J-A25036-21
2022 PA Super 13
KELLY SMITH, EXECUTRIX OF THE : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF ESTATE OF DANIEL R. HARRITY, : PENNSYLVANIA DECEASED : : Appellant : : : v. : : No. 3 WDA 2021 : A.O. SMITH CORPORATION, ET. AL. :
Appeal from the Order Entered December 1, 2020 In the Court of Common Pleas of Allegheny County Civil Division at No(s): G.D. No. 19-006036
BEFORE: KUNSELMAN, J., KING, J., and COLINS, J.*
OPINION BY COLINS, J.: FILED: JANUARY 26, 2022
Kelly Smith (“Plaintiff”), the executrix of the estate of Daniel R. Harrity
(“Decedent”), appeals from the December 1, 2020 order dismissing all claims
and parties in this action in which Plaintiff seeks damages related to
Decedent’s alleged exposure to asbestos. In this appeal, Plaintiff challenges
the August 11, 2020 order of the trial court granting the summary judgment
motion of Appellee Vanadium Enterprises Corporation (“Vanadium”); the trial
court concluded that the record lacked sufficient evidence to support a finding
that Vanadium was liable as a successor to Decedent’s former employers,
____________________________________________
* Retired Senior Judge assigned to the Superior Court. J-A25036-21
Schneider, Inc. and one of its subsidiaries, Pittsburgh Mechanical Systems,
Inc. (“Pittsburgh Mechanical”). We affirm.1
Decedent worked for Schneider, Inc. and Pittsburgh Mechanical as a
union plumber from 1966 to 1975. Vanadium Motion for Summary Judgment
Based on Lack of Successor Liability (“Motion”), Exhibit 5 (Decedent’s
employment records). Specifically, Decedent worked for Schneider, Inc. from
1968 through 1971 and for Pittsburgh Mechanical from 1966 through 1975,
eventually rising to the level of Vice President of Pittsburgh Mechanical. Id.
According to his complaint, Decedent was diagnosed with mesothelioma in
March 2019. On April 23, 2019, he initiated this action against various entities
who allegedly exposed him to asbestos. Vanadium was named as one of the
defendants in this lawsuit, while Schneider, Inc. and Pittsburgh Mechanical
were not. Decedent died on May 23, 2019, and Plaintiff, Decedent’s daughter
and the executrix of his estate, was substituted as plaintiff in the trial court.
Decedent’s employers, Schneider, Inc. and Pittsburgh Mechanical, were
two of approximately 40 corporate entities founded by Frank Schneider that
1 This matter and Maxine Rosenkeimer as Executrix of the Estate of Arthur W. Rosenkeimer, III v. A.O. Smith Corporation, et al., No. 4 WDA 2021, are two related appeals from orders of the Court of Common Pleas of Allegheny County granting summary judgment in favor of Vanadium based upon a lack of successor liability with respect to asbestos-exposure claims brought by former employees of Schneider, Inc. and Pittsburgh Mechanical. While the plaintiffs, decedents, and their exact dates of employment with Schneider, Inc. and Pittsburgh Mechanical differ in the two cases, the summary judgment motion, the trial court’s orders and reasoning, and the appellate issues are identical in these two matters.
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we refer to collectively in this opinion as the “Schneider Companies.” Over
time, various Schneider Companies ceased operations or experienced financial
difficulties, and the assets of the remaining four operational Schneider
Companies were sold in 1990 to Vanadium. The question of Vanadium’s
potential successor liability for the obligations of the four Schneider
Companies whose assets it purchased was the subject of a prior lawsuit
brought by Continental Insurance Company (“Continental Insurance”) in the
trial court. This earlier litigation ultimately produced opinions both of this
Court, Continental Insurance Co. v. Schneider, Inc., 810 A.2d 127, 130
(Pa. Super. 2002), and our Supreme Court, Continental Insurance Co. v.
Schneider, Inc., 873 A.2d 1286 (Pa. 2005).2 Plaintiff’s principal argument
on appeal is that our reversal of the summary judgment grant in favor of
Vanadium in Continental I is binding precedent that requires us to also
reverse the grant of summary judgment here.
In Continental II, our Supreme Court explained the events that led to
Vanadium’s purchase of the assets of the four Schneider Companies as
follows:
During the mid-to-late 1980s, the Schneider Companies fell upon severe financial difficulties, such that by 1989, they had accumulated $35 million in debt to their three secured creditors, Pittsburgh National Bank (now PNC Bank), Mellon Bank and Equitable Bank (now National City Bank) (collectively, the ____________________________________________
2 In this opinion, we refer to our 2002 opinion as “Continental I,” our Supreme Court’s 2005 opinion as “Continental II,” and we refer to the earlier litigation generally as “Continental.”
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“Banks”), who held blanket security interests in virtually all of the assets of the companies. As a result, Schneider, in coordination with the Banks, began shutting down or selling off most of the Schneider Companies. By April of 1990, only four of the Schneider Companies were still conducting any business and after May of 1990, even those four were nothing more than empty shells.
873 A.2d at 1288 (footnote omitted).
The four Schneider Companies that were still operating in 1990 and
whose assets were sold to Vanadium were Schneider Engineers, Schneider
Services International, Inc. (“SSI”), Jones-Krall, Inc. (“Jones-Krall”), and
Construction Rental and Supply (“CRS”). Continental I, 810 A.2d at 130. In
early 1990, Schneider delivered all of the non-real estate assets of Schneider
Engineers, SSI, Jones-Krall, and CRS to its secured creditors, the Banks.
Continental II, 873 A.2d at 1288. The Banks sold the assets of these four
companies to Vanadium for $15 million at a consensual private foreclosure
sale, pursuant to Section 9–504 of the Uniform Commercial Code (“UCC”).3
Id. In the transaction, Vanadium served as a holding company for four of its
subsidiaries which individually purchased the assets of Schneider Engineers,
SSI, Jones-Krall, and CRS.4 Id. at 1288 & n.3. Neither Vanadium nor its
subsidiaries assumed any of the obligations of the four Schneider Companies.
Continental I, 810 A.2d at 130.
3 13 Pa.C.S. § 9504.
4 These four Vanadium subsidiaries—S.E. Technologies, Inc., Construction Rental and Supply, Inc., Jones Krall, Inc. and S.S.I. Services, Inc.—were given nearly identical names to the Schneider Companies whose assets were purchased. Continental II, 873 A.2d at 1288 & n.3.
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The four Schneider Companies whose assets were purchased by
Vanadium were involved in distinct lines of business: Schneider Engineers
was an engineering design firm, SSI performed facility and property
management services, Jones-Krall was an electrical contractor, and CRS was
an equipment rental company. Motion, Exhibit 16 (Matthew Schneider
Deposition), at 40-41, 117-18. These lines of business continued at the four
Vanadium subsidiaries after the asset sale. Id. at 98. By contrast, Vanadium
did not purchase any assets related to the plumbing and mechanical
contracting work Decedent was engaged in at Schneider, Inc. and Pittsburgh
Mechanical. Id. at 38, 115-18.
In addition to its operational role as a plumbing and mechanical
contractor, Schneider, Inc. also was a holding company and parent of Jones-
Krall and, through another subsidiary, SSI. Plaintiff’s Response in Opposition
to Vanadium’s Motion for Summary Judgment Based on Lack of Successor
Liability (“Response”), Exhibit D (Organization Chart of Schneider
Companies); Motion, Exhibits 12-13 (Jones-Krall and SSI Asset Sale
Agreements). However, Schneider, Inc.’s own assets were not sold to
Vanadium, and the company had not dissolved as of the date of the summary
judgment motion. Motion, Exhibit 16, at 135; id., Exhibit 15 (Pennsylvania
Department of State Business Document Search Report).
Vanadium was formed by managers at the four Schneider Companies
whose assets it purchased. Motion, Exhibit 16, at 31, 37, 55-62, 65-66.
Neither of the shareholders of Schneider, Inc.—Frank Schneider and his
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brother, Edward Schneider—ever had an ownership interest in Vanadium or
its subsidiaries. Id. at 69, 131, 133-34, 172. Frank Schneider did, however,
later come to work for one of the Vanadium subsidiaries until his death in
2002. Id. at 25, 108-10. In addition, Frank’s son, Matthew Schneider,
borrowed $2.05 million from his parents at the time of the 1990 asset sale,
and he invested the money in Vanadium through a company he formed,
Capital Diverse Venture Corporation. Id. at 30-32, 68-69, 81, 106-107. At
first, Matthew was a passive investor in Vanadium holding non-voting stock,
but he ultimately became the president and chief executive officer and sole
voting shareholder of Vanadium in 1995. Id. at 71, 84-85, 87. Matthew,
however, had very limited work experience at only one of the Schneider
Companies (CRS) prior to his investment in Vanadium and none at Schneider,
Inc. or Pittsburgh Mechanical; furthermore, Matthew never worked in the
plumbing and mechanical contracting business. Id. at 103-104, 123-24.
In the present matter, Vanadium filed a motion for summary judgment
on February 28, 2020, in which it asserted that it lacked successor liability for
Schneider, Inc. and Pittsburgh Mechanical. On August 11, 2020, after oral
argument, the trial court entered an order granting summary judgment in
favor of Vanadium and dismissing all claims against Vanadium. Plaintiff
ultimately settled with or discontinued litigation against all remaining parties,
and on December 1, 2020, the trial court entered an order disposing of all
outstanding claims and parties to the lawsuit. Plaintiff filed a timely notice of
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appeal, citing her objection to the earlier grant of summary judgment in favor
of Vanadium.
On May 28, 2021, the trial court filed an opinion explaining its reasons
for granting summary judgment.5 In its opinion, the trial court concluded that
the evidence of record showed that none of the elements of the de facto
merger standard were met because (i) Frank Schneider and his brother
Edward never held an ownership interest in Vanadium; (ii) the only continuity
of management was that Frank Schneider was an employee for one of
Vanadium’s subsidiaries; (iii) Schneider, Inc. has not dissolved; and (iv) the
liabilities of Schneider, Inc. and Pittsburgh Mechanical were not assumed by
Vanadium or its subsidiaries. Trial Court Opinion, 5/28/21, at 8; see also
Fizzano Brothers Concrete Products, Inc. v. XLN, Inc., 42 A.3d 951, 962
(Pa. 2012) (listing four prongs of de facto merger test). While recognizing
that Matthew Schneider had borrowed funds from his father to invest in
Vanadium, the court noted that the source of funds for an investment is not a
factor in the de facto merger standard and further that Matthew had no
interest in or relationship with Schneider, Inc. or Pittsburgh Mechanical. Trial
Court Opinion, 5/28/21, at 8-9. The trial court further concluded that, while
the Schneider Companies were related and had business dealings with each
other, they were not a single entity, and in any event, inter-billing between
5 The trial court did not order Plaintiff to file a concise statement of errors complained of on appeal pursuant to Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b).
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the Schneider Companies shows that corporate formalities between the
various entities were observed. Id. at 9.
The trial court additionally found that there was insufficient evidence
that Vanadium was a “mere continuation” of Schneider, Inc. and Pittsburgh
Mechanical because Vanadium was engaged in distinct lines of business as
those two companies. Id. at 11-12. The court concluded that, although two
of the four Schneider Companies that Vanadium purchased were Schneider,
Inc. subsidiaries, none of Schneider, Inc.’s assets itself were sold to
Vanadium, and Schneider, Inc. continues to exist. Id. The trial court found
that the “mere continuation” argument “might be viable if [Decedent] had
worked specifically for one of the four companies whose assets were
purchased” by Vanadium, but there was no genuine issue of material fact as
to whether Vanadium was a continuation of the plumbing and mechanical
contracting business of Schneider, Inc. or Pittsburgh Mechanical. Id. at 11.
Plaintiff presents the following issue for our review:
Whether the trial court erred when it determined that there was no genuine issue as to any material fact in relation to whether Vanadium [] was the corporate successor to Schneider, Inc. and that Vanadium [] was entitled to a judgment as a matter of law in relation to Plaintiff[’s] claims against it.
Plaintiff’s Brief at 4. Plaintiff focuses on two primary arguments in this appeal.
First, Plaintiff argues that the trial court and this Court are bound by our
holding in Continental I that there was a genuine issue of material fact as to
whether Vanadium had successor liability based upon its purchase of assets
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of four of the Schneider Companies. In addition, Plaintiff argues that the trial
court erred when it refused to consider the deposition taken of Frank
Schneider during the Continental litigation prior to his death in 2002.
Our review of the trial court’s grant of summary judgment is guided by
the following considerations. “[S]ummary judgment is appropriate only in
those cases where the record clearly demonstrates that there is no genuine
issue of material fact and that the moving party is entitled to judgment as a
matter of law.” In re Risperdal Litigation, 223 A.3d 633, 639 (Pa. 2019)
(citation omitted). Under our Rules of Civil Procedure, “a record that supports
summary judgment will either (1) show the material facts are undisputed or
(2) contain insufficient evidence of facts to make out a prima facie cause of
action or defense and, therefore, there is no issue to be submitted to the jury.”
Cigna Corp. v. Executive Risk Indemnity, Inc., 111 A.3d 204, 210-11 (Pa.
Super. 2015) (citation omitted); see also Pa.R.Civ.P. 1035.2.
“When considering a motion for summary judgment, the trial court must
take all facts of record and reasonable inferences therefrom in a light most
favorable to the non-moving party and must resolve all doubts as to the
existence of a genuine issue of material fact against the moving party.” Maas
v. UPMC Presbyterian Shadyside, 234 A.3d 427, 436 (Pa. 2020). Thus,
the trial court may only grant summary judgment “where the right to such
judgment is clear and free from all doubt.” Risperdal Litigation, 223 A.3d
at 639 (citation omitted).
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On appellate review, . . . an appellate court may reverse a grant of summary judgment if there has been an error of law or an abuse of discretion. But the issue as to whether there are no genuine issues as to any material fact presents a question of law, and therefore, on that question our standard of review is de novo. This means we need not defer to the determinations made by the [trial court].
Summers v. Certainteed Corp., 997 A.2d 1152, 1159 (Pa. 2010) (citation
omitted).
In Pennsylvania, it is a “general principle of corporation law that a
purchaser of a corporation’s assets does not, for such reason alone, assume
the debts of the selling corporation, unlike a purchaser of the corporation’s
stock.” Fizzano Brothers, 42 A.3d at 954. However, exceptions to this
general rule against successor liability have been recognized where:
(1) the purchaser expressly or implicitly agreed to assume liability, (2) the transaction amounted to a consolidation or [a de facto] merger, (3) the purchasing corporation was merely a continuation of the selling corporation, (4) the transaction was fraudulently entered into to escape liability, or (5) the transfer was without adequate consideration and no provisions were made for creditors of the selling corporation.
Id. at 954 n.2 (quoting Continental II, 873 A.2d at 129).
Of the five exceptions to the general rule against successor liability, only
the “de facto merger” and “mere continuation” exceptions are at issue here.6
With respect to the “de facto merger” exception,
6 As Vanadium points out in its brief, in 1988, the General Assembly enacted
Section 1904 of the Business Corporation Law, which “abolished” the “doctrine of de facto mergers, consolidations and other fundamental transactions.” See (Footnote Continued Next Page)
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For a de facto merger to occur, there must be continuity of the successor and predecessor corporation as evidenced by (1) continuity of ownership; (2) a cessation of ordinary business and dissolution of the predecessor as soon as practically and legally possible; (3) assumption by the successor of the liabilities ordinarily necessary for the uninterrupted continuation of the business of the predecessor, and (4) a continuity of management, personnel, physical location, aspects, and general business operation.
Fizzano Brothers, 42 A.3d at 962 (citation omitted). “[T]he elements of the
de facto merger are not a mechanically-applied checklist, but a map to guide
a reviewing court to a determination that, under the facts established, for all
intents and purposes, a merger has or has not occurred between two or more
corporations, although not accomplished under the statutory procedure.” Id.
at 969.
The ”mere continuation” exception to the general rule against successor
liability is often treated “identically” to and is “difficult to distinguish” from the
de facto merger exception. Id. at 963 n.13 (quoting Commonwealth v.
Lavelle, 555 A.2d 218, 227 (Pa. Super. 1989) (en banc)). We have stated
that “[i]n a [mere] continuation, a new corporation is formed to acquire the
assets of an extant corporation, which then ceases to exist.” Lavelle, 555
15 Pa.C.S. § 1904. However, no Pennsylvania state court has ever interpreted this statute, let alone found that the statute abolishes the de facto merger or mere continuation exceptions to the general rule against successor liability. Indeed, as recently as 2012, our Supreme Court in Fizzano Brothers recognized the continued existence of the de facto merger and mere continuation exceptions. In light of our affirmance of the trial court’s grant of summary judgment here, we need not address what effect, if any, Section 1904 has on the successor liability exceptions.
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A.2d at 227 (citation omitted). “There is in effect but one corporation which
merely changes its form and ordinarily ceases to exist upon the creation of
the new corporation which is its successor.” Id. (citation omitted). “The
primary elements of the continuation exception are identity of the officers,
directors, or shareholders, and the existence of a single corporation following
the transfer.” Continental I, 810 A.2d at 134-35.
Plaintiff first argues that the trial court erred in ignoring this Court’s
determination in Continental I that there was a genuine issue of material
fact whether Vanadium was liable for the obligations of the Schneider
Companies under a successor liability theory. Plaintiff contends that the only
operative difference between this case and Continental is that Continental
Insurance was seeking relief from Vanadium and its four subsidiaries, whereas
here Plaintiff is seeking to impose liability solely on Vanadium. Plaintiff argues
that this Court’s prior conclusion that there remained unresolved issues of fact
as to whether Vanadium was liable under the de facto merger or mere
continuation exceptions remains good law and is controlling in the present
litigation. Furthermore, Plaintiff asserts that the trial court’s attempt to
distinguish Continental I on the basis that Schneider, Inc. was dismissed
from the case was unavailing as Schneider, Inc. is not a party to the present
matter either and the pertinent issue in both matters is the same: whether
Vanadium is the corporate successor to the Schneider Companies.
The Continental case arose when Continental Insurance, the general
liability, automobile, and workers’ compensation insurance carrier for the
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Schneider Companies prior to the asset sale, brought suit to recover $12
million in premiums that it claimed had never been paid. Continental I, 810
A.2d at 129-30. Continental Insurance named Vanadium and its four
subsidiaries as parties to the suit, alleging that they were liable as successors
to Schneider Engineers, SSI, Jones-Krall, and CRS. Id. at 129-30. The trial
court entered summary judgment in favor of Vanadium concluding that the
doctrine of successor liability should not operate to defeat the public policy
favoring the interests of secured creditors—the Banks that arranged the
foreclosure sale to Vanadium—over that of a general creditor—Continental
Insurance. Id. Subsequent to the trial court’s ruling, judgment was entered
by consent against all the remaining Schneider defendants, including
Schneider, Inc., and the only remaining defendants in the case were Vanadium
and its four subsidiaries. Id. at 129 & n.1.
This Court held on appeal that a secured creditor’s disposition of a
debtor company’s assets under Section 9-504 of the UCC7 does not preclude
a general creditor from later seeking recovery from the purchaser of the assets
under the successor liability doctrine. Id. at 132-33. We then proceeded to
hold that the trial court erred in granting summary judgment on the successor
liability issue, concluding that there remained genuine issues of material fact
as to whether Vanadium was the successor of the four Schneider Companies
7 Section 9-504 of the UCC was amended in 2001 and the relevant provisions
were re-enacted in substantial part at Sections 9-610 and 9-611 of the UCC. See 13 Pa.C.S. §§ 9610, 9611; Continental I, 810 A.2d at 131 n.2.
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it purchased. Id. at 135-36. In particular, this Court noted that there was a
genuine dispute regarding the continuity of ownership and control of
Schneider Engineers, SSI, Jones-Krall, and CRS and whether the Vanadium
companies served the same clients, had the same employees, and occupied
the same offices as the former Schneider Companies. Id. at 135.
Our Supreme Court granted allocatur on the issue of whether a
successor liability claim is viable following a sale of the debtor’s assets
pursuant to Section 9-504. Continental II, 873 A.2d at 1287. The Supreme
Court affirmed this Court’s conclusion that “a UCC foreclosure sale does not
extinguish potential successor liability claims.” Id. at 1292-94. The Supreme
Court noted that Vanadium requested that it consider whether Continental
Insurance had raised a genuine issue of material fact as to successor liability,
but the Court did not reach the summary judgment ruling as allocatur was not
granted on the issue. Id. at 1294 n.11.
Here, the trial court concluded that the summary judgment ruling of
Continental I is inapplicable to the present case because Decedent’s
employers, Schneider, Inc. and Pittsburgh Mechanical, were not parties to the
Continental matter at the time of the appeal to this Court and therefore the
issues and arguments pertaining to those two entities were not raised. Trial
Court Opinion, 5/28/21, at 5. The trial court further observed that the
ultimate question of whether Vanadium and its subsidiaries had successor
liability in the Continental litigation was not resolved as the case was settled
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prior to the trial court’s resolution of the issue.8 Id. “Most importantly,” the
trial court stated, Continental I is not binding in this matter because ”for
purposes of summary judgment each case must be decided based on the
record in that particular case.” Id.
Upon review, we agree with the trial court that the determination in
Continental I that there was a triable issue of fact as to successor liability
does not dictate the resolution of the summary judgment motion in the
present matter. Both this Court and the trial court are bound by “existing
[Superior Court] precedent under the doctrine of stare decisis.” Fiedler v.
Spencer, 231 A.3d 831, 838 (Pa. Super. 2020) (citation omitted); see also
Sunbeam Corp. v. Liberty Mutual Insurance Co., 781 A.2d 1189, 1194
(Pa. 2001).
The doctrine of stare decisis maintains that for purposes of certainty and stability in the law, a conclusion reached in one case should be applied to those which follow, if the facts are substantially the same, even though the parties may be different. In this formulation the terms “conclusion” and “in the law” are particularly meaningful because stare decisis relates primarily to rules or pronouncements of law.
In re Angeles Roca First Judicial District Philadelphia County, 173 A.3d
1176, 1187 (Pa. 2017) (internal citations and some quotation marks omitted);
8 A review of the docket in the Continental matter reveals that the case was
settled in 2006 shortly after the matter was remanded to the trial court. See https://dcr.alleghenycounty.us/Civil/View/PublicSearchByCaseNumber.aspx? CasID=GD-92-009392 (last visited December 17, 2021); see also Deyarmin v. Consolidated Rail Corp., 931 A.2d 1, 5 n.6 (Pa. Super. 2007) (we may take judicial notice of the docket of the courts of this Commonwealth).
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see also 20 Am. Jur. 2d Courts § 129 (“For a court to apply a precedent as
stare decisis, there must have been a judicial opinion on a point of law.”)
(cited in In re Roca, 173 A.3d at 1187). Thus, our Supreme Court has
emphasized that the doctrine of stare decisis is concerned with the stability of
court pronouncements of law rather than the resolution of individual cases
with different facts. In re Roca, 173 A.3d at 1187, 1191-92 & n.10
(concluding that judicial disciplinary sanctions imposed in prior cases do not
have precedential value in subsequent cases).
In Continental I, this Court reversed the trial court’s grant of summary
judgment and found that there remained an issue of fact as to whether
Vanadium had successor liability for the four Schneider Companies whose
assets it had purchased. 810 A.2d at 135-36. However, our conclusion in
Continental I was based upon the record developed by the litigants in that
earlier litigation. Id. at 135 (noting that this Court had “reviewed the[]
disputed issues of fact in the context of the elements required [] to support a
claim of successor liability”). Summary judgment is an inherently factual
determination made on the record created by the parties in each individual
case. Pa.R.Civ.P. 1035.2, 1035.3; Risperdal Litigation, 223 A.3d at 639.
Thus, a trial court must weigh each summary judgment motion on “all facts
of record” in that particular case, Maas, 234 A.3d at 436, and may not simply
rely on the precedential value of an earlier summary judgment ruling based
upon the unique record developed in that earlier case.
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In addition to the fact that Continental I was decided on a different
factual record, there is another factor that distinguishes the earlier case from
the present litigation: the business activities of Decedent’s employers,
Schneider, Inc. and Pittsburgh Mechanical, were not at issue in the
Continental litigation. Rather, Continental related to Vanadium’s alleged
successor liability arising out of its subsidiaries’ purchases of the assets of
Schneider Engineers, SSI, Jones-Krall, and CRS, companies that never
employed Decedent and never engaged in the line of business in which
Decedent was engaged. Except to the extent Vanadium purchased the assets
of Schneider, Inc.’s two subsidiaries, Jones-Krall and SSI, Vanadium did not
contract with or have any involvement with Schneider, Inc. or Pittsburgh
Mechanical. Nor did Vanadium attempt to continue Schneider, Inc. and
Pittsburgh Mechanical’s plumbing and mechanical contracting work.
Accordingly, in light of the distinct record and factual predicate in the earlier
Continental case, we conclude that the trial court did not err in refusing to
give precedential effect to Continental I.9
9 Plaintiff has not raised the issue of whether Vanadium is collaterally estopped
from challenging successor liability as a result of this Court’s ruling in Continental I. However, even if properly raised, we would find the doctrine of collateral estoppel inapplicable. Collateral estoppel precludes a party from relitigating an issue addressed in a previous matter but only if “the issue decided in the prior case is identical to [the] one presented in the later case.” Weissberger v. Myers, 90 A.3d 730, 733 (Pa. Super. 2014) (citation omitted). As we have explained in this decision, the issue of successor liability in Continental I involves distinct facts as compared to the successor liability analysis in the present matter.
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Plaintiff next argues that the trial court abused its discretion in not
considering Frank Schneider’s deposition taken during the Continental
litigation, which Plaintiff included in her response to Vanadium’s summary
judgment motion. See Response, Exhibit A. In declining to consider Frank’s
deposition, the trial court concluded that even though he was deceased and
unavailable to be deposed in the present matter, it would be inappropriate to
consider the earlier deposition because it was hearsay and “Vanadium did not
have the same motive to develop [Frank’s] testimony” in the earlier case.
Trial Court Opinion, 5/28/21, at 9. The trial court explained that in
Continental, “the parties did not distinguish between claims that lie against
Vanadium’s successor entities as a result of business continuation, as opposed
to [the] broader claims [at issue here] that stem[] from the prior activity of
an entity that did not continue to operate as a Vanadium company.” Id. at
9-10. The court stated that, if successor liability as to Schneider, Inc. and
Pittsburgh Mechanical had been at issue, it would have been “expected to see
more detailed questioning about the maintenance of corporate formalities,”
testimony which was noticeably absent from the transcript excerpts attached
to Plaintiff’s opposition to the summary judgment motion. Id. at 10.
Plaintiff argues that the trial court’s attempt to distinguish this action
from Continental is unavailing as there is no legal authority “supporting the
proposition that a finding of successor liability based on the mere continuation
or de facto merger doctrines would somehow be different based on the type
of claim asserted.” Plaintiff’s Brief at 23-24. “Whether an action brought
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against a purported corporate successor is in tort, as here, or in contract, as
in [Continental], successor liability analysis is the same.” Id. at 24. Plaintiff
asserts that the successor liability issues are identical in Continental and
here, and therefore Vanadium had the same motivation in examining Frank
Schneider in both cases.
“The admissibility of evidence is a matter addressed to the sound
discretion of the trial court and should not be overturned absent an abuse of
discretion.” Kardos v. Armstrong Pumps, Inc., 222 A.3d 393, 401 (Pa.
Super. 2019) (citation omitted). The Pennsylvania Rules of Civil Procedure
permit a non-movant to use hearsay in opposition to a summary judgment
motion so long as the non-movant can demonstrate to the trial court “a
plausible avenue for the admission at trial of the hearsay.” Id. at 402.
Frank Schneider’s Continental deposition, which Plaintiff offered to
substantively rebut Vanadium’s summary judgment motion, is undoubtedly
hearsay. See Pa.R.E. 801(c) (defining hearsay as a statement offered to
prove the truth of the matter asserted that a declarant “does not make while
testifying at the current trial or hearing”); Bugosh v. Allen Refractories
Co., 932 A.2d 901, 911-12 (Pa. Super. 2007) (deposition of deceased
deponent in earlier lawsuit is hearsay). Pennsylvania Rule of Evidence
804(b)(1) provides an exception to the rule against hearsay for former
testimony, including deposition testimony, by an unavailable declarant that
“is now offered against a party who had--or, in a civil case, whose predecessor
in interest had--an opportunity and similar motive to develop it by direct,
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cross-, or redirect examination.” Pa.R.E. 804(b)(1); see also Pa.R.Civ.P.
4020(a) (providing for admission of deposition testimony at trial against party
who was present or represented at the taking of deposition “so far as
admissible under the rules of evidence”). As Frank Schneider was deceased
at the time the instant litigation commenced, he is clearly unavailable to testify
in this case. Pa.R.E. 804(a)(4); Bugosh, 932 A.2d at 911. However, the
question remains whether Vanadium had a “similar motive” to examine Frank
in his Continental deposition. Pa.R.E. 804(b)(1).10
Plaintiff cited to three separate portions of Frank Schneider’s deposition
in her response to Vanadium’s summary judgment motion. Two of the three
relevant portions of Frank’s testimony concern his loan to Matthew to fund his
investment in Vanadium and Frank’s employment with Vanadium after the
1990 asset purchase, matters as to which there is no substantial factual
disagreement between the parties. Compare Response at 7-10; id., Exhibit
A (Frank Schneider Deposition) at 123-27, 130-31 with Motion, Exhibit 16, at
30-32, 68-69, 81, 106-10. As to the remaining issue, Plaintiff highlights
Frank’s testimony that Schneider Inc. did not publish annual reports and that
none of the Schneider Companies held regular board meetings, which Plaintiff ____________________________________________
10 Vanadium argues that, because the transcript of Frank Schneider’s Continental deposition reproduced in Plaintiff’s summary judgment opposition was partial and did not show the attorneys present at the deposition, there is no evidence that it had the “opportunity” to examine Frank in the earlier matter. We assume for the purpose of this decision that Vanadium, which was a party to the Continental case and Frank’s employer at the time he was deposed, received adequate notice of the deposition.
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points to as evidence showing that all of the Schneider Companies “operated
as a single entity.” Response at 2; id., Exhibit A, at 177; see also Plaintiff’s
Brief at 7.
We conclude that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in not
considering Frank Schneider’s testimony regarding the Schneider Companies’
lack of adherence to corporate formalities. The issue in the Continental
litigation was whether Vanadium had any successor liability for the Schneider
Companies arising from its purchase of the assets of Schneider Engineers,
SSI, Jones-Krall, and CRS and Vanadium’s continuation of those businesses
following the purchase. The issue of Schneider, Inc.’s internal corporate
operations was at best tangential to the core issues in Continental and not
necessary for proof of Vanadium’s successor liability in that case. Therefore,
Vanadium lacked a “similar motive” to develop Frank’s testimony on this issue,
and the court properly concluded that his statements may not be admitted
through the former testimony hearsay exception. Pa.R.E. 804(b)(1); see
Bugosh, 932 A.2d at 912 (affirming decision to prohibit the introduction of
hearsay deposition testimony from prior case where party had no incentive to
cross-examine witness concerning liability issues in present case).11 ____________________________________________
11 Vanadium also argues that the Frank Schneider deposition should not be
considered because Plaintiff only attached selected portions of the transcript; Plaintiff did not provide a copy of the full transcript in discovery; Vanadium does not have access to the transcript otherwise; and Vanadium is entitled to receipt of the entire transcript prior to its use at trial. See Pa.R.Civ.P. 4020(a)(4) (“If only part of a deposition is offered in evidence [at trial] by a (Footnote Continued Next Page)
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More to the point, however, we agree with the trial court that even if
Frank Schneider’s deposition testimony were considered, the record still lacks
sufficient evidence to show a triable issue of fact as to Vanadium’s successor
liability. See Trial Court Opinion, 5/28/21, at 10. It is undisputed that
Decedent worked at Schneider, Inc. and Pittsburgh Mechanical as a union
plumber and ultimately became a vice president of Pittsburgh Mechanical
performing functions in its plumbing/mechanical contracting business line. It
is further undisputed that Decedent never worked for Vanadium and that
Vanadium never purchased the plumbing and mechanical contracting business
of Schneider, Inc. or Pittsburgh Mechanical.
In 1990, Vanadium did purchase the assets of Schneider Engineers, SSI,
Jones-Krall, and CRS, four of the approximately forty businesses founded by
Frank Schneider. However, these four companies were engaged in
engineering design, facility and property management services, electrical
contracting, and equipment rental—distinct lines of business from the ____________________________________________
party, any other party may require the offering party to introduce all of it which is relevant to the part introduced, and any party may introduce any other parts.”); see also Pa.R.E. 106. We agree with Vanadium that Plaintiff’s apparent use of selected portions of the deposition transcript without providing the remainder of Frank Schneider’s testimony is concerning as Frank may have discussed the relevant matters in more depth or even contradicted the statements quoted by Plaintiff at other points during his deposition. See Pa.R.E. 106, Comment (“The purpose of Pa.R.E. 106 is to give the adverse party an opportunity to correct a misleading impression that may be created by the use of a part of a writing or recorded statement that may be taken out of context.”). However, the trial court did not rule on this issue below, and the appellate record does not allow us to resolve the factual question of whether Vanadium was or was not provided a copy of the full transcript.
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plumbing and mechanical contracting work of Schneider, Inc. and Pittsburgh
Mechanical in which Decedent was engaged. Furthermore, Vanadium did not
acquire the debts or liabilities of Schneider Engineers, SSI, Jones-Krall, CRS,
or of any other of the Schneider Companies.
With respect to the question of whether Schneider, Inc. and Pittsburgh
Mechanical effectively merged into Vanadium, the trial court accurately
determined that none of the four elements of the de facto merger analysis
were met here. As to the first element, there was no “continuity of ownership”
between Vanadium and Schneider, Inc. or its subsidiary Pittsburgh Mechanical
as Schneider, Inc. was owned by Frank and Edward Schneider. Fizzano
Brothers, 42 A.3d at 962 (citation omitted). Neither of these individuals
became owners of Vanadium. Matthew Schneider, who did invest in
Vanadium, had no ownership interest or role at Schneider, Inc. or Pittsburgh
Mechanical.
Second, Schneider, Inc. and Pittsburgh Mechanical did not “ce[ase their]
ordinary business and dissol[ve] as soon as practically and legally possible”
following Vanadium’s purchase of the assets of the unrelated Schneider
Companies. Id. (citation omitted). Rather, the record reveals that Schneider,
Inc. has not dissolved and remains an active corporation as of the date of the
present litigation.12
12 The record is silent regarding the fate of Pittsburgh Mechanical.
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Third, Vanadium did not assume the “liabilities [of Schneider, Inc. and
Pittsburgh Mechanical] ordinarily necessary for the uninterrupted continuation
of the business” of those two companies. Id. (citation omitted). Indeed,
Vanadium did not assume the liabilities of the four Schneider Companies
whose assets it purchased, let alone the liabilities of Schneider, Inc. and
Pittsburgh Mechanical.
Finally, there is virtually no evidence to show “a continuity of
management, personnel, physical location, aspects, and general business
operation” between Schneider, Inc./Pittsburgh Mechanical and Vanadium. Id.
(citation omitted). Vanadium was formed by management at Schneider
Engineers, SSI, Jones-Krall, and CRS, none of whom were shown to have any
role at Schneider, Inc. or Pittsburgh Mechanical. While Vanadium brought
over as many as 1,000 employees from Schneider Engineers, SSI, Jones-Krall,
and CRS, there is no evidence that any of them had worked at Schneider, Inc.
or Pittsburgh Mechanical, aside from Frank Schneider. Motion, Exhibit 16, at
89, 108. Vanadium and its subsidiary businesses also never occupied any of
the office locations of Schneider, Inc. and Pittsburgh Mechanical in Pittsburgh
and Carnegie, Pennsylvania. Id., Exhibit 15, Exhibit 16 at 119-23.
Furthermore, Vanadium and its subsidiaries pursued distinct lines of business
as compared to Schneider, Inc. and Pittsburgh Mechanical.
Just as the “de facto merger” test was not met, the summary judgment
record also fails to reveal sufficient evidence to support a claim of Vanadium’s
successor liability under the “mere continuation” exception. As explained
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above, the “mere continuation” analysis is very similar to that of the “de facto
merger” exception and focusses on whether “a new corporation is formed to
acquire the assets of an extant corporation” with the predecessor then ceasing
to exist, leaving “in effect but one corporation.” Fizzano Brothers, 42 A.3d
at 963 n.13; Lavelle, 555 A.2d at 227 (citation omitted). “The primary
elements of the continuation exception are identity of the officers, directors,
or shareholders, and the existence of a single corporation following the
transfer.” Continental I, 810 A.2d at 134-35.
Rather than Vanadium being a continuation of Schneider, Inc. and
Pittsburgh Mechanical, the record reveals a quite different picture. Schneider,
Inc. and Pittsburgh Mechanical had no common officers, directors, or
shareholders with Vanadium or its subsidiaries that absorbed the assets of
Schneider Engineers, SSI, Jones-Krall, and CRS. Furthermore, there is no
evidence that Schneider, Inc. or Pittsburgh Mechanical ceased to exist after
the 1990 asset purchase and the only evidence submitted by the parties
indicates that Schneider, Inc. remains an active corporation to this day. The
record thus shows that Vanadium was solely a continuation of Schneider
Engineers, SSI, Jones-Krall, and CRS and not of Schneider, Inc. or Pittsburgh
In arguing that there was a triable issue of fact regarding Vanadium’s
successor liability for Schneider, Inc. and Pittsburgh Mechanical, Plaintiff
stresses two factors: Matthew Schneider’s investment of over $2 million in
Vanadium with funds borrowed from his parents and the purported
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intermingling of operations among the various Schneider Companies. As the
trial court aptly surmised, however, “the source of funds to purchase assets
is not part of the test for de facto merger/mere continuation.” Trial Court
Opinion, 5/28/21, at 8. Nothing in the record reflects anything other than
that Matthew’s loan from his parents was an arm’s length’s transaction, which
Matthew repaid with interest according to the terms of the loan. Response,
Exhibit A at 125-26; Motion, Exhibit 16, at 106-07. While Plaintiff attempts
to connect this loan to Frank Schneider’s employment at Vanadium, there is
no indication that Matthew ran Vanadium at the behest of his father or that
Frank otherwise exerted control over Vanadium through his loan to Matthew.13
Plaintiff also falls short of showing that Vanadium inherited the liabilities
of Decedent’s former employers, Schneider, Inc. and Pittsburgh Mechanical,
based upon the Schneider Companies’ purported failure to adhere to corporate
formalities and intermingling of operations. Without saying as much, Plaintiff
appears to be arguing that the trial court should have pierced the corporate
veil of the various Schneider Companies and found that Frank Schneider
13 We note that Plaintiff has not asserted the fraud exception to the general
rule against successor liability by arguing that Matthew’s investment in Vanadium was a sham transaction to create the appearance of a change of ownership of the Schneider Companies to avoid liabilities. See Fizzano Brothers, 42 A.3d at 954 n.2 (stating that fraud exception is met where “the transaction was fraudulently entered into to escape liability”) (citation omitted). The record here plainly would not support a finding that the 1990 asset sale was fraudulent. Cf. Continental I, 810 A.2d at 136 n.6 (agreeing with trial court that Continental Insurance could not recover from Vanadium under the fraud exception to the rule against successor liability).
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operated the various constituent companies as a single business enterprise as
to which Vanadium is the successor in liability. However, Plaintiff’s complaint
does not contain allegations that would substantiate a veil piercing claim. See
Lumax Industries, Inc. v. Aultman, 669 A.2d 893, 895 (Pa. 1995)
(providing that a plaintiff must “set out material, relevant, well-pleaded facts”
to recover under a veil piercing theory). Instead, Plaintiff’s arguments are
largely based on references to the “Schneider Group” or simply “Schneider”
even when the conduct at issue is attributable to specific Schneider
Companies, eliding the distinction between the four companies whose assets
Vanadium purchased—Schneider Engineers, SSI, Jones-Krall, and CRS—and
Decedent’s employers—Schneider, Inc. and Pittsburgh Mechanical. See, e.g.,
Plaintiff’s Brief at 24; Response at 8; see also Trial Court Opinion, 5/28/21,
at 10 (“Plaintiff’s defense of the Motion for Summary Judgment cannot be
based on the careless application of terms and labels.”).
Furthermore, Plaintiff has failed to produce evidence to overcome the
“strong presumption in Pennsylvania against piercing the corporate veil.”
Mortimer v. McCool, 255 A.3d 261, 268 (Pa. 2021) (quoting Lumax, 669
A.2d at 895). As our Supreme Court has explained, the “distribut[ion] of
related businesses across multiple corporate entities to secure liability
protection and legal advantage” is not by itself cause for piercing the corporate
veil. Id. at 283. Instead, veil-piercing cases “typically involve truly egregious
misconduct” where the corporate form is abused to such a degree that
“adherence to the corporate fiction under the circumstances would sanction
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fraud or promote injustice.” Id. at 283, 287 (citation omitted). While the
record here contains evidence that the Schneider Companies disregarded
some corporate formalities, such as by not holding regular board meetings,
and shared some overlapping officers and a 401(k) plan,14 Plaintiff has fallen
far short of showing “such unity of interest and ownership that the separate
personalities of the [individual Schneider Companies] no longer exist[ed].”
Id. at 286-87 (citation omitted).
Accordingly, we conclude that the trial court did not err in determining
that the record lacked sufficient evidence of facts to make out a prima facie
claim that Vanadium was liable under a theory of successor liability for the
acts of Decedent’s former employers, Schneider, Inc. and Pittsburgh
Mechanical. Pa.R.Civ.P. 1035.2; Cigna, 111 A.3d at 210-11. We therefore
affirm the order granting summary judgment in favor of Vanadium
Order affirmed.
Judgment Entered.
Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq. Prothonotary
Date: 01/26/2022
14 See Response, Exhibit A at 177, Exhibit H (Paul Fallert Deposition) at 12,
146-47.
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