medical opinions” from each doctor or 6 other source, 20 C.F.R. § 404.1520c(b), and “explain how [he] considered the 7 supportability and consistency factors” in reaching these findings. 20 C.F.R. 8 § 404.1520c(b)(2). The ALJ “cannot reject an examining or treating doctor’s opinion as 9 unsupported or inconsistent without providing an explanation supported by substantial 10 evidence.” Woods, 32 F.4th at 792. 11 Here, the ALJ gave Dr. Gordon’s opinion “partial weight” (AR 27), finding that Dr. 12 Gordon overestimated Smith’s ability to carry because of her morbid obesity and 13 underestimated her ability to sit and walk based on “largely normal” physical examinations 14 in the medical record. (AR 27–28.) But the ALJ did so without examining the 15 supportability of Dr. Gordon’s opinion, and cherry-picked from the medical records in 16 implicitly evaluating consistency. 17 As to supportability, Dr. Gordon’s evaluation of Smith’s mobility limitations at 18 times appeared to be contradicted by his own observations. Dr. Gordon reported that Smith 19 was unable to stoop during the evaluation but nonetheless concluded that she could stoop 20 occasionally. (AR 1517.)3 And even when Dr. Gordon’s conclusions were supported by 21 significant probative evidence, the ALJ rejected these findings without explanation if they 22 supported Smith’s claims. For instance, Dr. Gordon concluded that a walker was 23 “medically necessary” and observed that Smith was unable to sit on the examination table, 24 had a “slow and waddling-appearing gait,” was “unable to lift each foot off the ground[,] 25 stand without assistance[,] demonstrated overall difficulties with balance,” and was 26 “unable to walk in tandem or stand and walk on heels and toes.” (AR 1517.) But the ALJ 27 3 Smith’s reply brief suggests a possible reason for this inconsistency. (Doc. 13 at 6 n.1.) 28 Because neither party raised this explanation before the reply and neither the ALJ nor Dr. Gordon discussed it, the court declines to speculate as to its accuracy. 1 cursorily disregarded these observations by stating that use of a walker was “not consistent 2 with medical documentation elsewhere in the file” and “the balance of physical 3 exams . . . were rather unremarkable overall and [do] not support significant sitting 4 limitations.” (AR 27.) 5 In evaluating the consistency of Dr. Gordon’s findings, the ALJ failed to take into 6 account the record as a whole. The ALJ found that Dr. Gordon underestimated Smith’s 7 ability to sit “as the balance of physical exams . . . were rather unremarkable overall and 8 [do] not support significant sitting limitations.” (AR 27.) The ALJ chose statements from 9 reports summarizing Smith’s visits to her cardiologist and pulmonologist (and one report 10 from her general practitioner) to support his conclusions, but even these reports 11 contradicted the ALJ’s findings when viewed wholistically. For instance, the ALJ noted 12 that the report from Smith’s December 17, 2021 visit to her general practitioner stated that 13 she had “mildly decreased fine touch sensation in legs/feet.” (AR 27.) That same report 14 concluded that Smith had “decreased range of motion,” “chronic low back pain, neck pain, 15 joint pain, muscle pain,” neuropathy of both feet, and “significant swelling in the right leg” 16 severe enough to warrant further evaluation for a blood clot. (AR 997, 1000.) 17 The ALJ drew the bulk of support for his findings rejecting Gordon’s opinion from 18 Smith’s cardiologist and pulmonologist’s reports, which were not created for the purpose 19 of examining Smith’s gait and posture. (Compare AR 27 with AR 353 (cardiologist noted 20 Smith “present[ed] . . . for evaluation and management of chronic diastolic heart failure.”).) 21 Moreover, the conclusions of these reports as to gait and posture were not substantiated by 22 their own findings. For example, the report from Smith’s January 26, 2021 visit to her 23 cardiologist noted that she had “normal gait and posture” but that her legs were bandaged 24 for edema and she was “unable to get up on an exam table” for an EKG. (AR 355.) 25 Although an ALJ is not required to “discuss all evidence presented” to him, he “must 26 explain why significant probative evidence has been rejected.” Kilpatrick v. Kijakazi, 35 27 F.4th 1187, 1193 (9th Cir. 2022). The ALJ did not explain why contradictory record 28 evidence was rejected in favor of “descriptions of unremarkable status examinations [that] 1 did not take into account the record as a whole.” Caldwell v. Saul, 840 F. App’x 907, 910 2 (9th Cir. 2020) (citing Robbins v. Soc. Sec. Admin., 466 F.3d 880, 882 (9th Cir. 2006) (an 3 ALJ “may not affirm simply by isolating a specific quantum of supporting evidence.”) 4 (internal quotations omitted)). 5 For the reasons described above, the ALJ’s conclusion was not based upon 6 substantial evidence. 7 b. Smith’s Symptom Testimony 8 The ALJ found that Smith’s medically determinable impairments “could reasonably 9 be expected to cause some of the alleged symptoms,” but concluded the “intensity, 10 persistence and limiting effects of these symptoms” were “not entirely consistent with the 11 medical evidence and other evidence in the record.” (AR 24.) The ALJ’s failure to offer 12 specific, clear, and convincing reasons for rejecting Smith’s symptom testimony is an 13 additional harmful error warranting remand. Smartt v. Kijakazi, 53 F.4th 489, 494 (9th Cir. 14 2022). 15 An ALJ evaluates the credibility of a claimant’s symptom testimony through a two- 16 step analysis. Garrison v. Colvin, 759 F.3d 995, 1014. First, the ALJ determines whether 17 the claimant has “presented objective medical evidence of an underlying impairment which 18 could reasonably be expected to produce the pain or other symptoms alleged.” Id. (internal 19 quotations omitted). The claimant is not required to show “that her impairment could 20 reasonably be expected to cause the severity of the symptom she has alleged; she need only 21 show that it could reasonably have caused some degree of the symptom.” Id. (internal 22 quotations omitted). An ALJ may not “‘reject a claimant’s subjective complaints based 23 solely on a lack of medical evidence to fully corroborate the alleged severity of pain.’” Id. 24 at 494–95 (quoting Burch, 400 F.3d at 681). If the claimant satisfies this first step and the 25 ALJ does not find “affirmative evidence of malingering,” he can “reject the claimant’s 26 testimony about the severity of her symptoms only by offering specific, clear, and 27 convincing reasons for doing so.” Smartt, 53 F.4th at 494 (internal quotations omitted). 28 Here, the ALJ concluded that Smith’s impairments could reasonably be expected to 1 cause some of her alleged symptoms but rejected her testimony regarding the “intensity, 2 persistence and limiting effects of these symptoms” due to a lack of corroborating medical 3 evidence and “generally conservative treatment overall.” (AR 24–25.) Because the ALJ 4 did not find affirmative evidence of malingering, Smith’s testimony can only be rejected 5 for clear and convincing reasons. The ALJ failed to provide those reasons. 6 For example, the ALJ found Smith’s medical record contained “few mentions of 7 back pain complaints.” (AR 25.) But Smith complained of back pain in the vast majority 8 of medical reports the ALJ cited. (AR 25, 354, 361, 972, 997, 1003, 1022–23, 1035, 1038– 9 39, 1050, 1065, 1068–69, 1071; 1083–1084; cf. AR 979.) Smith treated her back pain with 10 gabapentin for years and was prescribed the highest available dosage by June 2021 even as 11 her symptoms persisted. (See, e.g., AR 997, 1002, 1005, 1084, 1516.) Smith attempted to 12 see a specialist to treat her back pain but was unable to secure an appointment. (AR 1084.) 13 And she also tried to obtain a more recent MRI but could not fit into the machine. (AR 24– 14 25.) To the extent the ALJ discounted Smith’s complaints of back pain without considering 15 possible reasons she “might not have sought additional or more aggressive treatment,” this 16 too was harmful error. See Torres v. Kijakai, No. 20-17272, 2021 WL 5638008, at *2 (9th 17 Cir. Dec. 1, 2021). 18 Separately, the ALJ cited a lack of medical evidence in the record to support Smith’s 19 claims but ignored consistent supporting evidence when it was presented. For instance, he 20 rejected Smith’s testimony regarding her need for a walker because there was “no mention 21 of a walker” at earlier appointments, notwithstanding Dr. Gordon’s finding that a walker 22 was “medically necessary.” (AR 25.) But “a reviewing court must consider the entire 23 record as a whole and may not affirm simply by isolating a specific quantum of supporting 24 evidence.” Robbins, 466 F.3d at 882 (internal quotations omitted). The ALJ also 25 discredited Smith’s need to “[lie] down a total of 4 to 5 hours due to back problems” 26 because she did not validate this need with a recommendation by a physician or any other 27 proof it was “medically necessary.” (AR 25.) But an ALJ “cannot insist on clear medical 28 evidence to support each part of a claimant’s subjective pain testimony when there is no 1 || objective testimony evincing otherwise.” Smartt, 53 F.4th at 498. 2 Finally, the ALJ discredited Smith’s testimony due to her ability to complete some || daily activities. But the Ninth Circuit has “repeatedly warned that ALJs must be especially cautious in concluding that daily activities are inconsistent with testimony about pain.” 5|| Garrison, 759 F.3d at 1016. Here, Smith’s daily activities were consistent with her 6 || statements about her pain. The ability to prepare simple meals, communicate with friends and family virtually, drive short distances, dress and groom herself with some assistance 8 || “while taking frequent hours-long rests, avoiding any heavy lifting, and lying in bed most 9|| of the day,” is consistent with the pain Smith described in her testimony and an inability to 10 || function in a workplace environment. Id. 11 Accordingly, the ALJ did not provide clear, convincing, and specific reasons to 12 || discredit Smith’s testimony regarding her pain-related impairments. 13 IV. Appropriate Remedy 14 Smith requested only that her case be remanded for reconsideration of the evidence. (Doc. 10 at 2.) Because additional proceedings may remedy defects in the original decision—namely the ALJ’s failure to evaluate the supportability and consistency of the medical evidence and to offer clear and convincing reasons for rejecting Smith’s 18 || testimony—remand for reconsideration is appropriate. 19 Accordingly, 20 IT IS ORDERED vacating and remanding the decision of the ALJ. 21 IT IS FURTHER ORDERED directing the Clerk to enter final judgment || consistent with this Order and close this case. 23 Dated this 25th day of September, 2024. 24

6 AA ANCAP EA _ Honorable Krissa M. Lanham 27 United States District Judge 28

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