Simpson v. DeJoy

• Court: District Court, D. Arizona
• Decided: November 18, 2022
• Docket: 2:20-cv-00495
• Status: Unknown

Opinion

1 WO 2 3 4 5 6 IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 7 FOR THE DISTRICT OF ARIZONA

9 Pedro A. Simpson, No. CV-20-00495-PHX-DWL

10 Plaintiff, ORDER

11 v.

12 Louis DeJoy, Postmaster General, United States Postal Service, 13 Defendant. 14

15 Pedro A. Simpson (“Simpson”) has sued his former employer, the United States 16 Postal Service (the “Agency”), for employment discrimination. Now pending before the 17 Court is the Agency’s motion for summary judgment on Simpson’s remaining claims. 18 (Doc. 52.) For the following reasons, the motion is granted. 19 BACKGROUND 20 I. Factual Background 21 The background facts below are taken from the parties’ summary judgment 22 submissions and other materials in the record and are uncontroverted unless otherwise 23 noted. Additional facts bearing on the parties’ specific summary judgment arguments are 24 addressed in the Discussion portion of this order. 25 In 1976, Simpson began his career with the Agency. (Doc. 52-1 at 72.) Simpson 26 eventually became the Manager of Information Systems for the Agency’s Arizona-New 27 Mexico District. (Id. at 77 ¶ 6.) 28 In March 2016, Simpson underwent surgery for cancer. (Doc. 53-1 ¶ 1.) Simpson 1 shared news of his condition with his supervisor, District Manager John DiPeri (“DiPeri”). 2 (Id.) At some point before February 10, 2018, Simpson began working remotely.1 3 After DiPeri was detailed to a different region, Gail Hendrix (“Hendrix”), a District 4 Manager from Missouri, stepped in as the “Acting District Manager for Arizona-New 5 Mexico” from February 10, 2018 to July 6, 2018. (Doc. 52-1 at 76 ¶ 3 .)2 6 In April 2018, Simpson and Hendrix met telephonically for Simpson’s mid-year 7 performance review. (Id. at 77 ¶ 7.)3 Following this review, Hendrix asked Lerene Wiley 8 (“Wiley”), the District’s Human Resources Manager, to initiate the “reasonable 9 accommodation process” through the “District Reasonable Accommodation Committee” 10 (“DRAC”). (Id. at 77-78 ¶ 9.) 11 Simpson met with DRAC on June 27, 2018. (Id. at 5 ¶ 13.) This meeting resulted 12 in an agreement that Simpson would return to work at the District Office but that his hours 13 would be shifted to avoid peak traffic times. (Id. at 5 ¶¶ 13-16. See also id. at 37 [DRAC 14 Medical Summary Information Sheet, describing Simpson’s restrictions as “Driving 15 limited to short distances daily,” “Ability to travel to and from a distant office environment 16 is impaired by unpredictable need for immediate access to a restroom,” and “Capable of 17 driving intermittently as flare up and frequency of symptoms permit (presently 18 improved)”].) 19 Hendrix and Simpson then spoke by phone and agreed he would return to the office 20 on July 9, 2018. (Id. at 5 ¶ 17. See also id. at 41-42 [Hendrix’s notes from July 3, 2018

21 1 The Agency describes this shift as occurring “at some point prior to April 2018.” (Doc. 52 at 2.) Simpson does not provide an exact date but indicates it was after his cancer 22 surgery in March 2016 and before DiPeri’s departure. (Doc. 53-1 ¶ 1.) Other evidence in the record indicates that DiPeri’s departure occurred sometime before February 10, 2018. 23 (Doc. 52-1 at 76 ¶ 3.) 24 2 In his response, Simpson makes various allegations regarding why Hendrix became Acting District Manager and her work performance, none of which are material to the 25 summary judgment analysis. 26 3 Although the parties dispute whether Hendrix knew Simpson was working remotely before this meeting, they agree Hendrix possessed this knowledge afterward. (Compare 27 Doc. 52 at 2 [stating Hendrix “learned that [Simpson] was not coming into the office at all” at the mid-year review meeting in April 2018] with Doc. 53 at 3 [including this statement 28 as a disputed fact and alleging Simpson “virtually attended staff meetings wherein Gail Hendrix was acting as a DM”].) 1 call].) However, Hendrix was replaced by Richard “Marty” Chavez (“Chavez”) as Acting 2 District Manager on July 6, 2018, before Simpson’s return. (Id. at 95-96 ¶¶ 3, 6.) 3 On July 9, 2018, Simpson returned to work. (Id. at 6 ¶ 19.) At this time, Chavez 4 “knew [Simpson] had an altered schedule as a reasonable accommodation but did not know 5 why.” (Id. at 96 ¶ 6.) 6 In September 2018, Chavez and Simpson agreed that Simpson would begin 7 reporting to the office at 5:00 AM and leaving in the early afternoon (according to the 8 Agency, 1:30 PM; according to Simpson, 1:00 PM). (Doc. 52-1 at 96 ¶ 7; Doc. 53-1 ¶ 3.) 9 Although the exact reason for this arrangement is disputed (as is who suggested the altered 10 schedule), the parties agree that it was based, at least in part, on Simpson’s cancer 11 treatments. (Doc. 52-1 at 96 ¶ 7; Doc. 53-1 ¶ 3.)4 12 In the spring of 2019, Simpson was asked to provide technology support for a Postal 13 Service conference in Albuquerque, which was scheduled for June 6, 2019. (Doc. 52-1 at 14 96-97 ¶¶ 11-13.) On June 4, 2019, Renee Chaney (“Chaney”), one of the event organizers 15 and a Postal Service employee, emailed Simpson asking to check out two flash drives for 16 the event. (Id. at 110.) In response, Simpson suggested Chaney use “DVD disk[s]” instead 17 of flash drives or use an already-provided flash drive. (Id.)5 18 Later that afternoon, Chaney emailed Simpson a list of requests for various forms 19 of technology assistance for the event. (Id. at 102-04.) Simpson addressed Chaney’s 20

21 4 The Court notes that Simpson’s brief describes the new schedule as coming into effect “in the spring of 2019” rather than in September 2018. (Doc. 53 at 4.) It is not clear 22 whether this is a mistake, as Simpson does not directly dispute the Agency’s assertion that the shift occurred in September 2018. (Id.) At any rate, to the extent this date is disputed, 23 it is not material to the Court’s analysis. 24 5 Simpson alleges that he responded to Chaney’s initial email (requesting flash drives) by “immediately advis[ing] her that USPS Security policy precluded the distribution of 25 USPS Flash Drives to unknown or not Exempt employees.” (Doc. 53-1 ¶ 4.) This response is not reflected in the emails provided as exhibits (Doc. 52-1 at 102-13) and Simpson 26 provides no supporting evidence. Although Simpson alleges he “has asked repeatedly for access to his email account as of the day when his peers, Lerene Wiley and Tina Sweeney 27 violently evicted Plaintiff from his office as he was working” and that the Agency “declines to provide that essential information” (Doc. 53-1 ¶ 4), Simpson has not requested 28 additional discovery under Rule 56(f) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, nor has he filed any discovery motions. 1 requests as follows. First, in response to Chaney’s request for a router “able to work in all 2 of the breakout rooms,” Simpson stated: “It is not possible to guarantee this outcome since 3 we have not even known about the venue for more than two weeks. We literally DO NOT 4 KNOW how well the router will perform at the venue until we install it!” (Id. at 107.) 5 Second, in response to Chaney’s request that an “IT person” manage the presentations at 6 the event and Chaney’s offer to send the presentations by Friday “so your office can 7 download and prepare,” Simpson replied: “Don’t bother sending the presentations to my 8 office . . . . I won’t be in Albuquerque. Write the presentations to a DVD as I have 9 repeatedly advised. John Reese . . . will fly to Albuquerque Friday. Please be advised that 10 John is NOT a presentation specialist. . . . He will be there to attempt to make all of the 11 USPS Technology work as it should. You should practice preparing the presentations to 12 run yourself. . . . Good luck as you coordinate those presentations.” (Id.) Third, in 13 response to Chaney’s request for portable microphones, Simpson replied: “It is up to the 14 venue to provide that hardware and ensure that it works . . . .” (Id.) Fourth, in response to 15 Chaney’s request for flash drives or DVD discs, Simpson referred Chaney to “the 16 remainder of my messages” and stated “DVDs have been used routinely since about the 17 early 1990s for media presentation. (Remember Blockbuster?)” (Id.) Finally, in response 18 to Chaney’s closing, which stated “[i]f there is anything more I feel I missed, I will let you 19 know,” Simpson responded: “Thank you. I will respectfully commiserate with YOU for 20 your lack of preparation.” (Id. at 107-08.) 21 Following this exchange, Chaney emailed Chavez separately, reiterating what she 22 needed and asking who else could help her. (Id. at 97 ¶ 15.) Chavez, in turn, forwarded 23 Chaney’s email to Simpson, with a note stating: “I don’t want to get stuck on what was and 24 was not said but I need the issues raised below solved prior to Sunday.” (Id. at 112-13.) 25 Simpson responded as follows: 26 If this is a direct order to provide anything and everything that [Chaney] thinks that the “Exec Speakers” want to see, I will ask Bob to submit an 27 emergency request for $10,000 – For whatever yours and [Chaney’s] heart desires between now and Sunday. You must approve that PO or it will not 28 go forward. You have been holding PO requests for weeks. We have MTEL printers that we have not been repaired awaiting your approval and much 1 more. If your order requires it, I decline to NOT follow the WA Purchasing Guidelines as they might reflect Federal Purchasing Guidelines - aka 2 FEDERAL LAWS. That is what is necessary to provide what your “team” wants at this late hour. I am medically incapable of travelling to 3 Albuquerque. My staff has been all over the two worlds (ABQ and PHX) recently. They have been working on critical IT issues. We are not standing 4 around waiting for the next opportunity to impress an “Executive” (Postal Employee). I do not accept your criticism based on a project that we were 5 just invited to join TWO weeks ago. . . . Make the decision and I and Bob will be up late preparing the PO! Anecdotally – you base this demand on an, 6 “I was told” statement. “Who” told that nonsense[]? 7 (Id. at 112.) 8 Chavez viewed these emails from Simpson as “unprofessional,” “inappropriate” or 9 “grossly inappropriate,” “unhelpful,” “unwarranted,” and/or “insubordinate.” (Id. at 97 10 ¶¶ 13-15.) Accordingly, after consulting with Wiley and Acting Phoenix Postmaster Tina 11 Sweeney (“Sweeney”),6 Chavez decided that Simpson “should be issued a Notice of 12 Emergency Placement in an Off-Duty Status pursuant to Section 651 of the Employee and 13 Labor Relations Manual.” (Id. at 98 ¶ 18. See also id. at 54-63 [copy of Section 651].)7 14 On June 6, 2019, Simpson received a “Notice of Emergency Placement” from 15 Sweeney and Wiley. (Id. at 6-7 ¶¶ 22, 25 [Wiley declaration]; id. at 44 [actual notice].) At 16 that time, Simpson was “instructed to turn in accountable items, including his access badge, 17 keys, USPS-issued mobile phone, and USPS-issued laptop, and directed . . . to immediately 18 leave the building.” (Id. at 7 ¶ 25.)8 19 A few hours later, Simpson sent the following email to Chavez, Wiley, and 20 Sweeney:9 21

6 Simpson disputes the Agency’s description of Sweeney as the “Office[r] in Charge” 22 on June 6, 2019 and asserts that Sweeney was a “District Post Office Operations Manager[]”for “higher level Postmasters.” (Doc. 53 at 6.) To the extent Sweeney’s exact 23 position is disputed, this fact is not material to the Court’s analysis. 24 7 Simpson appears to agree with this fact, although he characterizes it differently. (Doc. 53-1 ¶ 6 [“Chavez ordered his HR Manager and acting Phoenix Postmaster, both 25 peers in the District management staff to get rid of Plaintiff without pay.”].) 26 8 The Agency submits undisputed evidence that it took these steps “because of [Simpson’s] level of access to the District’s Information Systems,” which made it 27 “necessary and appropriate to ask [Simpson] to turn these items in.” (Doc. 52-1 at 88 ¶10.) 28 9 A copy of the email indicates Simpson also cc’ed several others on the email chain, including DiPeri. (Doc. 52-1 at 46-47.) 1 This AM at about 0545, POOM Tina Sweeney and HR Manager Lerene Wiley delivered a letter to my office, while I was already working. Tina 2 handed me a letter titled “EMERGENCY PLACEMENT IN AN OFF DUTY STATUS. The cryptic allegation stated is” Your [sic] sent an inappropriate 3 message (A) District Manager Marty Chavez, on June 5, 2019. Tina demanded that I leave the USPS smartphone, laptop, the key to my office, 4 and my USPS ID. Then, she demanded that I leave the premises immediately and they escorted me to my vehicle and watched as I exited the compound. 5 The letter cites two ELM provisions, to which I do not have access. Thus, I am deprived of my right to a clear statement and an explicit statement of my 6 rights. Therefore, this message will serve as my Notice of Appeal pursuant to all of my legal rights without any waiver. . . . Your actions are clearly 7 retaliatory. I have been working an office schedule from 0500-1300 since Marty retaliated against me for the fact that I am working under a Reasonable 8 Accommodation Agreement. According to Marty, despite my FLSA EXEMPT Status, “working from home does not count.” Thus, I have, in 9 good faith, worked a restricted office schedule plus any other work that my position requires from home, including weekends and holidays. Marty began 10 his retaliatory campaign to eliminate me immediately after Gail Hendrix left from her detail and Marty began his detail as DM. I intend to exercise all of 11 my available rights. Therefore, please provide me with information about how to contact an EEO Specialist. 12 13 (Id. at 46-47.) In the same email, Simpson asked to be placed on sick leave under the 14 Family Medical Leave Act (“FMLA”) beginning June 7, 2019. (Id.) In response, the 15 Agency sent a letter to Simpson, dated June 7, 2019, advising him that Sweeney “has been 16 delegated the authority to decision [sic] your appeal and respond to your request for FMLA 17 sick leave. . . . Attached for your reference is a copy of the provisions of the Employee 18 and Labor Relations Manual . . . .” (Id. at 53.)10 19 The following week, Simpson’s emergency placement on off-duty status was 20 rescinded. (Id. at 7 ¶ 29 [Wiley declaration]; id. at 68 [letter to Simpson announcing 21 recission]; id. at 89 ¶ 18 [Sweeney declaration].) 22 On July 3, 2019, Simpson filed for retirement, effective June 30, 2019. (Id. at 7 23 ¶ 30.)11 At no point did Simpson inform Wiley, Hendrix, Sweeney, or Chavez that he 24

25 10 The Agency presents evidence that Simpson’s FMLA request was ultimately granted. (Doc. 52-1 at 7 ¶ 30.) Simpson does not dispute this fact. (See Doc. 53 at 7.) 26 11 Simpson alleges that, after he submitted his retirement papers, the Agency sent “THREE US Postal Inspectors, federal law enforcement agents, to [his] home” and that 27 these individuals questioned him until he “advised them that he had filed for his retirement.” (Doc. 53-1 at 5 ¶ 6.) Simpson further alleges that “[t]he agents never advised 28 [him] about what crime they were investigating.” (Id.) Simpson characterizes this alleged incident as “anecdotal but consistent” (Doc. 53 at 7) but does not otherwise explain its 1 believed he was being subjected to a hostile work environment. (Id. at 8 ¶ 32; id. at 78 2 ¶ 16; id. at 90 ¶ 29; id. at 99 ¶ 29.) 3 II. Procedural History 4 On September 25, 2019, Simpson filed a formal Equal Employment Opportunity 5 (“EEO”) complaint. (Doc. 37-1 at 7-15.) 6 On October 10, 2019, the Agency’s EEO office accepted Simpson’s complaint for 7 investigation. (Id. at 17-19.) 8 On February 6, 2020, the Agency’s EEO office issued a finding of no 9 discrimination. (Doc. 1 at 12-46.) 10 On March 9, 2020, Simpson filed the complaint. (Doc. 1.) 11 On August 19, 2020, the Court held the scheduling conference, during which the 12 Agency raised concerns about the clarity of the complaint. (Doc. 30.) In light of those 13 concerns, Simpson requested, and the Court granted, leave to file an amended complaint. 14 (Id.) 15 On September 21, 2020, Simpson filed his operative pleading, the First Amended 16 Complaint (“FAC”). (Doc. 35.) 17 On October 5, 2020, the Agency filed a motion to dismiss, which later became fully 18 briefed. (Docs. 37, 39-40.) 19 On June 14, 2021, the Court granted in part and denied in part the Agency’s motion 20 to dismiss. (Doc. 44.) After noting that “[t]he FAC is not a model of clarity as to which 21 claims Simpson is actually asserting in this action,” in part because “[i]t does not set forth 22 any specific counts or causes of action and contains a jumble of confusingly numbered 23 paragraphs,” the Court interpreted the FAC as setting forth 10 claims: (1) constructive 24 discharge related to Simpson’s emergency placement on leave without pay in June 2019; 25 (2) violation of due process related to the emergency placement; (3) failure to 26 accommodate a disability; (4) retaliation for engaging in the reasonable accommodation 27 process; (5) retaliation for prior protected activity; (6) disparate treatment; (7) negligent 28 relevance to his claims. 1 infliction of emotional distress; (8) intentional infliction of emotional distress; (9) violation 2 of due process rights “related to the events that occurred on the day of his emergency 3 placement”; and (10) hostile work environment. (Id. at 9, 22.) The Court dismissed “all 4 of those claims except No. 1 (constructive discharge), Nos. 4 and 5 (the retaliation claims, 5 but only to the extent they are premised on the ‘participation clause’), No. 6 (disparate 6 treatment), and No. 10 (hostile work environment).” (Id.) The Court also concluded that, 7 “under the somewhat unusual circumstances of this case, the Agency should be afforded 8 leave to file another dismissal motion” because the “Agency did its very best to make sense 9 of an often inscrutable complaint and it appear[ed] to the Court that some of the claims that 10 survived . . . did so only because the Agency was unaware (for understandable reasons) 11 that they stood apart from the other claims the Agency was challenging.” (Id. at 22-23.) 12 On July 6, 2021, the Agency filed a motion to dismiss claim Nos. 4 and 5, which 13 are Simpson’s retaliation claims premised on the “participation clause” of Title VII. 14 (Doc. 45.) 15 On August 26, 2021, after Simpson failed to respond to the motion, the Court 16 granted it. (Doc. 46.) 17 On May 27, 2022, the Agency moved for summary judgment on Simpson’s three 18 remaining claims: No. 1 (constructive discharge), No. 6 (disparate treatment), and No. 10 19 (hostile work environment). (Doc. 52.) The motion is now fully briefed (Docs. 53, 54) 20 and neither side requested oral argument. 21 DISCUSSION 22 I. Legal Standard 23 “The court shall grant summary judgment if [a] movant shows that there is no 24 genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter 25 of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a). “A fact is ‘material’ only if it might affect the outcome of 26 the case, and a dispute is ‘genuine’ only if a reasonable trier of fact could resolve the issue 27 in the non-movant’s favor.” Fresno Motors, LLC v. Mercedes Benz USA, LLC, 771 F.3d 28 1119, 1125 (9th Cir. 2014). The court “must view the evidence in the light most favorable 1 to the nonmoving party and draw all reasonable inference in the nonmoving party’s favor.” 2 Rookaird v. BNSF Ry. Co., 908 F.3d 451, 459 (9th Cir. 2018). “Summary judgment is 3 improper where divergent ultimate inferences may reasonably be drawn from the 4 undisputed facts.” Fresno Motors, 771 F.3d at 1125 (internal quotations omitted). 5 A party moving for summary judgment “bears the initial responsibility of informing 6 the district court of the basis for its motion, and identifying those portions of ‘the pleadings, 7 depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, 8 if any,’ which it believes demonstrate the absence of a genuine issue of material fact.” 9 Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 323 (1986). “In order to carry its burden of 10 production, the moving party must either produce evidence negating an essential element 11 of the nonmoving party’s claim or defense or show that the nonmoving party does not have 12 enough evidence of an essential element to carry its ultimate burden of persuasion at trial.” 13 Nissan Fire & Marine Ins. Co. v. Fritz Cos., 210 F.3d 1099, 1102 (9th Cir. 2000). “If . . . 14 [the] moving party carries its burden of production, the nonmoving party must produce 15 evidence to support its claim or defense.” Id. at 1103. 16 “If the nonmoving party fails to produce enough evidence to create a genuine issue 17 of material fact, the moving party wins the motion for summary judgment.” Id. There is 18 no issue for trial unless enough evidence favors the non-moving party. Anderson v. Liberty 19 Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 249 (1986). “If the evidence is merely colorable or is not 20 significantly probative, summary judgment may be granted.” Id. at 249-50 (internal 21 citations omitted). At the same time, “[t]he evidence of the non-movant is to be believed, 22 and all justifiable inferences are to be drawn in his favor.” Id. at 255. “[I]n ruling on a 23 motion for summary judgment, the judge must view the evidence presented through the 24 prism of the substantive evidentiary burden.” Id. at 254. Thus, “the trial judge’s summary 25 judgment inquiry as to whether a genuine issue exists will be whether the evidence 26 presented is such that a jury applying that evidentiary standard could reasonably find for 27 either the plaintiff or the defendant.” Id. at 255. 28 … 1 II. The Parties’ Arguments 2 The Agency moves for summary judgment on all of Simpson’s remaining claims. 3 (Doc. 52.) First, as for the disparate treatment claim, the Agency contends that Simpson 4 “cannot establish a prima facie case of discrimination” because he cannot demonstrate that 5 (1) “he was performing to the USPS’s legitimate expectations” and/or (2) “similarly 6 situated employees were treated more favorably.” (Id. at 6-8.) Alternatively, the Agency 7 contends it is entitled to summary judgment because it “had legitimate, non-discriminatory 8 reasons for issuing [Simpson] the emergency placement” based on the Simpson’s 9 “unprofessional emails” to Chaney, refusal to assist Chaney, “insubordinate response” to 10 Chavez, and “apparent efforts to sabotage the Albuquerque event.” (Id. at 8-9.) Next, the 11 Agency contends it is entitled to summary judgment on the hostile work environment claim 12 because Simpson provides no evidence that the allegedly harassing actions, “perpetrated 13 by at least three separate individuals, were taken because of his protected status.” (Id. at 14 9-12.) The Agency also contends that the alleged conduct described by Simpson is “not 15 the type of conduct that can create a hostile work environment” because it was “not 16 objectively offensive, hostile, or abusive, [was] not based on [Simpson’s] protected status, 17 and [is] not of the required level of severity or seriousness to give rise to a hostile work 18 environment.” (Id. at 12.) Finally, the Agency contends it is entitled to summary judgment 19 on the constructive discharge claim because Simpson “cannot establish that he was 20 discriminated against, or that his working conditions had become intolerable as a result of 21 discrimination.” (Id.) The Agency further argues that “[e]ven if the decision to issue 22 Plaintiff a notice of emergency placement was discriminatory, [Simpson] had an 23 opportunity to appeal that decision, and, once it was rescinded, to return to work. However, 24 rather than trying to resolve the matter, [Simpson] elected to retire.” (Id. at 12-13. See 25 also id. at 13 [“No reasonable person in [Simpson’s] position would have felt compelled 26 to resign because of the emergency placement or the allegedly hostile work 27 environment.”].) 28 Simpson opposes the Agency’s motion. (Doc. 53.) Simpson broadly characterizes 1 the Agency’s motion as containing “numerous citations to irrelevant cases” and 2 “incorporates by reference [his] arguments and legal precedence from [his] Response to 3 [the Agency’s] failed Motion to Dismiss.” (Id. at 8.)12 Simpson also purports to identify 4 various disputed facts that are material to his disparate treatment claim. For example, 5 Simpson appears to argue he received worse treatment than similarly situated employees 6 because the Agency “has never placed a manager who reports directly to the District 7 Manager in an emergency off duty status without pay in the history of the Arizona District 8 as . . . organized . . . in 1992.” (Doc. 35 at 7-8.)13 As for whether the Agency had a 9 legitimate, non-discriminatory reason for its actions, Simpson argues that he “has already 10 dispelled this disputed issue repetitively, Supra” and that the Agency’s “evolution of the 11 truth is clearly pretextual” and then reiterates his request for a jury trial. (Id. at 9.) As for 12 the quality of his work performance, Simpson contends he met the Agency’s reasonable 13 expectations for several reasons. First, Simpson explains that he refused to provide the 14 requested IT help on June 5, 2019 because he believed it would violate federal law. 15 (Doc. 53 at 8.)14 Second, in a related vein, Simpson argues he “offered a solution, which 16 12 Simpson’s response (Doc. 39) to the Agency’s first motion to dismiss (Doc. 37) is 17 attached as an exhibit to his response to the Agency’s motion for summary judgment. (Doc. 53-2.) The Court notes that many of Simpson’s arguments opposing the Agency’s 18 first motion to dismiss do not apply in the summary judgment context. However, to the extent his arguments against dismissal augment or explain his summary judgment 19 arguments, the Court has attempted to incorporate them. 20 13 Simpson’s most coherent argument regarding “similarly situated” employees appears in the FAC. (Doc. 35 at 7-8.) In his response to the Agency’s motion for summary 21 judgment, Simpson appears to take a position contrary to his own interests, stating “no other similarly situated victims exist!” (Doc. 53 at 9.) Simpson then asserts that Hendrix 22 and Chavez acted differently than other district managers had acted toward Simpson in the past. (See id. [noting all of the other district managers expected that he would “object, 23 debate, and advise them about a bad choice or an illegal choice” and that “[t]he only district managers who had a real problem with [Simpson’s] open and candid advice are the actors 24 – Hendrix and Chavez”].) To the extent this argument applies the “similarly situated” standard to the behavior of the Agency’s managerial staff (rather than to how Simpson was 25 treated in relation to other employees who were similarly situated to him), Simpson misconstrues the law. 26 14 This is perhaps a generous interpretation of Simpson’s response, which states, in response to the Agency’s argument that his performance was deficient: “[A]t least since 27 World War II, national and international law has established that defendants cannot claim ‘following orders’ to negate illegal actions. [Simpson] asks the court to take notice that, 28 federal service protects and indeed requires employees to protect their agency from unlawful orders. In fact, when [the Agency] hired [Simpson] at the age of 17, [the Agency 1 was that Chavez should approve a Purchase Order to allow District IT to proceed,” in 2 response to the requests from Chaney and Chavez on June 5, 2019. (Id. at 10-11, emphasis 3 omitted. See also id. at 5 [“[Simpson] offered Chavez a professionally practical and legal 4 approach to achieving Chaney’s misguided list of requests.”].)15 Finally, Simpson alleges 5 that Chavez “acknowledged” the fact that Chavez had not received any complaints “of a 6 failure in the IT support that [Simpson] was providing through himself and his staff.” (Id. 7 at 4.)16 8 Simpson next contends he was subjected to a hostile work environment when 9 Hendrix tasked him with meaningless assignments related to network outages and Chavez 10 “held him to the standard of a not-Exempt employee and monitored his automatic tour of 11 duty rings nor especially [Simpson’s] entrance and exit records into the District office.” 12 (Id. at 10.) In his FAC, Simpson also alleges that Hendrix “forced” him into a reasonable 13 accommodation process and that Chavez undermined him by routinely challenging 14 Simpson’s decisions about potential FLSA violations related to “IT assets.” (Doc. 35 at 15 3-6.) Simpson also contends the decision to place him on emergency off-duty status 16 without pay despite Simpson’s “reasonable” responses to Chaney’s “uninformed and 17 unreasonably illegal demands” was discriminatory conduct. (Doc. 53 at 10-11.) 18 Finally, as for his constructive discharge claim, Simpson contends without 19 explanation that the standard in Green v. Brennan, 578 U.S. 547 (2016), governs. (Id. at 20 11.)17 Simpson also alleges that “none of the thugs who violated [his] rights to his tenured 21 federal agency job contacted him to offer a way to voluntarily and safely return to work.

22 required [Simpson] to swear an oath to protect the US Constitution from enemies, foreign or domestic.” (Doc. 53 at 8.) 23 15 Simpson offers this statement in response to the Agency’s arguments concerning 24 his hostile work environment claim. (Id. at 10-11.) In the spirit of deciding the issues on their merits, and given that Simpson is the nonmoving party, the Court construes Simpson’s 25 statements broadly. 26 16 Simpson suggests, albeit in a different context, that the Agency’s “reports regarding [his] biannual performance evaluations” show that he “perform[ed] his job functions 27 competently and exemplary.” (Id. at 2.) 28 17 Simpson’s motion opposing the Agency’s first motion to dismiss included several pages of quoted language from Green. (Doc. 53-2 at 9-13.) 1 [The Agency] left [Simpson] with two options: camp out at the doorway to a secured 2 facility or . . . retire. On the date that [Simpson] submitted his retirement papers he 3 confirmed from Bob Garman that his access to the USPS network remained suspended. 4 Constitutional law acknowledges these actions as a constructive termination from a federal 5 job.” (Id. at 7.)18 6 In reply, the Agency contends Simpson “did not meaningfully respond to the Motion 7 for Summary Judgment, nor did he introduce any specific evidence establishing a genuine 8 issue for trial.” (Doc. 54 at 1.) The Agency argues that, rather than responding to the legal 9 arguments in its motion, Simpson merely “accuses [the Agency] of ‘numerous citations to 10 irrelevant cases’” and incorporates “his legal argument produced via [his] Response to [the 11 Agency’s] Motion to Dismiss.” (Id. See also id. at 2 [“Different standards govern a motion 12 to dismiss and a motion for summary judgment.”].) The Agency further contends that 13 Simpson “has not submitted any significant probative evidence tending to support the 14 complaint,” instead “rel[ying] on the allegations in his complaint and his own affidavit,” 15 and “does not dispute [the Agency’s] facts so much as he seeks to either explain the reasons 16 for his behavior and/or malign defense counsel and the USPS employees involved.” (Id. 17 at 3.) The Agency also argues that Simpson’s “exclusive reliance on Green v. Brennan is 18 entirely misplaced since [the Agency] is not challenging exhaustion or timeliness in the 19 summary judgment motion.” (Id. at 2.) The Agency then reiterates many of the arguments 20 contained in its motion for summary judgment. (Id. at 4-11.) 21 … 22

23 18 Simpson also suggests, at several points, that the Agency’s arguments violate Rule 11. (See, e.g., Doc. 53 at 10 [as to the hostile work environment claim, arguing that the 24 Agency “plays loosely, perhaps in violation of Rule 11, with the truth about this disputed matter”]; id. [as to whether Chavez was monitoring Simpson’s badge records, arguing 25 “Rule 11 requires at a minimum, that [the Agency] perform a reasonable inquiry about these lies”]; id. at 11 [as to whether a purchase order was required to fulfill Chaney’s 26 requests, arguing “Rule 11 requires at a minimum that [the Agency] perform a reasonable inquiry about these lies”].) To the extent Simpson is requesting sanctions under Rule 11, 27 his arguments are unavailing. “A motion for sanctions must be made separately from any other motion and must describe the specific conduct that allegedly violates Rule 11(b).” 28 Fed. R. Civ. P. 11(c)(2). To the extent Simpson is suggesting the Court should, on its own, find that Rule 11 has been violated, the Court declines to do so. 1 III. Analysis 2 A. Threshold Considerations 3 Simpson’s response to the Agency’s summary judgment motion is, like his FAC, 4 not a model of clarity. It does not set forth any specific counts or causes of action, contains 5 only a handful of legal citations (Rules 11 and 56, the FMLA, and Green), and provides 6 very few relevant facts in the course of purporting to dispute the Agency’s factual 7 assertions.19 Simpson’s response is so devoid of legal theories and relevant factual 8 allegations that the Court is unable to understand some of his arguments without reference 9 to his FAC. 10 Simpson’s reliance on Green v. Brennan, 578 U.S. 547 (2016), to avoid summary 11 judgment is misplaced. In his response, Simpson broadly states that Green “overcomes 12 every one of [the Agency’s] decorative but ineffectual arguments . . . .” (Doc. 53 at 2.) 13 Simpson also “incorporates” his response to the Agency’s first motion to dismiss, wherein 14 Simpson quoted Green at length. Although Green vacated the lower court’s entry of 15 summary judgment on employment discrimination claims, the Supreme Court’s decision 16 was based on its holding that the limitations period for a constructive discharge claim 17 begins running only after the employee gives notice of his resignation. 578 U.S. at 563- 18 564. Here, the statute of limitations for Simpson’s claims is not at issue, so Green is 19 inapplicable. 20 Simpson also fails to support his opposition with sufficient evidence. Simpson 21 provides only two exhibits to support his position: a copy of his response to the Agency’s 22 first motion to dismiss (Doc. 53-2) and a declaration from himself (Doc. 53-1). The copy 23 of Simpson’s response is not evidence. Partovi v. Martinez, 2008 WL 2705370, *3 (D. 24 Ariz. 2008) (citing British Airways Bd. v. Boeing Co., 585 F.2d 946, 952 (9th Cir. 1978), 25

26 19 Although Simpson is proceeding pro se, it appears he is an attorney. (Doc. 37 at 1 n.1 [“It should be noted that although Mr. Simpson is representing himself in this action, 27 he is a practicing attorney, and has been an active member of the State Bar of Arizona since May 1995.”].) He is therefore not entitled to the liberal standards afforded to non-attorney 28 pro se plaintiffs. Kelly v. City of Poway, 2022 WL 1524737, *3 (S.D. Cal. 2022); Price v. Peerson, 2014 WL 12579823, *4 (C.D. Cal. 2014), aff’d, 643 F. App’x 637 (9th Cir. 2016). 1 for the proposition that “[l]egal memoranda does not constitute evidence”). This leaves 2 Simpson’s declaration. As an initial matter, some of the facts alleged in Simpson’s 3 declaration are not based on personal knowledge. (See, e.g., Doc. 53-1 at 2 [“Upon 4 information and belief, USPS headquarters placed Gail Hendrix as an acting DM in 5 Arizona because she had lost control of her home district. Reportedly, carrier(s) died 6 because Hendrix’ District failed to properly protect them from the summer heat.”].) At 7 summary judgment, although a party “is not required to produce evidence in a form that 8 would be admissible at trial, [he] must show that [he] would be able to present the 9 underlying facts in an admissible manner at trial.” De La Torre v. Merck Enters., Inc., 540 10 F. Supp. 2d 1066, 1075 (D. Ariz. 2008). Because Simpson provides no indication that an 11 admissible form of the hearsay in his declaration is anticipated, the Court may not consider 12 those statements. Additionally, Simpson’s declaration is filled with conclusory assertions. 13 But “[w]hen the nonmoving party relies only on its own affidavits to oppose summary 14 judgment, it cannot rely on conclusory allegations unsupported by factual data to create an 15 issue of material fact.” Hansen v. United States, 7 F.3d 137, 138 (9th Cir. 1993). See also 16 Soremekun v. Thrifty Payless, Inc., 509 F.3d 978, 984 (9th Cir. 2007) (“Conclusory, 17 speculative testimony in affidavits and moving papers is insufficient to raise genuine issues 18 of fact and defeat summary judgment.”). 19 B. Merits 20 1. Disparate Treatment 21 As an initial matter, Simpson’s response does not identify the federal statute 22 underlying his disparate treatment claim or the basis for his discrimination allegations. 23 Simpson’s FAC (Doc. 35) and the EEOC’s Final Agency Decision (Doc. 1 at 12-46) 24 indicate Simpson may be alleging discrimination due to race, color, or national origin (in 25 violation of Title VII), age (in violation of the Age Discrimination in Employment Act 26 (“ADEA”)), or disability (in violation of the Rehabilitation Act). In its motion for 27 summary judgment, the Agency interprets Count Six as alleging disparate treatment under 28 Title VII. (Doc. 52 at 6-9.) Because Simpson does not directly dispute this interpretation 1 in his response or connect his membership in any specific protected class to the emergency 2 placement (i.e., the adverse employment action underlying his disparate treatment claim), 3 the Court will assume the same. 4 Under Title VII, it is unlawful for an employer to “discriminate against any 5 individual with respect to his compensation, terms, conditions, or privileges of 6 employment, because of such individual’s race . . . or national origin.” 42 U.S.C. 7 § 2000e–2(a)(1). Simpson does not provide direct evidence of discrimination. (See 8 generally Doc. 53.) Thus, Simpson’s disparate treatment claim is subject to the burden- 9 shifting framework set forth in McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green, 411 U.S. 792 (1973). 10 See also Texas Dep’t of Cmty. Affairs v. Burdine, 450 U.S. 248, 252 (1981) (applying the 11 McDonnell Douglas to a Title VII claim alleging discriminatory treatment). 12 Under McDonnell Douglas, a plaintiff alleging disparate treatment must first 13 establish a prima facie case of discrimination. To do so, the plaintiff must show: (1) that 14 he is a member of a protected class; (2) that he was qualified for his position and performing 15 his job satisfactorily; (3) that he experienced an adverse employment action; and (4) that 16 similarly situated individuals outside his protected class were treated more favorably or 17 other circumstances surrounding the adverse employment action give rise to an inference 18 of discrimination. Hawn v. Exec. Jet Mgmt., Inc., 615 F.3d 1151, 1156 (9th Cir. 2010). As 19 a general matter, the Ninth Circuit “require[s] very little evidence to survive summary 20 judgment in a discrimination case, because the ultimate question is one that can only be 21 resolved through a searching inquiry—one that is most appropriately conducted by the 22 factfinder, upon a full record.” Schnidrig v. Columbia Mach., Inc., 80 F.3d 1406, 1410 23 (9th Cir. 1996) (internal quotations omitted). See also Burdine, 450 U.S. at 253-54 (“The 24 prima facie case serves an important function in the litigation: it eliminates the most 25 common nondiscriminatory reasons for the plaintiff’s rejection.”). “Upon these showings, 26 the burden shifts to the defendant to produce some evidence demonstrating a legitimate, 27 nondiscriminatory reason for the employee’s termination.” Bodett v. CoxCom, Inc., 366 28 F.3d 736, 743 (9th Cir. 2004). “If the defendant meets this burden of production, any 1 presumption that the defendant discriminated ‘drops from the case,’ and the plaintiff must 2 then show that the defendant’s alleged reason for termination was merely a pretext for 3 discrimination.” Id. “A plaintiff “may prove pretext either directly by persuading the court 4 that a discriminatory reason more likely motivated the employer or indirectly by showing 5 that the employer’s proffered explanation is unworthy of credence.” Id. (internal 6 quotations omitted). 7 Here, the Agency does not dispute that Simpson belongs to some unspecified 8 protected class or that the emergency placement on off-duty status was an adverse 9 employment action. (Doc. 52 at 7.) Nevertheless, the Agency contends that Simpson is 10 unable to establish a prima facie case of Title VII discrimination because (1) he was not 11 performing to the Agency’s “legitimate expectations” and (2) “[n]o similarly situated 12 individuals were treated more favorably.” (Id. at 7-8.) As for Simpson’s job performance, 13 the Agency contends that Chaney’s emails to Simpson on June 5, 2019 requested “basic 14 technology and support” and Simpson’s responses were “inappropriate and 15 unprofessional.” (Id. at 7.) The Agency points to copies of the emails, as well as a 16 declaration from Chavez, to support its contention that Simpson was “sabotaging the event” 17 by refusing to assist Chaney, “even when directly ordered to do so by A-DM Chavez.” (Id. 18 at 7-8.) 19 Simpson disputes the Agency’s characterization of Chaney’s requests and his 20 responses. First, he argues that some of Chaney’s requests were either against “USPS 21 Security policy,” not tasks that “District IT was capable of delivering,” or “misguided” 22 because they would require a “public bidding process” under federal law. (Doc. 53 at 4-5.) 23 Simpson does not reference any materials in the record in support of these contentions. 24 Although the Court doubts that Simpson’s allegations in his declaration,20 unsupported by 25 other evidence, are sufficient to create an issue of material fact as to whether he was 26 performing to the Agency’s legitimate expectations, the Court finds it unnecessary to reach 27

28 20 Simpson’s affidavit is largely a verbatim copy of arguments contained in his response. (Compare Doc. 53-1 with Doc. 53.) 1 a definitive judgment on this point because the Agency is entitled to summary judgment 2 for several other reasons. 3 First, the Court agrees with the Agency that the record evidence does not show that 4 similarly situated individuals outside Simpson’s protected class were treated more 5 favorably (or that other circumstances exist that might give rise to an inference of 6 discrimination). The parties agree Simpson was the first employee on the Executive and 7 Administrative Schedule (“EAS”) within the Arizona-New Mexico District to be placed 8 on emergency off-duty status without pay. (See, e.g., Doc. 35 at 8 ¶ 5 [FAC, alleging that 9 Chavez, Sweeney, and Wiley previously “admitted that they had not placed any other 10 ‘managers’ in an off duty status within the last year”); Doc. 52-1 at 8 ¶ 34 [Wiley 11 declaration: “Prior to June 6, 2019, I have never been involved in placing an employee 12 within the [EAS], which consists of supervisors, managers, Headquarters-reporting 13 personnel, and other managerial personnel, on emergency placement.”]; id. at 90 ¶ 27 14 [Sweeney declaration: “To the best of my recollection, prior to June 6, 2019, I had not 15 placed an employee within the [EAS] . . . on emergency placement, within the Arizona- 16 New Mexico District.”]; id. at 100 ¶ 31 [Chavez declaration: “Prior to June 6, 2019, I had 17 never placed an employee within the Arizona-New Mexico District on emergency 18 placement who was on the [EAS] . . . .”].) 19 For purposes of establishing a prima facie case of Title VII discrimination, 20 “individuals are similarly situated when they have similar jobs and display similar 21 conduct.” Vasquez v. Cty. of Los Angeles, 349 F.3d 634, 641 (9th Cir. 2003). In other 22 words, the proper comparators are not other Postal Service employees within the EAS in 23 general, but other EAS employees who engaged in conduct similar to that of Simpson. The 24 Agency contends Simpson cannot establish that such comparators outside his protected 25 class were treated more favorably (Doc. 52 at 8), pointing to the declarations that are quoted 26 above. Simpson does not dispute this assertion21 and a review of the record does not reveal

27 21 In the FAC, Simpson describes these declarations as “disingenuous” because they “ignore the fact that [Simpson] reported to ONE manager within the USPS, DM John 28 DiPeri and acting in John DiPeri’s place was only Richard Chavez. Both Tina Sweeney and Lerene Wiley were [Simpson’s] peers who also organizationally reported to the same 1 any comparators who engaged in conduct similar to Simpson and were treated more 2 favorably. In fact, in his response, Simpson states: “Despite [the Agency’s] irrelevant 3 allegations that the legal standard requires other Chavez favorites or victims, no other 4 similarly situated victims exist!” (Doc. 53 at 9.) Further, Simpson does not identify any 5 comparators outside his protected class or even specify what his protected class is. In the 6 entirety of his response, Simpson does not mention the race, color, or national origin of 7 any other individual or Postal Service employee. 8 Simpson also fails to show other circumstances suggesting that the adverse 9 employment action was the result of race- or national origin-based discrimination—there 10 is simply nothing in the record to demonstrate this, nor are there even sufficient allegations 11 to this effect in his FAC. (See generally Docs. 35, 53.) The exhibits attached to the 12 Agency’s motion indicate that Wiley, Hendrix, and Sweeney do not know Simpson’s race 13 or national origin. (See Doc. 52-1 at 3 ¶ 4 [Wiley]; id. at 77 ¶ 5 [Hendrix]; id. at 86 ¶ 4 14 [Sweeney].) Also, the EEOC charge and the declarations from Sweeney and Chavez, 15 considered together, show that two of the three individuals involved in the decision to place 16 Simpson on emergency off-duty status, Sweeney and Chavez, are within the same 17 protected class of race as Simpson. (Doc. 1 at 12; Doc. 52-1 at 86, 95.) And Simpson’s 18 own description of the situation suggests, at most, personal grudges between himself and 19 Chavez unrelated to race. (See, e.g., Doc. 53 at 9 [“In fact, in the TWENTY-SEVEN years 20 of service to different District Managers, . . . [Simpson] established a repertoire and means 21 of standard communication [with various other District Managers]. . . . The only district 22 managers who had a real problem with [Simpson’s] open and candid advice are the actors 23 – Hendrix and Chavez.”].) Thus, a reasonable jury could not find that Simpson has 24 established a prima facie case of Title VII discrimination, even given the low threshold of 25 evidence required to do so. 26

27 District Manager. A group of USPS ‘managers’ did not supervise [Simpson] as Defendant’s report implies.” (Doc. 35 at 8-9 ¶ 5.) However, Simpson does not express 28 any disagreement with the assertion that no other EAS member in the District engaged in similar conduct. 1 Finally, the Agency has articulated a legitimate, non-discriminatory reason for 2 putting Simpson on emergency placement—namely, that his conduct violated the 3 Employee Labor and Relations manual. As the Agency notes in its motion, the emails 4 Simpson sent to Chaney were “unprofessional,” he “refus[ed] to provide [Chaney] with 5 basic supplies like flash drives and wireless microphones and to help her (or to direct 6 another employee in the IT department to help her) load a PowerPoint presentation onto a 7 flash drive,” he provided an insubordinate response to Chavez (upon which he copied even 8 higher-level executives), and “his apparent efforts to sabotage the Albuquerque event 9 warranted issuance of the emergency placement.” (Doc. 52 at 8-9.) The Agency points to 10 declarations by Sweeney and Chavez, both of whom state that Simpson’s statements to 11 Chaney and Chavez on June 5, 2019 were unprofessional, insubordinate, and disruptive to 12 postal operations and therefore emergency placement was necessary under the Employee 13 Labor and Relations manual. (Doc. 52-1 at 87 ¶¶ 6-8 [Sweeney]; id. at 97-98 ¶¶ 13-20 14 [Chavez].) This showing is sufficient to meet the Agency’s burden of production. Reeves 15 v. Sanderson Plumbing Prods., Inc., 530 U.S. 133, 142 (2000) (the employer’s burden is 16 “one of production, not persuasion”). 17 Accordingly, Simpson was required to “produce enough evidence to allow a 18 reasonable factfinder to conclude either: (a) that the alleged reason for [his] discharge was 19 false, or (b) that the true reason for his discharge was a discriminatory one.” Nidds v. 20 Schindler Elevator Corp., 113 F.3d 912, 918 (9th Cir. 1996). “Under Ninth Circuit law, 21 circumstantial evidence of pretext must be specific and substantial in order to survive 22 summary judgment.” Brown v. City of Tucson, 336 F.3d 1181, 1188 (9th Cir. 2003) 23 (cleaned up). Simpson utterly failed to do so here. He does not even allege a connection 24 between his race, color, or national origin and the emergency placement. (See generally 25 Doc. 53.) In response to the Agency’s arguments, Simpson contends (1) Chaney’s requests 26 were improper and unreasonable (id. at 4-5), (2) in response to Chavez’s email requesting 27 that he help Chaney, he “offered Chavez a professionally practical and legal approach to 28 achieving Chaney’s misguided list of requests” and “respectfully offered to work late into 1 the night along . . . to prepare a Purchase Order conforming to federal law and the Western 2 Area Guidelines” (id. at 5-6), (3) fulfilling Chaney’s request would violate the Western 3 Area’s Purchasing Guidelines and federal law (id.), and (4) he had reason to believe Chavez 4 would not approve any related purchase orders because “[f]or months, Chavez had been 5 negligently holding up mission critical postal operations printer repair (MTEL) Purchase 6 Orders[,] . . . sabotaging the flow of mail between operations and downstream facilities” 7 (id. at 6). 8 Simpson does not provide evidence supporting these allegations. (See generally 9 Docs. 53-1, 53-2.) However, even if he had, Simpson’s arguments are unavailing. 10 “[C]ourts only require that an employer honestly believed its reason for its actions, even if 11 its reason is foolish or trivial or even baseless.” Villiarimo v. Aloha Island Air, Inc., 281 12 F.3d 1054, 1063 (9th Cir. 2002) (internal quotations omitted). Simpson does not argue that 13 the Agency did not honestly believe its proffered reasons—in other words, none of the facts 14 he alleges, if true, show that the Agency’s explanation is not credible. See Short v. DeJoy, 15 2022 WL 3098997, *16 (D. Ariz. 2022) (“[T]o survive summary judgment, it would not 16 be enough for Plaintiff to show that Wiley’s and Weber’s interpretation of the MOU was 17 somehow wrong . . . . Instead, Plaintiff would need to go further and show that Defendant’s 18 representatives didn’t honestly believe the proffered interpretation.”); Buhl v. Abbott Labs., 19 817 F. App’x 408, 410-11 (9th Cir. 2020) (“The record is replete with evidence of Buhl’s 20 misconduct and performance issues. Although Buhl attempts to explain away this 21 evidence, . . . he has not offered any other evidence from which a jury could find that 22 Abbott’s dissatisfaction with his conduct and performance—dissatisfaction that was 23 expressed by multiple managers on multiple occasions over multiple months—was 24 feigned.”). 25 The bottom line is that Simpson has not provided any evidence creating a genuine 26 issue of material fact as to whether the Agency made the emergency placement because he 27 is a member of a protected class. Accordingly, the Agency is entitled to summary judgment 28 on his disparate treatment claim. 1 2. Hostile Work Environment 2 As with the disparate treatment claim, Simpson does not identify the federal statute 3 underlying his hostile work environment claim. (See Docs. 35, 53.) In its motion for 4 summary judgment, the Agency analyzes the hostile work environment claim as a Title VII 5 claim. (Doc. 52 at 10-12.) Simpson does not object to this characterization in his response. 6 (Doc. 53.) 7 If Count 10 is construed as a Title VII hostile work environment claim, the Agency 8 is entitled to summary judgment because Simpson does not even allege that he was 9 subjected to verbal or physical conduct of a prohibited nature. “To prevail on a hostile 10 workplace claim premised on either race or sex, a plaintiff must show: (1) that he was 11 subjected to verbal or physical conduct of a racial or sexual nature; (2) that the conduct 12 was unwelcome; and (3) that the conduct was sufficiently severe or pervasive to alter the 13 conditions of the plaintiff’s employment and create an abusive work environment.” 14 Vasquez, 349 F.3d at 642. Here, other than quoting a provision of Title VII (Doc. 35 at 1 15 ¶ 1), Simpson’s FAC and response do not even mention race—his own or that of other 16 employees. (See generally Docs. 35, 53.) 17 The Court is somewhat wary of interpreting Simpson’s hostile work environment 18 claim as falling under Title VII because, unlike his disparate treatment claim (which is 19 based on his emergency placement), Simpson’s hostile work environment claim seems 20 based at least in part on actions related to disability.22 As noted by the Agency, Simpson 21 appears to premise his hostile work environment claim on five instances of conduct: 22 Hendrix tasking him with “meaningless assignments,” Hendrix “forcing” him into the 23 reasonable accommodation process, Chavez monitoring his badge records and refusing to 24 acknowledge his remote work, “unknown persons escalating [Simpson’s] FLSA decisions 25 to A-DM Chavez for review,” and Chaney’s requests for IT assistance (and subsequent, 26 related adverse actions). (Doc. 52 at 10-11. See also Doc. 35 at 3-6 ¶¶ 1-6.) 27 22 The Court also notes that the EEO investigation covered Simpson’s hostile work 28 environment claim in the context of race, color, age, national origin, disability, genetic information, and retaliation. (Doc. 1 at 12-46 [copy of Final Agency Decision].) 1 Simpson seems to allege, if indirectly, that several of these events were related to 2 his requests for disability accommodations. For example, he contends that Hendrix 3 “discriminately attempting to show that [he] was not satisfactorily performing his function” 4 was related his remote work, as was Hendrix forcing him into the DRAC process. (See 5 Doc. 35 at 3-4 ¶¶ 1-3.) Simpson makes similar allegations about Chavez’s conduct. (See, 6 e.g., id. at 5 ¶ 4 [“Chavez summoned [Simpson] to Chavez’[s] office. Chavez admitted 7 that he did ‘not even know’ what [Simpson’s] duties required. [Simpson] candidly asked 8 Chavez whether Chavez had received ANY COMPLAINTS about [Simpson’s] 9 performance while supporting the District. Chavez replied that he had not received any 10 complaints. Despite . . . the fact that [Simpson] was exceeding the expectations of a District 11 IT Manager, Chavez noted that he was monitoring [Simpson’s] office time by [Simpson’s] 12 badge entry and exit records. Chavez stated that, ‘working from home does not count.’”]; 13 id. at 5-6 ¶¶ 4-5 [alleging that Chavez forced Simpson to work a specific eight-hour office 14 schedule and that, after Simpson appealed this decision to the “Western Area” and was 15 denied, Chavez “made the work environment extremely and increasingly hostile toward 16 [Simpson].”].) 17 The Ninth Circuit has not recognized a hostile work environment claim based on 18 disability discrimination and has declined to decide whether such a claim exists. Brown, 19 336 F.3d at 1190. See also Meyer v. DeJoy, 2022 WL 3334981, *2 (9th Cir. 2022) (whether 20 a hostile work environment claim is cognizable under the Rehabilitation Act is unclear) 21 (internal citations and quotations omitted). Nevertheless, even assuming that such a claim 22 is cognizable under the Rehabilitation Act, and further assuming that Simpson could satisfy 23 the first (qualified individual with a disability) and third (conduct was unwelcome) 24 elements of such a claim,23 the Agency would still entitled to summary judgment on claim 25

26 23 Because the Agency appears to have construed claim No. 10 as alleging a Title VII hostile work environment claim (and this construction was reasonable given the unfocused 27 nature of Simpson’s filings), the Agency did not assert any arguments as to whether Simpson was a qualified individual with a disability or whether the conduct was 28 unwelcome. (Doc. 52 at 10-12.) However, because Simpson’s hostile work environment claim fails for several other reasons, it is not necessary to analyze those issues in any detail. 1 No. 10.24 Based on the record evidence, a reasonable jury could not find for Simpson 2 because the described conduct was not “sufficiently severe or pervasive to alter the 3 conditions of the [his] employment and create an abusive work environment.” Vasquez, 4 349 F.3d at 642. 5 “To determine whether conduct was sufficiently severe or pervasive . . . , we look 6 at all the circumstances, including the frequency of the discriminatory conduct; its severity; 7 whether it is physically threatening or humiliating, or a mere offensive utterance; and 8 whether it unreasonably interferes with an employee’s work performance.” Id. (internal 9 quotations omitted). The working environment must “both subjectively and objectively be 10 perceived as abusive.” Id. “Whether the workplace is objectively hostile must be 11 determined from the perspective of a reasonable person with the same fundamental 12 characteristics.” Fuller v. City of Oakland, Cal., 47 F.3d 1522, 1527 (9th Cir. 1995), as 13 amended (1995). Here, when compared to other hostile work environment cases, the 14 alleged conduct is not severe or pervasive enough to be actionable. For example, in Kortan 15 v. California Youth Authority, 217 F.3d 1104 (9th Cir. 2000), the Ninth Circuit held “no 16 triable issue exist[ed] about whether the [supervisor’s] conduct was frequent, severe or 17 abusive enough to interfere unreasonably with Kortan’s employment” when a supervisor 18 “used gender derogatory language . . . , including referring to various staff members as a 19 ‘castrating bitch,’ ‘Madonna,’ and ‘regina,’” and “referred to [the plaintiff] as ‘Rapunzel’ 20 and ‘Medea’ and wrote postcards to her at home.” Id. at 1106-08, 1111. It follows that the 21 challenged conduct here could not, as a matter of law, amount to a hostile work 22 environment—it was less frequent, less severe, and less humiliating than the conduct at 23 issue in Kortan. See also Vasquez, 349 F.3d at 644 (holding that “[t]wo isolated offensive 24 remarks, combined with Vasquez’s other complaints about unfair treatment” did not create 25 24 The Agency’s arguments for summary judgment on Simpson’s hostile work 26 environment claim were not race- or sex-specific and apply equally to a hostile work environment claim based on disability. See also Armijo v. Costco Wholesale Warehouse, 27 Inc., 2022 WL 1267254, *14 (D. Haw. 2022) (“The Ninth Circuit has not ruled on the issue of whether a hostile work environment claim can be brought under the ADA. . . . To the 28 extent that such a claim exists, its elements are similar to the elements of a Title VII hostile work environment claim.”). 1 a hostile work environment). 2 The Court also agrees with the Agency that the record contains no evidence that the 3 Agency treated Simpson differently on account of disability (or membership in any other 4 protected class). (Doc. 52 at 11-12 [describing, in relation to each action, the lack of 5 evidence that the allegedly harassing conduct was “because of” Simpson’s protected 6 status]. See also Doc. 52-1 at 3-4 ¶ 5 [Wiley, stating that Hendrix asked Wiley to initiate 7 the reasonable accommodation process because Simpson was “working from home” but 8 was “required to work from the District office, and there was no formal accommodation in 9 place permitting him to work full-time from [another] location”]; id. at 6 ¶ 18 [Wiley, 10 stating that “[Simpson’s] race, age, gender, national origin, and genetic information did not 11 play any role in initiating the DRAC process . . . .”]; id. at 89-90 ¶ 24 [Sweeney, stating 12 that Simpson’s medical status “played no role in my decision to issue [Simpson] a Notice 13 of Emergency Placement”].) The Court finds there is no genuine dispute of material fact 14 as to whether the allegedly harassing conduct was “because of” Simpson’s cancer diagnosis 15 or any related consideration. 16 3. Constructive Discharge 17 For purposes of Title VII, “[a] constructive discharge occurs when a person quits 18 his job under circumstances in which a reasonable person would feel that the conditions of 19 employment have become intolerable.” Lawson v. Washington, 296 F.3d 799, 805 (9th 20 Cir. 2002) (emphasis omitted). Put another way, “constructive discharge occurs when the 21 working conditions deteriorate, as a result of discrimination, to the point that they become 22 sufficiently extraordinary and egregious to overcome the normal motivation of a 23 competent, diligent, and reasonable employee to remain on the job to earn a livelihood and 24 to serve his or her employer.” Brooks v. City of San Mateo, 229 F.3d 917, 930 (9th Cir. 25 2000) (internal quotations omitted). Thus, “a plaintiff alleging a constructive discharge 26 must show some aggravating factors, such as a ‘continuous pattern of discriminatory 27 treatment.” Sanchez, 915 F.2d at 431. However, “an employee need not demonstrate that 28 his employer intended to force him to resign, but merely that his conditions of employment 1 || were objectively intolerable.” Lawson, 296 F.3d at 805. 2 Here, Simpson’s constructive discharge claim fails as a matter of law for the same reasons as his hostile work environment claim—there is insufficient evidence of 4|| discriminatory treatment by the Agency from which a jury could conclude that Simpson’s 5 || work environment was abusive. ‘Where a plaintiff fails to demonstrate the severe or || pervasive harassment necessary to support a hostile work environment claim, it will be impossible for her to meet the higher standard of constructive discharge: conditions so 8 || intolerable that a reasonable person would leave the job.” Brooks, 229 F.3d at 930. Even 9|| if Simpson disliked the terms of his employment (e.g., the altered schedule or time spent 10 || working outside of business hours), there is no evidence that his working conditions were 11 || “intolerable” or “discriminatory.” See also Steiner v. Showboat Operating Co., 25 F.3d 12}, 1459, 1465 (9th Cir. 1994) (“To survive Showboat’s motion for summary judgment on this 13} claim, Steiner must show that there are triable issues of fact as to whether a reasonable person in her position would have felt that she was forced to quit because of intolerable 15} and discriminatory working conditions.”) (cleaned up); Atwood v. Consol. Elec. Distribs., Inc., 231 F. App’x 767, 769 (9th Cir. 2007) (“The mere fact that Atwood felt that his 17 || termination was inevitable is not enough to reach a constructive discharge.”). 18 Accordingly, 19 IT IS ORDERED that the Agency’s motion for summary judgment (Doc. 52) is || granted. Because there are no remaining claims in this case, the Clerk of Court shall enter || judgment accordingly and terminate this action. 22 Dated this 17th day of November, 2022. 23 24 Lm =? 25 f _o—— Dominic W. Lanza 26 United States District Judge 27 28

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